Adding a new test suite for persistence, that is somewhat understandable and not totally non-sense. Also, it is a multi-layered application, to ensure that Type Lookups are handled correctly.
JDBM was first victim to get this new tests.

Signed-off-by: niclas <niclas@hedhman.org>
diff --git a/core/api/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/api/entity/EntityReference.java b/core/api/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/api/entity/EntityReference.java
index 9952994..68e2232 100644
--- a/core/api/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/api/entity/EntityReference.java
+++ b/core/api/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/api/entity/EntityReference.java
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
     public static EntityReference parseEntityReference(String identityString)
     {
         Objects.requireNonNull( identityString, "identityString must not be null" );
-        return new EntityReference( StringIdentity.fromString( identityString ) );
+        return new EntityReference( StringIdentity.identity( identityString ) );
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/core/api/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/api/identity/StringIdentity.java b/core/api/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/api/identity/StringIdentity.java
index 7d85381..3eba611 100644
--- a/core/api/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/api/identity/StringIdentity.java
+++ b/core/api/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/api/identity/StringIdentity.java
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
         return value;
     }
 
-    public static Identity fromString(String serializedState)
+    public static Identity identity( String serializedState )
     {
         return new StringIdentity( serializedState );
     }
diff --git a/core/api/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/api/identity/UuidGeneratorMixin.java b/core/api/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/api/identity/UuidGeneratorMixin.java
index 0add4c6..6f85ca7 100644
--- a/core/api/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/api/identity/UuidGeneratorMixin.java
+++ b/core/api/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/api/identity/UuidGeneratorMixin.java
@@ -27,6 +27,6 @@
     @Override
     public Identity generate(Class<?> compositeType)
     {
-        return StringIdentity.fromString(UUID.randomUUID().toString());
+        return StringIdentity.identity( UUID.randomUUID().toString() );
     }
 }
diff --git a/core/api/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/OperatorsTest.java b/core/api/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/OperatorsTest.java
index 72f8c7f..f018907 100644
--- a/core/api/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/OperatorsTest.java
+++ b/core/api/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/OperatorsTest.java
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
 
         try
         {
-            EntityBuilder<TestEntity> entityBuilder = uow.newEntityBuilder( TestEntity.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "123" ) );
+            EntityBuilder<TestEntity> entityBuilder = uow.newEntityBuilder( TestEntity.class, StringIdentity.identity( "123" ) );
             entityBuilder.instance().value().set( assembler.module().newValue( TestValue.class ) );
             TestEntity testEntity = entityBuilder.newInstance();
 
diff --git a/core/api/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/type/ValueTypeFactoryTest.java b/core/api/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/type/ValueTypeFactoryTest.java
index bd9ce3b..48ac6a5 100644
--- a/core/api/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/type/ValueTypeFactoryTest.java
+++ b/core/api/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/type/ValueTypeFactoryTest.java
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@
         try( UnitOfWork uow = unitOfWorkFactory.newUnitOfWork() )
         {
             assertThat(
-                valueTypeFactory.valueTypeOf( module, uow.newEntity( SomeState.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "abc" ) ) ),
+                valueTypeFactory.valueTypeOf( module, uow.newEntity( SomeState.class, StringIdentity.identity( "abc" ) ) ),
                 instanceOf( EntityCompositeType.class ) );
         }
     }
diff --git a/core/api/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/unitofwork/RemovalTest.java b/core/api/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/unitofwork/RemovalTest.java
index 97b78db..f3a01d9 100644
--- a/core/api/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/unitofwork/RemovalTest.java
+++ b/core/api/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/unitofwork/RemovalTest.java
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
         UnitOfWork uow = unitOfWorkFactory.newUnitOfWork();
         try
         {
-            EntityBuilder<TestEntity> builder = uow.newEntityBuilder( TestEntity.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "123" ) );
+            EntityBuilder<TestEntity> builder = uow.newEntityBuilder( TestEntity.class, StringIdentity.identity( "123" ) );
             builder.instance().test().set( "habba" );
             TestEntity test = builder.newInstance();
             uow.remove( test );
diff --git a/core/api/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/unitofwork/ToEntityConversionTest.java b/core/api/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/unitofwork/ToEntityConversionTest.java
index 055a1db..86ac547 100644
--- a/core/api/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/unitofwork/ToEntityConversionTest.java
+++ b/core/api/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/unitofwork/ToEntityConversionTest.java
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
     public void testPropertyConversionToEntity()
         throws Exception
     {
-        Identity identity = StringIdentity.fromString( "Niclas" );
+        Identity identity = StringIdentity.identity( "Niclas" );
         ValueBuilder<SomeType> vb = valueBuilderFactory.newValueBuilder( SomeType.class );
         SomeType prototype = vb.prototype();
         prototype.identity().set( identity );
diff --git a/core/api/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/unitofwork/ToValueConversionTest.java b/core/api/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/unitofwork/ToValueConversionTest.java
index ae9c7c2..910cf72 100644
--- a/core/api/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/unitofwork/ToValueConversionTest.java
+++ b/core/api/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/unitofwork/ToValueConversionTest.java
@@ -73,11 +73,11 @@
         SomeType value;
         try( UnitOfWork uow = unitOfWorkFactory.newUnitOfWork(usecase) )
         {
-            SomeType entity1 = createEntity( uow, StringIdentity.fromString( "Niclas" ) );
-            SomeType entity2 = createEntity( uow, StringIdentity.fromString( "Paul" ) );
-            SomeType entity3 = createEntity( uow, StringIdentity.fromString( "Jiri" ) );
-            SomeType entity4 = createEntity( uow, StringIdentity.fromString( "Kent" ) );
-            SomeType entity5 = createEntity( uow, StringIdentity.fromString( "Stan" ) );
+            SomeType entity1 = createEntity( uow, StringIdentity.identity( "Niclas" ) );
+            SomeType entity2 = createEntity( uow, StringIdentity.identity( "Paul" ) );
+            SomeType entity3 = createEntity( uow, StringIdentity.identity( "Jiri" ) );
+            SomeType entity4 = createEntity( uow, StringIdentity.identity( "Kent" ) );
+            SomeType entity5 = createEntity( uow, StringIdentity.identity( "Stan" ) );
             entity1.assoc().set( entity2 );
             entity1.many().add( entity3 );
             entity1.named().put( "kent", entity4 );
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@
         }
         try( UnitOfWork uow = unitOfWorkFactory.newUnitOfWork(usecase) )
         {
-            assertThat( value.identity().get(), equalTo( StringIdentity.fromString( "Niclas" ) ) );
+            assertThat( value.identity().get(), equalTo( StringIdentity.identity( "Niclas" ) ) );
             assertThat( value.name().get(), equalTo( "[Niclas]" ) );
 
             assertThat( uow.toValue( SomeType.class, value.assoc().get()).name().get(), equalTo( "[Paul]" ));
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/association/NamedAssociationInstance.java b/core/runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/association/NamedAssociationInstance.java
index e855c57..fffc760 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/association/NamedAssociationInstance.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/association/NamedAssociationInstance.java
@@ -74,7 +74,14 @@
     {
         Objects.requireNonNull( entity, "entity" );
         checkImmutable();
-        checkType( entity );
+        try
+        {
+            checkType( entity );
+        }
+        catch( IllegalArgumentException e )
+        {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException( "Named association [" + name +"] must have Identity: " + entity );
+        }
         associationInfo.checkConstraints( entity );
         return namedAssociationState.put( name, EntityReference.create( ( (HasIdentity) entity ).identity().get() ) );
     }
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/bootstrap/ImportedServiceAssemblyImpl.java b/core/runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/bootstrap/ImportedServiceAssemblyImpl.java
index 2c7905b..614df0b 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/bootstrap/ImportedServiceAssemblyImpl.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/bootstrap/ImportedServiceAssemblyImpl.java
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
             }
             else
             {
-                id = StringIdentity.fromString( identity );
+                id = StringIdentity.identity( identity );
             }
 
             ImportedServiceModel serviceModel = new ImportedServiceModel( module,
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@
     {
         // Find reference that is not yet used
         int idx = 0;
-        Identity id = StringIdentity.fromString( serviceType.getSimpleName() );
+        Identity id = StringIdentity.identity( serviceType.getSimpleName() );
         boolean invalid;
         do
         {
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@
                 if( serviceModel.identity().equals( id ) )
                 {
                     idx++;
-                    id = StringIdentity.fromString( serviceType.getSimpleName() + "_" + idx );
+                    id = StringIdentity.identity( serviceType.getSimpleName() + "_" + idx );
                     invalid = true;
                     break;
                 }
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/bootstrap/ModuleAssemblyImpl.java b/core/runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/bootstrap/ModuleAssemblyImpl.java
index f69fe9f..225857d 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/bootstrap/ModuleAssemblyImpl.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/bootstrap/ModuleAssemblyImpl.java
@@ -708,7 +708,7 @@
         Class<?> serviceType = serviceTypes.findFirst()
                 .orElse(null); // Use the first, which *SHOULD* be the main serviceType
         int idx = 0;
-        Identity id = StringIdentity.fromString(serviceType.getSimpleName());
+        Identity id = StringIdentity.identity( serviceType.getSimpleName() );
         boolean invalid;
         do
         {
@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@
                 if (serviceAssembly.identity() != null && serviceAssembly.identity().equals(id))
                 {
                     idx++;
-                    id = StringIdentity.fromString(serviceType.getSimpleName() + "_" + idx);
+                    id = StringIdentity.identity( serviceType.getSimpleName() + "_" + idx );
                     invalid = true;
                     break;
                 }
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/bootstrap/ServiceDeclarationImpl.java b/core/runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/bootstrap/ServiceDeclarationImpl.java
index e5e17bb..92db867 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/bootstrap/ServiceDeclarationImpl.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/bootstrap/ServiceDeclarationImpl.java
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
         for( ServiceAssemblyImpl serviceAssembly : serviceAssemblies )
         {
             if( identity != null ) {
-                serviceAssembly.identity = StringIdentity.fromString( identity );
+                serviceAssembly.identity = StringIdentity.identity( identity );
             }
         }
         return this;
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/unitofwork/ModuleUnitOfWork.java b/core/runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/unitofwork/ModuleUnitOfWork.java
index b836f67..071d2c3 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/unitofwork/ModuleUnitOfWork.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/unitofwork/ModuleUnitOfWork.java
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@
             }
             else
             {
-                identity = StringIdentity.fromString( propertyState );
+                identity = StringIdentity.identity( propertyState );
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/common/RemovalTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/common/RemovalTest.java
index 0c67baa..6c514c9 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/common/RemovalTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/api/common/RemovalTest.java
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
         throws Exception
     {
         UnitOfWork uow = unitOfWorkFactory.newUnitOfWork();
-        EntityBuilder<TestEntity> builder = uow.newEntityBuilder( TestEntity.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "123" ) );
+        EntityBuilder<TestEntity> builder = uow.newEntityBuilder( TestEntity.class, StringIdentity.identity( "123" ) );
         builder.instance().test().set( "habba" );
         TestEntity test = builder.newInstance();
         uow.remove( test );
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/regression/qi377/SetAssociationInSideEffectTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/regression/qi377/SetAssociationInSideEffectTest.java
index 941099b..84b6aed 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/regression/qi377/SetAssociationInSideEffectTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/regression/qi377/SetAssociationInSideEffectTest.java
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@
     {
         try( UnitOfWork uow = unitOfWorkFactory.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Purchase Steinway" ) ) )
         {
-            Pianist chris = uow.newEntity( Pianist.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "Chris" ) );
-            Steinway modelD = uow.newEntity( Steinway.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "ModelD-274" ) );
+            Pianist chris = uow.newEntity( Pianist.class, StringIdentity.identity( "Chris" ) );
+            Steinway modelD = uow.newEntity( Steinway.class, StringIdentity.identity( "ModelD-274" ) );
 
             assertThat( modelD.owner().get(), is( nullValue() ) );
 
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/regression/qi377/ValueCollisionWithRelatedReturnTypesTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/regression/qi377/ValueCollisionWithRelatedReturnTypesTest.java
index 5e49acf..45e8658 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/regression/qi377/ValueCollisionWithRelatedReturnTypesTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/regression/qi377/ValueCollisionWithRelatedReturnTypesTest.java
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
     extends AbstractPolygeneTest
 {
 
-    public static final Identity NICLAS = StringIdentity.fromString( "niclas" );
+    public static final Identity NICLAS = StringIdentity.identity( "niclas" );
 
     @Override
     public void assemble( ModuleAssembly module )
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/regression/qi382/Qi382Test.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/regression/qi382/Qi382Test.java
index dd818f9..140fd9d 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/regression/qi382/Qi382Test.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/regression/qi382/Qi382Test.java
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@
 public class Qi382Test extends AbstractPolygeneTest
 {
 
-    public static final Identity FERRARI = StringIdentity.fromString( "Ferrari" );
-    public static final Identity NICLAS = StringIdentity.fromString( "Niclas" );
+    public static final Identity FERRARI = StringIdentity.identity( "Ferrari" );
+    public static final Identity NICLAS = StringIdentity.identity( "Niclas" );
 
     @Override
     public void assemble( ModuleAssembly module )
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/regression/qi383/Qi383Test.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/regression/qi383/Qi383Test.java
index ea15a4f..96f0cad 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/regression/qi383/Qi383Test.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/regression/qi383/Qi383Test.java
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@
     {
         try( UnitOfWork unitOfWork = unitOfWorkFactory.newUnitOfWork() )
         {
-            unitOfWork.newEntity( Car.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "Ferrari" ) );
-            unitOfWork.newEntity( Car.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "Ford" ) );
-            unitOfWork.newEntity( Car.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "Ferrari" ) );
+            unitOfWork.newEntity( Car.class, StringIdentity.identity( "Ferrari" ) );
+            unitOfWork.newEntity( Car.class, StringIdentity.identity( "Ford" ) );
+            unitOfWork.newEntity( Car.class, StringIdentity.identity( "Ferrari" ) );
             unitOfWork.complete();
         }
     }
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/activation/ImportedServiceActivationTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/activation/ImportedServiceActivationTest.java
index db3cca8..07674f0 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/activation/ImportedServiceActivationTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/activation/ImportedServiceActivationTest.java
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@
             module -> {
                 module.importedServices( TestedService.class ).
                     importedBy( ImportedServiceDeclaration.SERVICE_IMPORTER ).
-                          setMetaInfo( StringIdentity.fromString( "testimporter" ) ).
+                          setMetaInfo( StringIdentity.identity( "testimporter" ) ).
                           withActivators( TestedActivator.class ).
                           importOnStartup();
                 module.services( TestedServiceImporterService.class ).identifiedBy( "testimporter" );
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/entity/EntityTypeTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/entity/EntityTypeTest.java
index ab7bf79..1c63573 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/entity/EntityTypeTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/entity/EntityTypeTest.java
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@
         UnitOfWork uow = unitOfWorkFactory.newUnitOfWork();
         try
         {
-            EntityBuilder<Rst> builder3 = uow.newEntityBuilder( Rst.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "123" ) );
-            EntityBuilder<Def> builder2 = uow.newEntityBuilder( Def.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "456" ) );
-            EntityBuilder<Abc> builder1 = uow.newEntityBuilder( Abc.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "789" ) );
+            EntityBuilder<Rst> builder3 = uow.newEntityBuilder( Rst.class, StringIdentity.identity( "123" ) );
+            EntityBuilder<Def> builder2 = uow.newEntityBuilder( Def.class, StringIdentity.identity( "456" ) );
+            EntityBuilder<Abc> builder1 = uow.newEntityBuilder( Abc.class, StringIdentity.identity( "789" ) );
         }
         finally
         {
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/entity/EntityVisibilityTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/entity/EntityVisibilityTest.java
index 908e8f2..519d2a7 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/entity/EntityVisibilityTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/entity/EntityVisibilityTest.java
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 public class EntityVisibilityTest
 {
 
-    public static final Identity TEST_IDENTITY = StringIdentity.fromString( "123" );
+    public static final Identity TEST_IDENTITY = StringIdentity.identity( "123" );
 
     private Energy4Java polygene;
     private Module module;
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/injection/ServiceInjectionTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/injection/ServiceInjectionTest.java
index 9fa6411..637a141 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/injection/ServiceInjectionTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/injection/ServiceInjectionTest.java
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
         ServiceUser user = factory.newObject( ServiceUser.class );
 
         assertEquals( "X", user.testSingle() );
-        assertThat( user.testIdentity(), equalTo( StringIdentity.fromString( "Foo" ) ) );
+        assertThat( user.testIdentity(), equalTo( StringIdentity.identity( "Foo" ) ) );
         assertEquals( "FooX", user.testServiceReference() );
         assertEquals( "Bar", user.testQualifier() );
         assertEquals( "A", user.testStringIterable() );
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/injection/UnitOfWorkInjectionTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/injection/UnitOfWorkInjectionTest.java
index 105a698..cd61437 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/injection/UnitOfWorkInjectionTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/injection/UnitOfWorkInjectionTest.java
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
         UnitOfWork uow = unitOfWorkFactory.newUnitOfWork( usecase );
         try
         {
-            Trial trial = uow.newEntity( Trial.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "123" ) );
+            Trial trial = uow.newEntity( Trial.class, StringIdentity.identity( "123" ) );
             trial.doSomething();
             uow.complete();
             uow = unitOfWorkFactory.newUnitOfWork( usecase );
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/mixin/AssemblyMixinTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/mixin/AssemblyMixinTest.java
index 6432ccb..2b3b6af 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/mixin/AssemblyMixinTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/mixin/AssemblyMixinTest.java
@@ -62,11 +62,11 @@
         throws UnitOfWorkCompletionException
     {
         UnitOfWork uow = unitOfWorkFactory.newUnitOfWork();
-        FooEntity entity = uow.newEntity( FooEntity.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "123" ) );
+        FooEntity entity = uow.newEntity( FooEntity.class, StringIdentity.identity( "123" ) );
         uow.complete();
 
         uow = unitOfWorkFactory.newUnitOfWork();
-        Foo foo = uow.get( Foo.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "123" ) );
+        Foo foo = uow.get( Foo.class, StringIdentity.identity( "123" ) );
 
         try
         {
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/mixin/AssemblyRoleTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/mixin/AssemblyRoleTest.java
index 965d8a8..f051aec 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/mixin/AssemblyRoleTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/mixin/AssemblyRoleTest.java
@@ -71,11 +71,11 @@
         throws UnitOfWorkCompletionException
     {
         UnitOfWork uow = unitOfWorkFactory.newUnitOfWork();
-        uow.newEntity( FooEntity.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "123" ) );
+        uow.newEntity( FooEntity.class, StringIdentity.identity( "123" ) );
         uow.complete();
 
         uow = unitOfWorkFactory.newUnitOfWork();
-        Foo foo = uow.get( Foo.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "123" ) );
+        Foo foo = uow.get( Foo.class, StringIdentity.identity( "123" ) );
 
         try
         {
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/mixin/JDKMixinTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/mixin/JDKMixinTest.java
index 8bf7e41..831babd 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/mixin/JDKMixinTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/mixin/JDKMixinTest.java
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private static final Identity EXTENDS_IDENTITY = StringIdentity.fromString( ExtendsJDKMixin.class.getName() );
-    private static final Identity COMPOSE_IDENTITY = StringIdentity.fromString( ComposeWithJDKMixin.class.getName() );
+    private static final Identity EXTENDS_IDENTITY = StringIdentity.identity( ExtendsJDKMixin.class.getName() );
+    private static final Identity COMPOSE_IDENTITY = StringIdentity.identity( ComposeWithJDKMixin.class.getName() );
     private static final Predicate<ServiceReference<?>> EXTENDS_IDENTITY_SPEC = new ServiceIdentitySpec(
         EXTENDS_IDENTITY );
     private static final Predicate<ServiceReference<?>> COMPOSE_IDENTITY_SPEC = new ServiceIdentitySpec(
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/objects/ObjectVisibilityTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/objects/ObjectVisibilityTest.java
index 33785ea..d80d4e5 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/objects/ObjectVisibilityTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/objects/ObjectVisibilityTest.java
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 public class ObjectVisibilityTest
 {
 
-    public static final Identity TEST_IDENTITY = StringIdentity.fromString( "123" );
+    public static final Identity TEST_IDENTITY = StringIdentity.identity( "123" );
 
     private Energy4Java polygene;
     private Module module;
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/query/IterableQuerySourceTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/query/IterableQuerySourceTest.java
index 9f93dbd..9dbf52f 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/query/IterableQuerySourceTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/query/IterableQuerySourceTest.java
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@
     {
         QueryBuilder<Person> qb = qbf.newQueryBuilder( Person.class );
         Person person = templateFor( Person.class );
-        City kl = uow.get( City.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "kualalumpur" ));
+        City kl = uow.get( City.class, StringIdentity.identity( "kualalumpur" ) );
         Query<Person> query = qb.where(
             eq( person.mother().get().placeOfBirth(), kl )
         ).newQuery( Network.persons() );
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/query/Network.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/query/Network.java
index a84aca2..727d168 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/query/Network.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/query/Network.java
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@
  */
 class Network
 {
-    public static final Identity KUALALUMPUR = StringIdentity.fromString( "kualalumpur" );
-    public static final Identity PENANG = StringIdentity.fromString( "penang" );
+    public static final Identity KUALALUMPUR = StringIdentity.identity( "kualalumpur" );
+    public static final Identity PENANG = StringIdentity.identity( "penang" );
     private static List<Domain> domains;
     private static List<Person> persons;
     private static List<Male> males;
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/service/ServiceVisibilityTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/service/ServiceVisibilityTest.java
index f1d2f5c..289be4b 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/service/ServiceVisibilityTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/service/ServiceVisibilityTest.java
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 
 public class ServiceVisibilityTest
 {
-    public static final Identity TEST_IDENTITY = StringIdentity.fromString( "123" );
+    public static final Identity TEST_IDENTITY = StringIdentity.identity( "123" );
 
     private Energy4Java polygene;
     private Module module;
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/transients/TransientVisibilityTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/transients/TransientVisibilityTest.java
index 2a80ff1..6e6abab 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/transients/TransientVisibilityTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/transients/TransientVisibilityTest.java
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 
 public class TransientVisibilityTest
 {
-    public static final Identity TEST_IDENTITY = StringIdentity.fromString( "123" );
+    public static final Identity TEST_IDENTITY = StringIdentity.identity( "123" );
     private Energy4Java polygene;
     private Module module;
     private Application app;
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/unitofwork/PrivateEntityUnitOfWorkTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/unitofwork/PrivateEntityUnitOfWorkTest.java
index 8ee0fb0..425ae18 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/unitofwork/PrivateEntityUnitOfWorkTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/unitofwork/PrivateEntityUnitOfWorkTest.java
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
  */
 public class PrivateEntityUnitOfWorkTest
 {
-    private static final Identity TEST_IDENTITY = StringIdentity.fromString( "1" );
+    private static final Identity TEST_IDENTITY = StringIdentity.identity( "1" );
 
     @Structure
     private UnitOfWorkFactory uowf;
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/unitofwork/RemovalTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/unitofwork/RemovalTest.java
index 765fe6a..1a95f2f 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/unitofwork/RemovalTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/unitofwork/RemovalTest.java
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
     extends AbstractPolygeneTest
 {
 
-    private static final Identity TEST_IDENTITY = StringIdentity.fromString( "123" );
+    private static final Identity TEST_IDENTITY = StringIdentity.identity( "123" );
 
     public void assemble(ModuleAssembly module )
         throws AssemblyException
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/value/AssociationToValueTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/value/AssociationToValueTest.java
index 2966ea5..ffbe234 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/value/AssociationToValueTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/value/AssociationToValueTest.java
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@
         public Person findPersonByName( String name )
         {
             UnitOfWork uow = unitOfWorkFactory.currentUnitOfWork();
-            return uow.toValue( Person.class, uow.get( Person.class, StringIdentity.fromString( name ) ) );
+            return uow.toValue( Person.class, uow.get( Person.class, StringIdentity.identity( name ) ) );
         }
     }
 
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@
         private Person createPerson( String name )
         {
             UnitOfWork uow = uowf.currentUnitOfWork();
-            return uow.newEntity( Person.class, StringIdentity.fromString( name ) );
+            return uow.newEntity( Person.class, StringIdentity.identity( name ) );
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/value/ValueSerializationRegressionTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/value/ValueSerializationRegressionTest.java
index f29895d..f48bfe3 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/value/ValueSerializationRegressionTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/value/ValueSerializationRegressionTest.java
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         throws UnitOfWorkCompletionException
     {
         ValueBuilder<DualFaced> builder = valueBuilderFactory.newValueBuilder( DualFaced.class );
-        builder.prototype().identity().set( StringIdentity.fromString( "1234" ) );
+        builder.prototype().identity().set( StringIdentity.identity( "1234" ) );
         builder.prototype().name().set( "Hedhman" );
         DualFaced value = builder.newInstance();
     }
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/value/ValueVisibilityTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/value/ValueVisibilityTest.java
index b0d7336..191808b 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/value/ValueVisibilityTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/value/ValueVisibilityTest.java
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 public class ValueVisibilityTest
 {
 
-    public static final Identity TEST_IDENTIY = StringIdentity.fromString( "123" );
+    public static final Identity TEST_IDENTIY = StringIdentity.identity( "123" );
     private Energy4Java polygene;
     private Module module;
     private Application app;
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/value/ValueWithAssociationTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/value/ValueWithAssociationTest.java
index 02067e5..655505c 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/value/ValueWithAssociationTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/value/ValueWithAssociationTest.java
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@
         throws UnitOfWorkCompletionException
     {
         ValueBuilder<DualFaced> builder = valueBuilderFactory.newValueBuilder( DualFaced.class );
-        builder.prototype().identity().set( StringIdentity.fromString( "1234" ) );
+        builder.prototype().identity().set( StringIdentity.identity( "1234" ) );
         builder.prototype().name().set( "Hedhman" );
         DualFaced value = builder.newInstance();
 
@@ -125,8 +125,8 @@
 
         try (UnitOfWork uow = unitOfWorkFactory.newUnitOfWork())
         {
-            DualFaced entity = uow.get( DualFaced.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "1234" ) );
-            assertThat( entity.identity().get(), equalTo( StringIdentity.fromString( "1234" ) ) );
+            DualFaced entity = uow.get( DualFaced.class, StringIdentity.identity( "1234" ) );
+            assertThat( entity.identity().get(), equalTo( StringIdentity.identity( "1234" ) ) );
             assertThat( entity.name().get(), equalTo( "Hedhman" ) );
             uow.complete();
         }
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/visibility/VisibilityInUnitOfWorkTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/visibility/VisibilityInUnitOfWorkTest.java
index 559605f..ec9d072 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/visibility/VisibilityInUnitOfWorkTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/runtime/visibility/VisibilityInUnitOfWorkTest.java
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@
 public class VisibilityInUnitOfWorkTest
 {
 
-    public static final Identity TEST_IDENTITY1 = StringIdentity.fromString( "123" );
-    public static final Identity TEST_IDENTITY2 = StringIdentity.fromString( "345" );
+    public static final Identity TEST_IDENTITY1 = StringIdentity.identity( "123" );
+    public static final Identity TEST_IDENTITY2 = StringIdentity.identity( "345" );
 
     @Test
     public void givenTwoModulesWithServiceAndEntityInOneAndEntityInOtherWhenOtherEntityAccessServiceWhichUsesItsEntityExpectServiceToHaveVisibility()
diff --git a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/spi/service/importer/ServiceInstanceImporterTest.java b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/spi/service/importer/ServiceInstanceImporterTest.java
index 2c566b4..237e8ab 100644
--- a/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/spi/service/importer/ServiceInstanceImporterTest.java
+++ b/core/runtime/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/spi/service/importer/ServiceInstanceImporterTest.java
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
     {
         module.importedServices( TestService.class ).
             identifiedBy( "test" ).
-            setMetaInfo( StringIdentity.fromString( "testimporter" ) ).
+            setMetaInfo( StringIdentity.identity( "testimporter" ) ).
             importedBy( ImportedServiceDeclaration.SERVICE_IMPORTER );
         module.services( TestImporterService.class ).identifiedBy( "testimporter" );
 
diff --git a/core/spi/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/spi/entitystore/helpers/JSONMapEntityStoreMixin.java b/core/spi/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/spi/entitystore/helpers/JSONMapEntityStoreMixin.java
index b88c189..cedcedc 100644
--- a/core/spi/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/spi/entitystore/helpers/JSONMapEntityStoreMixin.java
+++ b/core/spi/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/spi/entitystore/helpers/JSONMapEntityStoreMixin.java
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@
 
             String version = parsedState.getString( JSONKeys.VERSION );
             Instant modified = Instant.ofEpochMilli( parsedState.getJsonNumber( JSONKeys.MODIFIED ).longValueExact() );
-            Identity identity = StringIdentity.fromString( parsedState.getString( JSONKeys.IDENTITY ) );
+            Identity identity = StringIdentity.identity( parsedState.getString( JSONKeys.IDENTITY ) );
 
             // Check if version is correct
             JsonObject state;
diff --git a/core/spi/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/spi/entitystore/helpers/MapEntityStoreMixin.java b/core/spi/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/spi/entitystore/helpers/MapEntityStoreMixin.java
index 5e784f7..2c98677 100644
--- a/core/spi/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/spi/entitystore/helpers/MapEntityStoreMixin.java
+++ b/core/spi/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/spi/entitystore/helpers/MapEntityStoreMixin.java
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@
 
             String version = parsedState.getString( JSONKeys.VERSION );
             Instant modified = Instant.ofEpochMilli( parsedState.getJsonNumber( JSONKeys.MODIFIED ).longValueExact() );
-            Identity identity = StringIdentity.fromString( parsedState.getString( JSONKeys.IDENTITY ) );
+            Identity identity = StringIdentity.identity( parsedState.getString( JSONKeys.IDENTITY ) );
 
             // Check if version is correct
             JsonObject state;
diff --git a/core/spi/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/spi/serialization/BuiltInConverters.java b/core/spi/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/spi/serialization/BuiltInConverters.java
index 0c1b774..d86b81d 100644
--- a/core/spi/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/spi/serialization/BuiltInConverters.java
+++ b/core/spi/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/spi/serialization/BuiltInConverters.java
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
             @Override
             public Identity fromString( String string )
             {
-                return StringIdentity.fromString( string );
+                return StringIdentity.identity( string );
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/core/spi/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/spi/entitystore/Polygene142Test.java b/core/spi/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/spi/entitystore/Polygene142Test.java
index 85bc744..b9030bd 100644
--- a/core/spi/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/spi/entitystore/Polygene142Test.java
+++ b/core/spi/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/spi/entitystore/Polygene142Test.java
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
             value = serialization.deserialize( module, Regression142Type.class, serialized ); // ok
         }
         {
-            Identity valueId = StringIdentity.fromString( "abcdefg" );
+            Identity valueId = StringIdentity.identity( "abcdefg" );
             {
                 try( UnitOfWork uow = unitOfWorkFactory.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "create" ) ) )
                 {
diff --git a/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/EntityStoreTestSuite.java b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/EntityStoreTestSuite.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..507526d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/EntityStoreTestSuite.java
@@ -0,0 +1,546 @@
+/*
+ *  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ *  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ *  distributed with this work for additional information
+ *  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ *  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ *  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ *  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ *
+ */
+package org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model;
+
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.association.NamedAssociation;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.common.Visibility;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.constraint.ConstraintViolationException;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.identity.Identity;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.injection.scope.Service;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.injection.scope.Structure;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.object.ObjectFactory;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.structure.Application;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.structure.ApplicationDescriptor;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.structure.Module;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.unitofwork.NoSuchEntityException;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.unitofwork.UnitOfWork;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.unitofwork.UnitOfWorkFactory;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.usecase.UsecaseBuilder;
+import org.apache.polygene.bootstrap.ApplicationAssembly;
+import org.apache.polygene.bootstrap.AssemblyException;
+import org.apache.polygene.bootstrap.LayerAssembly;
+import org.apache.polygene.bootstrap.ModuleAssembly;
+import org.apache.polygene.entitystore.memory.MemoryEntityStoreService;
+import org.apache.polygene.spi.serialization.JsonSerialization;
+import org.apache.polygene.test.AbstractPolygeneBaseTest;
+import org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.legal.LegalService;
+import org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.legal.Will;
+import org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.legal.WillAmount;
+import org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.legal.WillItem;
+import org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.legal.WillPercentage;
+import org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.people.Address;
+import org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.people.City;
+import org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.people.Country;
+import org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.people.PeopleRepository;
+import org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.people.Person;
+import org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.people.PhoneNumber;
+import org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.people.Rent;
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.core.Is.is;
+import static org.hamcrest.core.IsEqual.equalTo;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;
+
+public abstract class EntityStoreTestSuite extends AbstractPolygeneBaseTest
+{
+    private static final String FRIEND = "Friend";
+    private static final String COLLEAGUE = "Colleague";
+
+    @Structure
+    private ObjectFactory obf;
+
+    @Service
+    private LegalService legalService;
+
+    @Service
+    private PeopleRepository peopleRepository;
+
+    @Structure
+    private UnitOfWorkFactory uowf;
+    private Identity baselId;
+    private Identity montpellierId;
+    private Identity hannoverId;
+    private Identity malmoId;
+    private Identity cherasId;
+
+    private Identity unknown3Id;
+    private Identity unknown2Id;
+    private Identity unknown1Id;
+    private Identity varnhemId;
+    private Identity canaryId;
+
+    private Identity switzerlandId;
+    private Identity franceId;
+    private Identity denmarkId;
+    private Identity germanyId;
+    private Identity swedenId;
+    private Identity usId;
+    private Identity malaysiaId;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setupTestData()
+    {
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "TestData Generation" ) ) )
+        {
+            testData();
+            uow.complete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void validateAllCountriesPresent()
+    {
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - validateAllCountriesPresent" ) ) )
+        {
+            assertThat( peopleRepository.findCountryByCountryCode( "my" ).name().get(), equalTo( "Malaysia" ) );
+            assertThat( peopleRepository.findCountryByCountryCode( "us" ).name().get(), equalTo( "United States" ) );
+            assertThat( peopleRepository.findCountryByCountryCode( "se" ).name().get(), equalTo( "Sweden" ) );
+            assertThat( peopleRepository.findCountryByCountryCode( "de" ).name().get(), equalTo( "Germany" ) );
+            assertThat( peopleRepository.findCountryByCountryCode( "dk" ).name().get(), equalTo( "Denmark" ) );
+            assertThat( peopleRepository.findCountryByCountryCode( "fr" ).name().get(), equalTo( "France" ) );
+            assertThat( peopleRepository.findCountryByCountryCode( "ch" ).name().get(), equalTo( "Switzerland" ) );
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void validateAllCitiesPresent()
+    {
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - validateAllCitiesPresent" ) ) )
+        {
+            assertThat( peopleRepository.findCity( baselId ).name().get(), equalTo( "Basel" ) );
+            assertThat( peopleRepository.findCity( malmoId ).name().get(), equalTo( "Malmo" ) );
+            assertThat( peopleRepository.findCity( cherasId ).name().get(), equalTo( "Cheras" ) );
+            assertThat( peopleRepository.findCity( hannoverId ).name().get(), equalTo( "Hannover" ) );
+            assertThat( peopleRepository.findCity( montpellierId ).name().get(), equalTo( "Montpellier" ) );
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void validateAllAddressesPresent()
+    {
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - validateAllAddressesPresent" ) ) )
+        {
+            Address canary = peopleRepository.findAddress( canaryId );
+            assertThat( canary.street().get(), equalTo( "10, CH5A, Jalan Cheras Hartamas" ) );
+            assertThat( canary.country().get().identity().get(), equalTo( malaysiaId ) );
+            assertThat( canary.city().get().identity().get(), equalTo( cherasId ) );
+            assertThat( canary.zipCode().get(), equalTo( "43200" ) );
+
+            Address varnhem = peopleRepository.findAddress( varnhemId );
+            assertThat( varnhem.street().get(), equalTo( "Varnhemsgatan 25" ) );
+            assertThat( varnhem.city().get().identity().get(), equalTo( malmoId ) );
+            assertThat( varnhem.country().get().identity().get(), equalTo( swedenId ) );
+            assertThat( varnhem.zipCode().get(), equalTo( "215 00" ) );
+
+            Address unknown = peopleRepository.findAddress( unknown1Id );
+            assertThat( unknown.street().get(), equalTo( "" ) );
+            assertThat( unknown.city().get().identity().get(), equalTo( montpellierId ) );
+            assertThat( unknown.country().get().identity().get(), equalTo( franceId ) );
+            assertThat( unknown.zipCode().get(), equalTo( "" ) );
+
+            unknown = peopleRepository.findAddress( unknown2Id );
+            assertThat( unknown.street().get(), equalTo( "" ) );
+            assertThat( unknown.city().get().identity().get(), equalTo( hannoverId ) );
+            assertThat( unknown.country().get().identity().get(), equalTo( germanyId ) );
+            assertThat( unknown.zipCode().get(), equalTo( "" ) );
+
+            unknown = peopleRepository.findAddress( unknown3Id );
+            assertThat( unknown.street().get(), equalTo( "" ) );
+            assertThat( unknown.city().get().identity().get(), equalTo( baselId ) );
+            assertThat( unknown.country().get().identity().get(), equalTo( switzerlandId ) );
+            assertThat( unknown.zipCode().get(), equalTo( "" ) );
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void validateAllPersonsPresent()
+    {
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - validateAllPersonsPresent" ) ) )
+        {
+            Person niclas = peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Niclas" );
+            assertThat( niclas.name().get(), equalTo( "Niclas" ) );
+            Person eric = peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Eric" );
+            assertThat( eric.name().get(), equalTo( "Eric" ) );
+            Person paul = peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Paul" );
+            assertThat( paul.name().get(), equalTo( "Paul" ) );
+            Person toni = peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Toni" );
+            assertThat( toni.name().get(), equalTo( "Toni" ) );
+            Person janna = peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Janna" );
+            assertThat( janna.name().get(), equalTo( "Janna" ) );
+            Person peter = peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Peter" );
+            assertThat( peter.name().get(), equalTo( "Peter" ) );
+            Person oscar = peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Oscar" );
+            assertThat( oscar.name().get(), equalTo( "Oscar" ) );
+            Person kalle = peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Kalle" );
+            assertThat( kalle.name().get(), equalTo( "Kalle" ) );
+            Person andreas = peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Andreas" );
+            assertThat( andreas.name().get(), equalTo( "Andreas" ) );
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void givenTestDataWhenAddingNewNamedAssociationExpectAssociationAdded()
+    {
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - givenTestDataWhenAddingNewNamedAssociationExpectAssociationAdded" ) ) )
+        {
+            Person niclas = peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Niclas" );
+            PhoneNumber newNumber = peopleRepository.createPhoneNumber( "+86-185-21320803" );
+            niclas.phoneNumbers().put( "Mobile", newNumber );
+            uow.complete();
+        }
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - givenTestDataWhenAddingNewNamedAssociationExpectAssociationAdded" ) ) )
+        {
+            Person niclas = peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Niclas" );
+            NamedAssociation<PhoneNumber> numbers = niclas.phoneNumbers();
+            assertThat( numbers.count(), equalTo( 2 ) );
+            PhoneNumber mobile = numbers.get( "Mobile" );
+            assertThat( mobile.countryCode().get(), equalTo( 86 ) );
+            assertThat( mobile.areaCode().get(), equalTo( 185 ) );
+            assertThat( mobile.number().get(), equalTo( "21320803" ) );
+            PhoneNumber home = numbers.get( "Home" );
+            assertThat( home.countryCode().get(), equalTo( 60 ) );
+            assertThat( home.areaCode().get(), equalTo( 16 ) );
+            assertThat( home.number().get(), equalTo( "7636344" ) );
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenIteratingNamedAssociationExpectIterationInOrder()
+    {
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - whenIteratingNamedAssociationExpectIterationToSucceed" ) ) )
+        {
+            Person niclas = peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Niclas" );
+            PhoneNumber newNumber1 = peopleRepository.createPhoneNumber( "+86-185-21320803" );
+            niclas.phoneNumbers().put( "Chinese", newNumber1 );
+            PhoneNumber newNumber2 = peopleRepository.createPhoneNumber( "+46-70-9876543" );
+            niclas.phoneNumbers().put( "Swedish", newNumber2 );
+            PhoneNumber newNumber3 = peopleRepository.createPhoneNumber( "+49-444-2832989823" );
+            niclas.phoneNumbers().put( "German", newNumber3 );
+            uow.complete();
+        }
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - whenIteratingNamedAssociationExpectIterationToSucceed" ) ) )
+        {
+            Person niclas = peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Niclas" );
+            Iterator<String> numbers = niclas.phoneNumbers().iterator();
+            assertThat( numbers.hasNext(), is( true ) );
+            assertThat( numbers.next(), equalTo( "Home" ) );
+            assertThat( numbers.hasNext(), is( true ) );
+            assertThat( numbers.next(), equalTo( "Chinese" ) );
+            assertThat( numbers.hasNext(), is( true ) );
+            assertThat( numbers.next(), equalTo( "Swedish" ) );
+            assertThat( numbers.hasNext(), is( true ) );
+            assertThat( numbers.next(), equalTo( "German" ) );
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void givenTestDataWhenAddingSameNamedAssociationExpectAssociationModified()
+    {
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - givenTestDataWhenAddingSameNamedAssociationExpectAssociationModified" ) ) )
+        {
+            Person niclas = peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Niclas" );
+            PhoneNumber newNumber = peopleRepository.createPhoneNumber( "+86-185-21320803" );
+            niclas.phoneNumbers().put( "Home", newNumber );
+            uow.complete();
+        }
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - givenTestDataWhenAddingSameNamedAssociationExpectAssociationModified" ) ) )
+        {
+            Person niclas = peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Niclas" );
+            NamedAssociation<PhoneNumber> numbers = niclas.phoneNumbers();
+            assertThat( numbers.count(), equalTo( 1 ) );
+            PhoneNumber home = numbers.get( "Home" );
+            assertThat( home.countryCode().get(), equalTo( 86 ) );
+            assertThat( home.areaCode().get(), equalTo( 185 ) );
+            assertThat( home.number().get(), equalTo( "21320803" ) );
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenNullingOptionalAssociationExpectSuccess()
+    {
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - whenNullingOptionalAssociationExpectSuccess" ) ) )
+        {
+            Person toni = peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Toni" );
+            toni.spouse().set( null );
+            uow.complete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test( expected = ConstraintViolationException.class )
+    public void whenNullingNonOptionalAssociationExpectFailure()
+    {
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - whenNullingOptionalAssociationExpectSuccess" ) ) )
+        {
+            Person toni = peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Toni" );
+            toni.nationality().set( null );
+            uow.complete();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void whenRemovingEntityExpectAggregatedEntitiesToBeRemoved()
+    {
+        Identity homePhoneId;
+        Identity chinesePhoneId;
+        Identity germanPhoneId;
+        Identity swedishPhoneId;
+        Identity switzerlandId;
+        Identity malaysiaId;
+        Identity canaryId;
+        Identity despairStId;
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - whenRemovingEntityExpectAggregatedEntitiesToBeRemoved" ) ) )
+        {
+            Person niclas = peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Niclas" );
+            PhoneNumber newNumber1 = peopleRepository.createPhoneNumber( "+86-185-21320803" );
+            niclas.phoneNumbers().put( "Chinese", newNumber1 );
+            PhoneNumber newNumber2 = peopleRepository.createPhoneNumber( "+46-70-9876543" );
+            niclas.phoneNumbers().put( "Swedish", newNumber2 );
+            PhoneNumber newNumber3 = peopleRepository.createPhoneNumber( "+49-444-2832989823" );
+            niclas.phoneNumbers().put( "German", newNumber3 );
+            homePhoneId = niclas.phoneNumbers().get( "Home" ).identity().get();
+            swedishPhoneId = niclas.phoneNumbers().get( "Swedish" ).identity().get();
+            chinesePhoneId = niclas.phoneNumbers().get( "Chinese" ).identity().get();
+            germanPhoneId = niclas.phoneNumbers().get( "German" ).identity().get();
+
+            City basel = peopleRepository.findCity( baselId );
+            Country switzerland = peopleRepository.findCountryByCountryCode( "ch" );
+            niclas.movedToNewAddress( "DespairStreet 12A", "43HQ21", basel, switzerland, obf.newObject( Rent.Builder.class ).create( 1000, "EUR" ) );
+            uow.complete();
+        }
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - whenRemovingEntityExpectAggregatedEntitiesToBeRemoved" ) ) )
+        {
+            Person niclas = peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Niclas" );
+            assertThat( niclas.nationality().get().name().get(), equalTo( "Sweden" ) );
+            assertThat( niclas.oldAddresses().count(), equalTo( 1 ) );
+            assertThat( niclas.address().get().country().get().name().get(), equalTo( "Switzerland" ) );
+            canaryId = niclas.oldAddresses().get( 0 ).identity().get();
+            despairStId = niclas.address().get().identity().get();
+            malaysiaId = niclas.oldAddresses().get( 0 ).country().get().identity().get();
+            switzerlandId = niclas.address().get().country().get().identity().get();
+        }
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - whenRemovingEntityExpectAggregatedEntitiesToBeRemoved" ) ) )
+        {
+            Person niclas = peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Niclas" );
+            uow.remove( niclas );
+            uow.complete();
+        }
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - whenRemovingEntityExpectAggregatedEntitiesToBeRemoved" ) ) )
+        {
+            Person niclas = peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Niclas" );
+        }
+        catch( NoSuchEntityException e )
+        {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - whenRemovingEntityExpectAggregatedEntitiesToBeRemoved" ) ) )
+        {
+            peopleRepository.findPhoneNumberById( homePhoneId );
+        }
+        catch( NoSuchEntityException e )
+        {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - whenRemovingEntityExpectAggregatedEntitiesToBeRemoved" ) ) )
+        {
+            peopleRepository.findPhoneNumberById( chinesePhoneId );
+        }
+        catch( NoSuchEntityException e )
+        {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - whenRemovingEntityExpectAggregatedEntitiesToBeRemoved" ) ) )
+        {
+            peopleRepository.findPhoneNumberById( swedishPhoneId );
+        }
+        catch( NoSuchEntityException e )
+        {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - whenRemovingEntityExpectAggregatedEntitiesToBeRemoved" ) ) )
+        {
+            peopleRepository.findPhoneNumberById( germanPhoneId );
+        }
+        catch( NoSuchEntityException e )
+        {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - whenRemovingEntityExpectAggregatedEntitiesToBeRemoved" ) ) )
+        {
+            peopleRepository.findAddress( canaryId );
+        }
+        catch( NoSuchEntityException e )
+        {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - whenRemovingEntityExpectAggregatedEntitiesToBeRemoved" ) ) )
+        {
+            peopleRepository.findAddress( despairStId );
+        }
+        catch( NoSuchEntityException e )
+        {
+            // expected
+        }
+        try( UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( UsecaseBuilder.newUsecase( "Test - whenRemovingEntityExpectAggregatedEntitiesToBeRemoved" ) ) )
+        {
+            peopleRepository.findCountryByIdentity( switzerlandId );
+            peopleRepository.findCountryByIdentity( malaysiaId );
+
+            peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Peter" );
+            peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Andreas" );
+            peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Toni" );
+            peopleRepository.findPersonByName( "Paul" );
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test( expected = IllegalStateException.class )
+    public void whenNoActiveUnitOfWorkExpectIllegalStateException()
+    {
+        peopleRepository.findCountryByIdentity( switzerlandId );
+    }
+
+    private void testData()
+    {
+        Country malaysia = peopleRepository.createCountry( "my", "Malaysia" );
+        malaysiaId = malaysia.identity().get();
+        Country us = peopleRepository.createCountry( "us", "United States" );
+        usId = us.identity().get();
+        Country sweden = peopleRepository.createCountry( "se", "Sweden" );
+        swedenId = sweden.identity().get();
+        Country germany = peopleRepository.createCountry( "de", "Germany" );
+        germanyId = germany.identity().get();
+        Country denmark = peopleRepository.createCountry( "dk", "Denmark" );
+        denmarkId = denmark.identity().get();
+        Country france = peopleRepository.createCountry( "fr", "France" );
+        franceId = france.identity().get();
+        Country switzerland = peopleRepository.createCountry( "ch", "Switzerland" );
+        switzerlandId = switzerland.identity().get();
+        City cheras = peopleRepository.createCity( "Cheras" );
+        cherasId = cheras.identity().get();
+        City malmo = peopleRepository.createCity( "Malmo" );
+        malmoId = malmo.identity().get();
+        City hannover = peopleRepository.createCity( "Hannover" );
+        hannoverId = hannover.identity().get();
+        City montpellier = peopleRepository.createCity( "Montpellier" );
+        montpellierId = montpellier.identity().get();
+        City basel = peopleRepository.createCity( "Basel" );
+        baselId = basel.identity().get();
+        Rent.Builder rentBuilder = obf.newObject( Rent.Builder.class );
+        Rent rentCanary = rentBuilder.create( 3000, "MYR" );
+        Rent rentVarnhem = rentBuilder.create( 9000, "SEK" );
+        Rent rentUnknown1 = rentBuilder.create( 1200, "EUR" );
+        Rent rentUnknown2 = rentBuilder.create( 900, "EUR" );
+        Rent rentUnknown3 = rentBuilder.create( 2200, "EUR" );
+        Address canaryResidence = peopleRepository.createAddress( "10, CH5A, Jalan Cheras Hartamas", "43200", cheras, malaysia, rentCanary );
+        canaryId = canaryResidence.identity().get();
+        Address varnhem = peopleRepository.createAddress( "Varnhemsgatan 25", "215 00", malmo, sweden, rentVarnhem );
+        varnhemId = varnhem.identity().get();
+        Address unknown1 = peopleRepository.createAddress( "", "", montpellier, france, rentUnknown1 );
+        unknown1Id = unknown1.identity().get();
+        Address unknown2 = peopleRepository.createAddress( "", "", hannover, germany, rentUnknown2 );
+        unknown2Id = unknown2.identity().get();
+        Address unknown3 = peopleRepository.createAddress( "", "", basel, switzerland, rentUnknown3 );
+        unknown3Id = unknown3.identity().get();
+        Person eric = peopleRepository.createPerson( "Eric", malaysia, canaryResidence, null, null );
+        Person niclas = peopleRepository.createPerson( "Niclas", sweden, canaryResidence, null, peopleRepository.createPhoneNumber( "+60-16-7636344" ) );
+        niclas.children().add( eric );
+        Person kalle = peopleRepository.createPerson( "Kalle", sweden, varnhem, null, null );
+        Person oscar = peopleRepository.createPerson( "Oscar", sweden, varnhem, null, null );
+        Person peter = peopleRepository.createPerson( "Peter", germany, varnhem, null, peopleRepository.createPhoneNumber( "+46-70-1234567" ) );
+        peter.children().add( kalle );
+        peter.children().add( oscar );
+        Person paul = peopleRepository.createPerson( "Paul", france, unknown1, null, peopleRepository.createPhoneNumber( "+33-88-333666999" ) );
+        Person janna = peopleRepository.createPerson( "Janna", france, unknown2, null, peopleRepository.createPhoneNumber( "+49-11-22334455" ) );
+        Person toni = peopleRepository.createPerson( "Toni", france, unknown2, janna, peopleRepository.createPhoneNumber( "+49-12-99887766" ) );
+        janna.spouse().set( toni );
+        Person andreas = peopleRepository.createPerson( "Andreas", germany, unknown3, null, peopleRepository.createPhoneNumber( "+41-98-1234567" ) );
+        NamedAssociation<Person> niclasRels = niclas.relationships();
+        niclasRels.put( FRIEND, peter );
+        niclasRels.put( FRIEND, toni );
+        niclasRels.put( FRIEND, andreas );
+        niclasRels.put( FRIEND, paul );
+        niclasRels.put( COLLEAGUE, toni );
+        niclasRels.put( COLLEAGUE, andreas );
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void defineApplication( ApplicationAssembly applicationAssembly )
+        throws AssemblyException
+    {
+        LayerAssembly accessLayer = applicationAssembly.layer( "Access Layer" );
+        LayerAssembly domainLayer = applicationAssembly.layer( "Domain Layer" );
+        LayerAssembly infrastructureLayer = applicationAssembly.layer( "Infrastructure Layer" );
+        LayerAssembly configLayer = applicationAssembly.layer( "Configuration Layer" );
+        accessLayer.uses( domainLayer.uses( infrastructureLayer.uses( configLayer ) ) );
+        defineConfigModule( configLayer.module( "Configuration Module" ) );
+        defineSerializationModule( configLayer.module( "Serialization Module" ) );
+        defineStorageModule( infrastructureLayer.module( "Storage Module" ) );
+        definePeopleModule( domainLayer.module( "People Module" ) );
+        defineLegalModule( domainLayer.module( "Legal Module" ) );
+        defineTestModule( accessLayer.module( "TestCase Module" ) );
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected Application newApplicationInstance( ApplicationDescriptor applicationModel )
+    {
+        Application application = super.newApplicationInstance( applicationModel );
+        Module module = application.findModule( "Access Layer", "TestCase Module" );
+        module.injectTo( this );
+        return application;
+    }
+
+    protected void defineTestModule( ModuleAssembly module )
+    {
+        module.defaultServices();
+        module.objects( this.getClass() );
+    }
+
+    protected void definePeopleModule( ModuleAssembly module )
+    {
+        module.defaultServices();
+        module.entities( Address.class, City.class, PhoneNumber.class );
+        module.entities( Country.class, Person.class );
+        module.services( PeopleRepository.class ).visibleIn( Visibility.application );
+        module.values( Rent.class );
+        module.objects( Rent.Builder.class ).visibleIn( Visibility.application );
+    }
+
+    protected void defineLegalModule( ModuleAssembly module )
+    {
+        module.defaultServices();
+        module.services( LegalService.class ).visibleIn( Visibility.application );
+        module.entities( Will.class, WillItem.class, WillPercentage.class, WillAmount.class );
+    }
+
+    protected void defineSerializationModule( ModuleAssembly module )
+    {
+        module.defaultServices();
+        module.services( JsonSerialization.class ).visibleIn( Visibility.application );
+    }
+
+    protected abstract void defineStorageModule( ModuleAssembly module );
+
+    protected void defineConfigModule( ModuleAssembly module )
+    {
+        module.defaultServices();
+        module.services( MemoryEntityStoreService.class ).visibleIn( Visibility.module );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/legal/LegalService.java b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/legal/LegalService.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..925e500
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/legal/LegalService.java
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+/*
+ *  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ *  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ *  distributed with this work for additional information
+ *  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ *  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ *  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ *  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ *
+ */
+package org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.legal;
+
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.util.Map;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.entity.EntityBuilder;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.identity.Identity;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.identity.StringIdentity;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.injection.scope.Structure;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.mixin.Mixins;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.unitofwork.UnitOfWork;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.unitofwork.UnitOfWorkFactory;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.unitofwork.concern.UnitOfWorkPropagation;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.value.ValueBuilder;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.value.ValueBuilderFactory;
+import org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.people.Person;
+
+@Mixins( LegalService.Mixin.class )
+public interface LegalService
+{
+    @UnitOfWorkPropagation
+    Identity createWill( Person principal, Map<Person, BigDecimal> amounts, Map<Person, Float> percentages, Map<Person, String> specificItems );
+
+    class Mixin
+        implements LegalService
+    {
+        @Structure
+        private ValueBuilderFactory vbf;
+
+        @Structure
+        private UnitOfWorkFactory uowf;
+
+        @Override
+        public Identity createWill( Person principal, Map<Person, BigDecimal> amounts, Map<Person, Float> percentages, Map<Person, String> specificItems )
+        {
+            UnitOfWork uow = uowf.currentUnitOfWork();
+            Identity identity = StringIdentity.identity( "will-" + principal.name().get() );
+            EntityBuilder<Will> builder = uow.newEntityBuilder( Will.class, identity );
+            Will instance = builder.instance();
+            for( Map.Entry<Person, BigDecimal> entry : amounts.entrySet() )
+            {
+                WillAmount amount = createAmount( entry.getKey(), entry.getValue() );
+                instance.amounts().add( amount );
+            }
+            for( Map.Entry<Person, Float> entry : percentages.entrySet() )
+            {
+                WillPercentage amount = createPercentage( entry.getKey(), entry.getValue() );
+                instance.percentages().add( amount );
+            }
+            for( Map.Entry<Person, String> entry : specificItems.entrySet() )
+            {
+                String value = entry.getValue();
+                int pos = value.indexOf( '\n' );
+                String item = value.substring( 0, pos );
+                String description = value.substring( pos + 1 );
+                WillItem amount = createItem( entry.getKey(), item, description );
+                instance.items().add( amount );
+            }
+            builder.newInstance();
+            return identity;
+        }
+
+        private WillAmount createAmount( Person beneficiary, BigDecimal amount )
+        {
+            ValueBuilder<WillAmount> builder = vbf.newValueBuilder( WillAmount.class );
+            builder.prototype().amount().set( amount );
+            builder.prototype().beneficiary().set( beneficiary );
+            return builder.newInstance();
+        }
+
+        private WillPercentage createPercentage( Person beneficiary, Float percentage )
+        {
+            ValueBuilder<WillPercentage> builder = vbf.newValueBuilder( WillPercentage.class );
+            builder.prototype().percentage().set( percentage );
+            builder.prototype().beneficiary().set( beneficiary );
+            return builder.newInstance();
+        }
+
+        private WillItem createItem( Person beneficiary, String item, String description )
+        {
+            ValueBuilder<WillItem> builder = vbf.newValueBuilder( WillItem.class );
+            builder.prototype().item().set( item );
+            builder.prototype().item().set( description );
+            builder.prototype().beneficiary().set( beneficiary );
+            return builder.newInstance();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/legal/Will.java b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/legal/Will.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c66efb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/legal/Will.java
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/*
+ *  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ *  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ *  distributed with this work for additional information
+ *  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ *  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ *  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ *  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ *
+ */
+package org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.legal;
+
+import org.apache.polygene.api.association.Association;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.association.ManyAssociation;
+import org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.people.Person;
+
+public interface Will
+{
+
+    Association<Person> principal();
+
+    ManyAssociation<WillItem> items();
+
+    ManyAssociation<WillPercentage> percentages();
+
+    ManyAssociation<WillAmount> amounts();
+}
diff --git a/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/legal/WillAmount.java b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/legal/WillAmount.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6661375
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/legal/WillAmount.java
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ *  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ *  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ *  distributed with this work for additional information
+ *  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ *  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ *  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ *  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ *
+ */
+package org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.legal;
+
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.property.Property;
+
+public interface WillAmount extends WillBenefit
+{
+    Property<BigDecimal> amount();
+}
diff --git a/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/legal/WillBenefit.java b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/legal/WillBenefit.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0347a6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/legal/WillBenefit.java
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/*
+ *  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ *  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ *  distributed with this work for additional information
+ *  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ *  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ *  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ *  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ *
+ */
+package org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.legal;
+
+import org.apache.polygene.api.association.Association;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.common.Optional;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.property.Property;
+import org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.people.Person;
+
+public interface WillBenefit
+{
+    Association<Person> beneficiary();
+
+    @Optional
+    Property<String> condition();
+
+    @Optional
+    Association<Person> alternateBeneficiary();
+}
diff --git a/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/legal/WillItem.java b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/legal/WillItem.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..abcafe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/legal/WillItem.java
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*
+ *  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ *  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ *  distributed with this work for additional information
+ *  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ *  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ *  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ *  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ *
+ */
+package org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.legal;
+
+import org.apache.polygene.api.property.Property;
+
+public interface WillItem extends WillBenefit
+{
+    Property<String> item();
+
+    Property<String> description();
+
+}
diff --git a/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/legal/WillPercentage.java b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/legal/WillPercentage.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc34dd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/legal/WillPercentage.java
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*
+ *  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ *  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ *  distributed with this work for additional information
+ *  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ *  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ *  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ *  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ *
+ */
+package org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.legal;
+
+import org.apache.polygene.api.property.Property;
+
+public interface WillPercentage extends WillBenefit
+{
+    Property<Float> percentage();
+}
diff --git a/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/people/Address.java b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/people/Address.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc6a426
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/people/Address.java
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ *  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ *  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ *  distributed with this work for additional information
+ *  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ *  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ *  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ *  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ *
+ */
+package org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.people;
+
+import org.apache.polygene.api.association.Association;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.identity.HasIdentity;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.property.Property;
+
+public interface Address extends HasIdentity
+{
+    Property<Rent> rent();
+
+    Property<String> street();
+
+    Association<City> city();
+
+    Property<String> zipCode();
+
+    Association<Country> country();
+}
diff --git a/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/people/City.java b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/people/City.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25078c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/people/City.java
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ *  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ *  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ *  distributed with this work for additional information
+ *  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ *  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ *  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ *  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ *
+ */
+package org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.people;
+
+import org.apache.polygene.api.identity.HasIdentity;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.property.Property;
+
+public interface City extends HasIdentity
+{
+    Property<String> name();
+}
diff --git a/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/people/Country.java b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/people/Country.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc0800b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/people/Country.java
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+ *  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ *  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ *  distributed with this work for additional information
+ *  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ *  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ *  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ *  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ *
+ */
+package org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.people;
+
+import org.apache.polygene.api.identity.HasIdentity;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.property.Property;
+
+public interface Country extends HasIdentity
+{
+    Property<String> name();
+}
diff --git a/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/people/PeopleRepository.java b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/people/PeopleRepository.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0aeb8ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/people/PeopleRepository.java
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+/*
+ *  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ *  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ *  distributed with this work for additional information
+ *  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ *  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ *  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ *  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ *
+ */
+package org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.people;
+
+import org.apache.polygene.api.common.Optional;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.entity.EntityBuilder;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.identity.Identity;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.injection.scope.Structure;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.mixin.Mixins;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.unitofwork.UnitOfWork;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.unitofwork.UnitOfWorkFactory;
+
+import static org.apache.polygene.api.identity.StringIdentity.identity;
+
+@Mixins( PeopleRepository.Mixin.class )
+public interface PeopleRepository
+{
+    Person createPerson( String name, Country nationality, @Optional Address address, @Optional Person spouse, @Optional PhoneNumber homeNumber );
+
+    void addChild( Person parent, Person child );
+
+    Person findPersonByName( String name );
+
+    Country createCountry( String countryCode, String countryName );
+
+    Country findCountryByCountryCode( String countryCode );
+
+    Country findCountryByIdentity( Identity countryId );
+
+    Address createAddress( String street, String zipCode, City city, Country country, Rent rent );
+
+    Address findAddress( Identity addressId );
+
+    City createCity( String cityName );
+
+    City findCity( Identity cityId );
+
+    PhoneNumber createPhoneNumber( String phoneNumberString );
+
+    PhoneNumber findPhoneNumberById( Identity phoneNumberId );
+
+    class Mixin
+        implements PeopleRepository
+    {
+        @Structure
+        private UnitOfWorkFactory uowf;
+
+        @Override
+        public Person createPerson( String name, Country nationality, Address address, Person spouse, PhoneNumber homeNumber )
+        {
+            UnitOfWork uow = uowf.currentUnitOfWork();
+            EntityBuilder<Person> builder = uow.newEntityBuilder( Person.class, identity( "person-" + name ) );
+            Person instance = builder.instance();
+            instance.name().set( name );
+            instance.nationality().set( nationality );
+            instance.address().set( address );
+            instance.spouse().set( spouse );
+            if( homeNumber != null )
+            {
+                instance.phoneNumbers().put( "Home", homeNumber );
+            }
+            return builder.newInstance();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void addChild( Person parent, Person child )
+        {
+            parent.children().add( child );
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Person findPersonByName( String name )
+        {
+            UnitOfWork uow = uowf.currentUnitOfWork();
+            return uow.get( Person.class, identity( "person-" + name ) );
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Country createCountry( String countryCode, String countryName )
+        {
+            UnitOfWork uow = uowf.currentUnitOfWork();
+            EntityBuilder<Country> builder = uow.newEntityBuilder( Country.class, identity( "country-" + countryCode ) );
+            builder.instance().name().set( countryName );
+            return builder.newInstance();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Country findCountryByCountryCode( String countryCode )
+        {
+
+            return findCountryByIdentity( identity( "country-" + countryCode ) );
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Country findCountryByIdentity( Identity countryId )
+        {
+            UnitOfWork uow = uowf.currentUnitOfWork();
+            return uow.get( Country.class, countryId );
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Address createAddress( String street, String zipCode, City city, Country country, Rent rent )
+        {
+            UnitOfWork uow = uowf.currentUnitOfWork();
+            EntityBuilder<Address> builder = uow.newEntityBuilder( Address.class );
+            Address prototype = builder.instance();
+            prototype.street().set( street );
+            prototype.zipCode().set( zipCode );
+            prototype.city().set( city );
+            prototype.country().set( country );
+            prototype.rent().set( rent );
+            return builder.newInstance();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Address findAddress( Identity addressId )
+        {
+            UnitOfWork uow = uowf.currentUnitOfWork();
+            return uow.get( Address.class, addressId );
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public City createCity( String cityName )
+        {
+            UnitOfWork uow = uowf.currentUnitOfWork();
+            EntityBuilder<City> builder = uow.newEntityBuilder( City.class );
+            builder.instance().name().set( cityName );
+            return builder.newInstance();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public City findCity( Identity cityId )
+        {
+            UnitOfWork uow = uowf.currentUnitOfWork();
+            return uow.get( City.class, cityId );
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public PhoneNumber createPhoneNumber( String phoneNumberString )
+        {
+            UnitOfWork uow = uowf.currentUnitOfWork();
+            EntityBuilder<PhoneNumber> builder = uow.newEntityBuilder( PhoneNumber.class );
+            PhoneNumber prototype = builder.instance();
+
+            // Of course better parsing should be done for a real application.
+            int pos1 = phoneNumberString.indexOf( '-' );
+            int pos2 = phoneNumberString.indexOf( '-', pos1 + 1 );
+            String countryCode = phoneNumberString.substring( 1, pos1 );
+            String areaCode = phoneNumberString.substring( pos1 + 1, pos2 );
+            String number = phoneNumberString.substring( pos2 + 1 );
+
+            prototype.countryCode().set( Integer.parseInt( countryCode ) );
+            prototype.areaCode().set( Integer.parseInt( areaCode ) );
+            prototype.number().set( number );
+
+            return builder.newInstance();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public PhoneNumber findPhoneNumberById( Identity phoneNumberId )
+        {
+            UnitOfWork uow = uowf.currentUnitOfWork();
+            return uow.get( PhoneNumber.class, phoneNumberId );
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/people/Person.java b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/people/Person.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac110a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/people/Person.java
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/*
+ *  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ *  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ *  distributed with this work for additional information
+ *  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ *  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ *  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ *  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ *
+ */
+package org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.people;
+
+import org.apache.polygene.api.association.Association;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.association.ManyAssociation;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.association.NamedAssociation;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.common.Optional;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.entity.Aggregated;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.identity.HasIdentity;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.injection.scope.Service;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.injection.scope.Structure;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.mixin.Mixins;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.property.Property;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.unitofwork.UnitOfWorkFactory;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.unitofwork.concern.UnitOfWorkPropagation;
+
+@Mixins( Person.Mixin.class )
+public interface Person extends HasIdentity
+{
+    @UnitOfWorkPropagation( UnitOfWorkPropagation.Propagation.MANDATORY )
+    void movedToNewAddress( String street, String zipCode, City city, Country country, Rent rent );
+
+    @UnitOfWorkPropagation( UnitOfWorkPropagation.Propagation.MANDATORY )
+    void amendAddress( String street, String zipCode, City city, Country country );
+
+    Property<String> name();
+
+    Association<Country> nationality();
+
+    @Aggregated
+    Association<Address> address();
+
+    @Optional
+    Association<Person> spouse();
+
+    ManyAssociation<Person> children();
+
+    @Aggregated
+    ManyAssociation<Address> oldAddresses();
+
+    NamedAssociation<Person> relationships();
+
+    @Aggregated
+    NamedAssociation<PhoneNumber> phoneNumbers();
+
+    abstract class Mixin
+        implements Person
+    {
+        @Structure
+        private UnitOfWorkFactory uowf;
+
+        @Service
+        private PeopleRepository repository;
+
+        @Override
+        public void movedToNewAddress( String street, String zipCode, City city, Country country, Rent rent )
+        {
+            Address newAddress = repository.createAddress( street, zipCode, city, country, rent );
+            Address oldAddress = address().get();
+            oldAddresses().add( oldAddress );
+            address().set( newAddress );
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void amendAddress( String street, String zipCode, City city, Country country )
+        {
+            Address newAddress = repository.createAddress( street, zipCode, city, country, address().get().rent().get() );
+            address().set( newAddress );
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/people/PhoneNumber.java b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/people/PhoneNumber.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c711eab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/people/PhoneNumber.java
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ *  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ *  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ *  distributed with this work for additional information
+ *  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ *  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ *  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ *  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ *
+ */
+package org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.people;
+
+import org.apache.polygene.api.identity.HasIdentity;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.injection.scope.Structure;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.property.Property;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.value.ValueBuilder;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.value.ValueBuilderFactory;
+
+public interface PhoneNumber extends HasIdentity
+{
+    Property<Integer> countryCode();
+
+    Property<Integer> areaCode();
+
+    Property<String> number();
+
+    class Builder
+    {
+        private final ValueBuilder<PhoneNumber> valueBuilder;
+        private final PhoneNumber prototype;
+
+        public Builder( @Structure ValueBuilderFactory vbf )
+        {
+            valueBuilder = vbf.newValueBuilder( PhoneNumber.class );
+            prototype = valueBuilder.prototype();
+        }
+
+        PhoneNumber create( int countryCode, int areaCode, String number )
+        {
+            prototype.countryCode().set( countryCode );
+            prototype.areaCode().set( areaCode );
+            prototype.number().set( number );
+            return valueBuilder.newInstance();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/people/Rent.java b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/people/Rent.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..576b3dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/entity/model/people/Rent.java
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/*
+ *  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ *  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ *  distributed with this work for additional information
+ *  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ *  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ *  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ *  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ *
+ */
+package org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.people;
+
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.injection.scope.Structure;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.property.Property;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.value.ValueBuilder;
+import org.apache.polygene.api.value.ValueBuilderFactory;
+
+public interface Rent
+{
+    Property<BigDecimal> amount();
+
+    Property<String> currency();
+
+    class Builder
+    {
+        @Structure
+        private ValueBuilderFactory vbf;
+
+        public Rent create( Integer amount, String currency )
+        {
+            ValueBuilder<Rent> builder = vbf.newValueBuilder( Rent.class );
+            Rent prototype = builder.prototype();
+            prototype.amount().set( new BigDecimal( amount ) );
+            prototype.currency().set( currency );
+            return builder.newInstance();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/indexing/AbstractQueryTest.java b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/indexing/AbstractQueryTest.java
index 08abae0..0592b1d 100644
--- a/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/indexing/AbstractQueryTest.java
+++ b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/indexing/AbstractQueryTest.java
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@
     {
         QueryBuilder<Person> qb = this.moduleInstance.newQueryBuilder( Person.class );
         Person person = templateFor( Person.class );
-        Domain gaming = unitOfWork.get( Domain.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "Gaming" ) );
+        Domain gaming = unitOfWork.get( Domain.class, StringIdentity.identity( "Gaming" ) );
         Query<Person> query = unitOfWork.newQuery( qb.where( contains( person.interests(), gaming ) ) );
         System.out.println( "*** script33: " + query );
 
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@
     {
         QueryBuilder<Person> qb = this.moduleInstance.newQueryBuilder( Person.class );
         Person person = templateFor( Person.class );
-        Female annDoe = unitOfWork.get( Female.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "anndoe" ) );
+        Female annDoe = unitOfWork.get( Female.class, StringIdentity.identity( "anndoe" ) );
         Query<Person> query = unitOfWork.newQuery( qb.where( eq( person.mother(), annDoe ) ) );
         System.out.println( "*** script34: " + query );
 
@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@
     {
         QueryBuilder<Person> qb = this.moduleInstance.newQueryBuilder( Person.class );
         Person person = templateFor( Person.class );
-        Account anns = unitOfWork.get( Account.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "accountOfAnnDoe" ) );
+        Account anns = unitOfWork.get( Account.class, StringIdentity.identity( "accountOfAnnDoe" ) );
         Query<Person> query = unitOfWork.newQuery( qb.where( contains( person.accounts(), anns ) ) );
         System.out.println( "*** script36: " + query );
 
diff --git a/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/indexing/TestData.java b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/indexing/TestData.java
index bc275bb..40df6ba 100644
--- a/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/indexing/TestData.java
+++ b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/indexing/TestData.java
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
             NameableAssert.clear();
             Domain gaming;
             {
-                EntityBuilder<Domain> domainBuilder = unitOfWork.newEntityBuilder( Domain.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "Gaming" ) );
+                EntityBuilder<Domain> domainBuilder = unitOfWork.newEntityBuilder( Domain.class, StringIdentity.identity( "Gaming" ) );
                 gaming = domainBuilder.instance();
                 gaming.name().set( "Gaming" );
                 gaming.description().set( "Gaming domain" );
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@
 
             Account annsAccount;
             {
-                EntityBuilder<Account> accountBuilder = unitOfWork.newEntityBuilder( Account.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "accountOfAnnDoe" ) );
+                EntityBuilder<Account> accountBuilder = unitOfWork.newEntityBuilder( Account.class, StringIdentity.identity( "accountOfAnnDoe" ) );
                 annsAccount = accountBuilder.instance();
                 annsAccount.number().set( "accountOfAnnDoe" );
                 annsAccount = accountBuilder.newInstance();
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
 
             Account jacksAccount;
             {
-                EntityBuilder<Account> accountBuilder = unitOfWork.newEntityBuilder( Account.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "accountOfJackDoe" ) );
+                EntityBuilder<Account> accountBuilder = unitOfWork.newEntityBuilder( Account.class, StringIdentity.identity( "accountOfJackDoe" ) );
                 jacksAccount = accountBuilder.instance();
                 jacksAccount.number().set( "accountOfJackDoe" );
                 jacksAccount = accountBuilder.newInstance();
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@
 
             Female annDoe;
             {
-                EntityBuilder<Female> femaleBuilder = unitOfWork.newEntityBuilder( Female.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "anndoe" ) );
+                EntityBuilder<Female> femaleBuilder = unitOfWork.newEntityBuilder( Female.class, StringIdentity.identity( "anndoe" ) );
                 annDoe = femaleBuilder.instance();
                 annDoe.name().set( "Ann Doe" );
                 annDoe.title().set( Person.Title.MRS );
diff --git a/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/metrics/AbstractPolygeneMetricsTest.java b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/metrics/AbstractPolygeneMetricsTest.java
index 74c9e8c..f07a202 100644
--- a/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/metrics/AbstractPolygeneMetricsTest.java
+++ b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/metrics/AbstractPolygeneMetricsTest.java
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
 
     public interface PersonList
     {
-        Identity LIST_ID = StringIdentity.fromString( "person-list" );
+        Identity LIST_ID = StringIdentity.identity( "person-list" );
 
         ManyAssociation<Person> all();
     }
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@
         Commands commands = services.findService( Commands.class ).get();
         Queries queries = services.findService( Queries.class ).get();
 
-        Identity identity = StringIdentity.fromString( "1" );
+        Identity identity = StringIdentity.identity( "1" );
 
         try (UnitOfWork uow = services.unitOfWorkFactory().newUnitOfWork( newUsecase( "Step 1" ) ) )
         {
diff --git a/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/serialization/AbstractValueCompositeSerializationTest.java b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/serialization/AbstractValueCompositeSerializationTest.java
index 3741fd2..ddea6d2 100644
--- a/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/serialization/AbstractValueCompositeSerializationTest.java
+++ b/core/testsupport/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/serialization/AbstractValueCompositeSerializationTest.java
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@
     // JSONEntityState does not allow for polymorphic serialization
     public void valueAndEntityTypeEquality()
     {
-        Identity identity = StringIdentity.fromString( "42" );
+        Identity identity = StringIdentity.identity( "42" );
         Some createdValue, loadedValue;
 
         try( UnitOfWork uow = unitOfWorkFactory.newUnitOfWork( newUsecase( "create" ) ) )
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@
     {
         EntityBuilder<Some> builder = uow.newEntityBuilder( Some.class );
         Some proto = builder.instance();
-        proto.identity().set( StringIdentity.fromString( identity ) );
+        proto.identity().set( StringIdentity.identity( identity ) );
         setSomeValueState( module, uow, proto );
         return builder.newInstance();
     }
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@
     {
         ValueBuilder<Some> builder = module.newValueBuilder( Some.class );
         Some proto = builder.prototype();
-        proto.identity().set( StringIdentity.fromString( identity ) );
+        proto.identity().set( StringIdentity.identity( identity ) );
         setSomeValueState( module, uow, proto );
         return builder.newInstance();
     }
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@
     {
         ValueBuilder<SomeExtended> builder = module.newValueBuilder( SomeExtended.class );
         SomeExtended proto = builder.prototype();
-        proto.identity().set( StringIdentity.fromString( identity ) );
+        proto.identity().set( StringIdentity.identity( identity ) );
         setSomeValueState( module, uow, proto );
         proto.extraProperty().set( "extra property" );
         proto.extraAssociation().set( buildBarEntity( module, uow, "extra association" ) );
diff --git a/extensions/entitystore-cassandra/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/entitystore/cassandra/CassandraEntityStoreMixin.java b/extensions/entitystore-cassandra/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/entitystore/cassandra/CassandraEntityStoreMixin.java
index cde443c..2895d53 100644
--- a/extensions/entitystore-cassandra/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/entitystore/cassandra/CassandraEntityStoreMixin.java
+++ b/extensions/entitystore-cassandra/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/entitystore/cassandra/CassandraEntityStoreMixin.java
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@
         Identity newIdentity;
         if( idGenerator == null )
         {
-            newIdentity = StringIdentity.fromString( UUID.randomUUID().toString() );
+            newIdentity = StringIdentity.identity( UUID.randomUUID().toString() );
         }
         else
         {
diff --git a/extensions/entitystore-jdbm/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/entitystore/jdbm/JdbmEntityStoreTestSuite.java b/extensions/entitystore-jdbm/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/entitystore/jdbm/JdbmEntityStoreTestSuite.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..597bfe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extensions/entitystore-jdbm/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/entitystore/jdbm/JdbmEntityStoreTestSuite.java
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ *  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ *  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ *  distributed with this work for additional information
+ *  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ *  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ *  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ *  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ *
+ *
+ */
+package org.apache.polygene.entitystore.jdbm;
+
+import org.apache.polygene.api.common.Visibility;
+import org.apache.polygene.bootstrap.ModuleAssembly;
+import org.apache.polygene.entitystore.jdbm.assembly.JdbmEntityStoreAssembler;
+import org.apache.polygene.library.fileconfig.FileConfigurationAssembler;
+import org.apache.polygene.library.fileconfig.FileConfigurationOverride;
+import org.apache.polygene.test.entity.model.EntityStoreTestSuite;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder;
+
+public class JdbmEntityStoreTestSuite extends EntityStoreTestSuite
+{
+    @Rule
+    public final TemporaryFolder tmpDir = new TemporaryFolder();
+    private ModuleAssembly configModule;
+
+    @Override
+    protected void defineStorageModule( ModuleAssembly module )
+    {
+        module.defaultServices();
+        new FileConfigurationAssembler()
+            .withOverride( new FileConfigurationOverride().withConventionalRoot( tmpDir.getRoot() ) )
+            .assemble( module );
+        new JdbmEntityStoreAssembler().visibleIn( Visibility.application )
+                                      .withConfig( configModule, Visibility.application )
+                                      .assemble( module );
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void defineConfigModule( ModuleAssembly module )
+    {
+        configModule = module;
+        super.defineConfigModule( module );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/extensions/entitystore-sql/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/entitystore/sql/assembly/AbstractSQLEntityStoreAssembler.java b/extensions/entitystore-sql/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/entitystore/sql/assembly/AbstractSQLEntityStoreAssembler.java
index 36fe4ee..6a41cea 100644
--- a/extensions/entitystore-sql/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/entitystore/sql/assembly/AbstractSQLEntityStoreAssembler.java
+++ b/extensions/entitystore-sql/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/entitystore/sql/assembly/AbstractSQLEntityStoreAssembler.java
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 public abstract class AbstractSQLEntityStoreAssembler<AssemblerType>
     extends Assemblers.VisibilityIdentityConfig<AssemblerType>
 {
-    public static final Identity DEFAULT_ENTITYSTORE_IDENTITY = StringIdentity.fromString( "entitystore-sql" );
+    public static final Identity DEFAULT_ENTITYSTORE_IDENTITY = StringIdentity.identity( "entitystore-sql" );
     private static final String DEFAULT_CHANGELOG_PATH = "org/apache/polygene/entitystore/sql/changelog.xml";
 
     private String changelogPath = DEFAULT_CHANGELOG_PATH;
diff --git a/extensions/indexing-rdf/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/index/rdf/RDFPerformanceTest.java b/extensions/indexing-rdf/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/index/rdf/RDFPerformanceTest.java
index 96abf69..08e1db4 100644
--- a/extensions/indexing-rdf/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/index/rdf/RDFPerformanceTest.java
+++ b/extensions/indexing-rdf/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/index/rdf/RDFPerformanceTest.java
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
         List<ExampleEntity> entities = new ArrayList<ExampleEntity>();
         for (Integer x = 0; x < howMany; ++x)
         {
-            ExampleEntity exampleEntity = this.unitOfWorkFactory.currentUnitOfWork().newEntity( ExampleEntity.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "entity" + x ) );
+            ExampleEntity exampleEntity = this.unitOfWorkFactory.currentUnitOfWork().newEntity( ExampleEntity.class, StringIdentity.identity( "entity" + x ) );
 
             for (ExampleEntity entity : entities)
             {
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@
         UnitOfWork uow = this.unitOfWorkFactory.newUnitOfWork();
         for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++)
         {
-            ExampleEntity entity50 = uow.get(ExampleEntity.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "entity50" ) );
+            ExampleEntity entity50 = uow.get(ExampleEntity.class, StringIdentity.identity( "entity50" ) );
             Query<ExampleEntity> query = uow.newQuery( this.queryBuilderFactory.newQueryBuilder( ExampleEntity.class ).
                     where( QueryExpressions.contains( QueryExpressions.templateFor( ExampleEntity.class ).manyAssoc(), entity50) ));
             System.out.println(query.count());
diff --git a/extensions/indexing-sql/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/index/sql/assembly/AbstractSQLIndexQueryAssembler.java b/extensions/indexing-sql/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/index/sql/assembly/AbstractSQLIndexQueryAssembler.java
index d3675a3..86790c9 100644
--- a/extensions/indexing-sql/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/index/sql/assembly/AbstractSQLIndexQueryAssembler.java
+++ b/extensions/indexing-sql/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/index/sql/assembly/AbstractSQLIndexQueryAssembler.java
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 
 public abstract class AbstractSQLIndexQueryAssembler<AssemblerType> extends Assemblers.VisibilityIdentityConfig<AssemblerType>
 {
-    public static final Identity DEFAULT_IDENTITY = StringIdentity.fromString( "indexing-sql" );
+    public static final Identity DEFAULT_IDENTITY = StringIdentity.identity( "indexing-sql" );
 
     private Class<? extends ReindexingStrategy> reindexingStrategy = ReindexingStrategy.NeverNeed.class;
 
diff --git a/libraries/alarm/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/alarm/AlarmSystem.java b/libraries/alarm/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/alarm/AlarmSystem.java
index b275943..1b42452 100644
--- a/libraries/alarm/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/alarm/AlarmSystem.java
+++ b/libraries/alarm/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/alarm/AlarmSystem.java
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@
         public AlarmPoint createAlarm( String name, AlarmCategory category )
         {
             UnitOfWork uow = uowf.currentUnitOfWork();
-            EntityBuilder<AlarmPoint> builder = uow.newEntityBuilder( AlarmPoint.class, StringIdentity.fromString( name ) );
+            EntityBuilder<AlarmPoint> builder = uow.newEntityBuilder( AlarmPoint.class, StringIdentity.identity( name ) );
             builder.instance().category().set( category );
             AlarmPoint.AlarmState state = builder.instanceFor( AlarmPoint.AlarmState.class );
             state.systemName().set( name );
diff --git a/libraries/alarm/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/library/alarm/AlarmProxyTest.java b/libraries/alarm/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/library/alarm/AlarmProxyTest.java
index 30e9c35..5ec2236 100644
--- a/libraries/alarm/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/library/alarm/AlarmProxyTest.java
+++ b/libraries/alarm/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/library/alarm/AlarmProxyTest.java
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
         try
         {
 // START SNIPPET: documentation
-            myAlarmPoint = factory.create( StringIdentity.fromString( "This Alarm Identity" ), "ProActiveCRM", "Sales", AlarmClass.B );
+            myAlarmPoint = factory.create( StringIdentity.identity( "This Alarm Identity" ), "ProActiveCRM", "Sales", AlarmClass.B );
             myAlarmPoint.history().maxSize().set( 20 );
 // END SNIPPET: documentation
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
             assertThat( myAlarmPoint.history().activateCounter(), equalTo( 1 ) );
             AlarmEvent event = myAlarmPoint.history().firstEvent();
             assertThat( event, notNullValue() );
-            assertThat( event.identity().get(), equalTo( StringIdentity.fromString( "This Alarm Identity" ) ) );
+            assertThat( event.identity().get(), equalTo( StringIdentity.identity( "This Alarm Identity" ) ) );
             assertThat( event.newStatus().get().name( null ), equalTo( "Activated" ) );
             assertThat( event.oldStatus().get().name( null ), equalTo( "Normal" ) );
         }
diff --git a/libraries/jmx/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/jmx/ConfigurationManagerService.java b/libraries/jmx/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/jmx/ConfigurationManagerService.java
index a8ce3bf..91025f0 100644
--- a/libraries/jmx/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/jmx/ConfigurationManagerService.java
+++ b/libraries/jmx/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/jmx/ConfigurationManagerService.java
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@
             EditableConfiguration( MBeanInfo info, String identity, Map<String, AccessibleObject> propertyNames )
             {
                 this.info = info;
-                this.identity = StringIdentity.fromString(identity);
+                this.identity = StringIdentity.identity( identity );
                 this.propertyNames = propertyNames;
             }
 
diff --git a/libraries/rdf/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rdf/entity/EntitySerializerTest.java b/libraries/rdf/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rdf/entity/EntitySerializerTest.java
index 59528e2..a48e272 100644
--- a/libraries/rdf/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rdf/entity/EntitySerializerTest.java
+++ b/libraries/rdf/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rdf/entity/EntitySerializerTest.java
@@ -109,14 +109,14 @@
             valueBuilder.prototype().test3().set( valueBuilder2.newInstance() );
             TestValue testValue = valueBuilder.newInstance();
 
-            EntityBuilder<TestEntity> builder = unitOfWork.newEntityBuilder( TestEntity.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "test1" ) );
+            EntityBuilder<TestEntity> builder = unitOfWork.newEntityBuilder( TestEntity.class, StringIdentity.identity( "test1" ) );
             TestEntity rickardTemplate = builder.instance();
             rickardTemplate.name().set( "Rickard" );
             rickardTemplate.title().set( "Mr" );
             rickardTemplate.value().set( testValue );
             TestEntity testEntity = builder.newInstance();
 
-            EntityBuilder<TestEntity> builder2 = unitOfWork.newEntityBuilder( TestEntity.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "test2" ) );
+            EntityBuilder<TestEntity> builder2 = unitOfWork.newEntityBuilder( TestEntity.class, StringIdentity.identity( "test2" ) );
             TestEntity niclasTemplate = builder2.instance();
             niclasTemplate.name().set( "Niclas" );
             niclasTemplate.title().set( "Mr" );
diff --git a/libraries/rdf/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rdf/entity/EntityTypeSerializerTest.java b/libraries/rdf/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rdf/entity/EntityTypeSerializerTest.java
index e4a7efe..ae4c56e 100644
--- a/libraries/rdf/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rdf/entity/EntityTypeSerializerTest.java
+++ b/libraries/rdf/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rdf/entity/EntityTypeSerializerTest.java
@@ -95,14 +95,14 @@
             valueBuilder.prototype().test3().set( vb2.newInstance() );
             TestValue testValue = valueBuilder.newInstance();
 
-            EntityBuilder<TestEntity> builder = unitOfWork.newEntityBuilder(TestEntity.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "test1") );
+            EntityBuilder<TestEntity> builder = unitOfWork.newEntityBuilder(TestEntity.class, StringIdentity.identity( "test1" ) );
             TestEntity rickardTemplate = builder.instance();
             rickardTemplate.name().set( "Rickard" );
             rickardTemplate.title().set( "Mr" );
             rickardTemplate.value().set( testValue );
             TestEntity testEntity = builder.newInstance();
 
-            EntityBuilder<TestEntity> builder2 = unitOfWork.newEntityBuilder(TestEntity.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "test2") );
+            EntityBuilder<TestEntity> builder2 = unitOfWork.newEntityBuilder(TestEntity.class, StringIdentity.identity( "test2" ) );
             TestEntity niclasTemplate = builder2.instance();
             niclasTemplate.name().set( "Niclas" );
             niclasTemplate.title().set( "Mr" );
diff --git a/libraries/rest-server/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/server/restlet/RequestReaderDelegator.java b/libraries/rest-server/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/server/restlet/RequestReaderDelegator.java
index 7bfc77b..50db549 100644
--- a/libraries/rest-server/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/server/restlet/RequestReaderDelegator.java
+++ b/libraries/rest-server/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/server/restlet/RequestReaderDelegator.java
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
     public void init( @Service Iterable<ServiceReference<RequestReader>> requestReaderReferences )
     {
         Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger( getClass() );
-        Identity requestreaderdelegator = StringIdentity.fromString("requestreaderdelegator");
+        Identity requestreaderdelegator = StringIdentity.identity( "requestreaderdelegator" );
 
         // Add custom readers first
         for( ServiceReference<RequestReader> requestReader : requestReaderReferences )
diff --git a/libraries/rest-server/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/server/restlet/ResponseWriterDelegator.java b/libraries/rest-server/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/server/restlet/ResponseWriterDelegator.java
index 14279c8..5809f66 100644
--- a/libraries/rest-server/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/server/restlet/ResponseWriterDelegator.java
+++ b/libraries/rest-server/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/server/restlet/ResponseWriterDelegator.java
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
     public void init( @Service Iterable<ServiceReference<ResponseWriter>> resultWriters )
     {
         Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger( getClass() );
-        Identity responsewriterdelegator = StringIdentity.fromString( "responsewriterdelegator" );
+        Identity responsewriterdelegator = StringIdentity.identity( "responsewriterdelegator" );
 
         // Add custom writers first
         for( ServiceReference<ResponseWriter> resultWriter : resultWriters )
diff --git a/libraries/rest-server/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/server/restlet/requestreader/DefaultRequestReader.java b/libraries/rest-server/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/server/restlet/requestreader/DefaultRequestReader.java
index 8ed1666..65b31af 100644
--- a/libraries/rest-server/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/server/restlet/requestreader/DefaultRequestReader.java
+++ b/libraries/rest-server/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/server/restlet/requestreader/DefaultRequestReader.java
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@
                         entityAsForm = new Form();
                     }
 
-                    Identity entityIdentity = StringIdentity.fromString( getValue( "entity", queryAsForm, entityAsForm ) );
+                    Identity entityIdentity = StringIdentity.identity( getValue( "entity", queryAsForm, entityAsForm ) );
                     args[0] = uowf.currentUnitOfWork().get( method.getParameterTypes()[0], entityIdentity );
 
                     return args;
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@
             }
             else if( parameterType.isInterface() )
             {
-                arg = uowf.currentUnitOfWork().get( parameterType, StringIdentity.fromString( argString ) );
+                arg = uowf.currentUnitOfWork().get( parameterType, StringIdentity.identity( argString ) );
             }
             else
             {
diff --git a/libraries/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/admin/EntityResource.java b/libraries/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/admin/EntityResource.java
index 5401a54..a81e682 100644
--- a/libraries/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/admin/EntityResource.java
+++ b/libraries/rest/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/admin/EntityResource.java
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
     {
         // /entity/{reference}
         Map<String, Object> attributes = getRequest().getAttributes();
-        identity = StringIdentity.fromString( (String) attributes.get( "reference" ) );
+        identity = StringIdentity.identity( (String) attributes.get( "reference" ) );
     }
 
     @Override
diff --git a/libraries/rest/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/admin/DummyDataService.java b/libraries/rest/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/admin/DummyDataService.java
index 14387d1..56004c4 100644
--- a/libraries/rest/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/admin/DummyDataService.java
+++ b/libraries/rest/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/admin/DummyDataService.java
@@ -77,13 +77,13 @@
                     valueBuilder.prototype().string().set( "Foo bar value" );
                     valueBuilder.prototype().map().set( new HashMap() );
 
-                    EntityBuilder<TestEntity> builder = unitOfWork.newEntityBuilder( TestEntity.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "test1" ) );
+                    EntityBuilder<TestEntity> builder = unitOfWork.newEntityBuilder( TestEntity.class, StringIdentity.identity( "test1" ) );
                     builder.instance().name().set( "Foo bar" );
                     builder.instance().age().set( 42 );
                     builder.instance().value().set( valueBuilder.newInstance() );
                     TestEntity testEntity = builder.newInstance();
 
-                    EntityBuilder<TestEntity> builder2 = unitOfWork.newEntityBuilder( TestEntity.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "test2" ) );
+                    EntityBuilder<TestEntity> builder2 = unitOfWork.newEntityBuilder( TestEntity.class, StringIdentity.identity( "test2" ) );
                     builder2.instance().name().set( "Xyzzy" );
                     builder2.instance().age().set( 12 );
                     builder2.instance().association().set( testEntity );
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@
                 }
 
                 {
-                    EntityBuilder<TestEntity2> builder = unitOfWork.newEntityBuilder( TestEntity2.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "test3" ) );
+                    EntityBuilder<TestEntity2> builder = unitOfWork.newEntityBuilder( TestEntity2.class, StringIdentity.identity( "test3" ) );
                     builder.instance().name().set( "Test3" );
                     builder.newInstance();
                 }
diff --git a/libraries/rest/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/admin/RestTest.java b/libraries/rest/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/admin/RestTest.java
index 0364d18..206c0ef 100644
--- a/libraries/rest/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/admin/RestTest.java
+++ b/libraries/rest/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/library/rest/admin/RestTest.java
@@ -111,13 +111,13 @@
         UnitOfWork uow = unitOfWorkFactory.newUnitOfWork();
         try
         {
-            EntityBuilder<PersonEntity> builder1 = uow.newEntityBuilder( PersonEntity.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "P2" ) );
+            EntityBuilder<PersonEntity> builder1 = uow.newEntityBuilder( PersonEntity.class, StringIdentity.identity( "P2" ) );
             PersonEntity maryDoe = builder1.instance();
             maryDoe.firstname().set( "Mary" );
             maryDoe.lastname().set( "Doe" );
             maryDoe = builder1.newInstance();
 
-            EntityBuilder<PersonEntity> builder2 = uow.newEntityBuilder( PersonEntity.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "P1" ) );
+            EntityBuilder<PersonEntity> builder2 = uow.newEntityBuilder( PersonEntity.class, StringIdentity.identity( "P1" ) );
             PersonEntity joeDoe = builder2.instance();
             joeDoe.firstname().set( "Joe" );
             joeDoe.lastname().set( "Doe" );
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@
         UnitOfWork work = unitOfWorkFactory.newUnitOfWork();
         try
         {
-            PersonEntity entity = work.get( PersonEntity.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "P1" ) );
+            PersonEntity entity = work.get( PersonEntity.class, StringIdentity.identity( "P1" ) );
             assertEquals( "FirstName not changed.", "Jack", entity.firstname().get() );
             assertEquals( "LastName not changed.", "Doe", entity.lastname().get() );
             work.complete();
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
             PersonEntity entity = null;
             try
             {
-                entity = work.get( PersonEntity.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "P1" ) );
+                entity = work.get( PersonEntity.class, StringIdentity.identity( "P1" ) );
             }
             catch( NoSuchEntityException expected )
             {
diff --git a/libraries/restlet/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/restlet/crud/EntityResource.java b/libraries/restlet/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/restlet/crud/EntityResource.java
index 8ed6fb1..c822892 100644
--- a/libraries/restlet/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/restlet/crud/EntityResource.java
+++ b/libraries/restlet/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/restlet/crud/EntityResource.java
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
         {
             Class entityType = parameters.entityType().get();
             String idOfEntity = parameters.id().get();
-            locator.find( entityType ).delete( StringIdentity.fromString( idOfEntity ) );
+            locator.find( entityType ).delete( StringIdentity.identity( idOfEntity ) );
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
                 throw new RuntimeException( message, e );
             }
             Reference base = parameters.request().get().getResourceRef();
-            return resourceBuilder.createRestLink( StringIdentity.fromString( "" ), base, org.restlet.data.Method.GET );
+            return resourceBuilder.createRestLink( StringIdentity.identity( "" ), base, org.restlet.data.Method.GET );
         }
 
         private Object createParametersComposite( RestForm form, Class argType )
diff --git a/libraries/restlet/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/restlet/identity/IdentityManager.java b/libraries/restlet/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/restlet/identity/IdentityManager.java
index b41df0c..ec2a6c0 100644
--- a/libraries/restlet/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/restlet/identity/IdentityManager.java
+++ b/libraries/restlet/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/restlet/identity/IdentityManager.java
@@ -80,10 +80,10 @@
             if( isIdentity( canonicalName ) )
             {
                 // This is already an ID, and we simply return it.
-                return StringIdentity.fromString( canonicalName );
+                return StringIdentity.identity( canonicalName );
             }
             String prefix = findPrefix( type );
-            return StringIdentity.fromString( prefix + SEPARATOR + canonicalName );
+            return StringIdentity.identity( prefix + SEPARATOR + canonicalName );
         }
 
         @Override
diff --git a/libraries/restlet/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/restlet/resource/EntryPointResource.java b/libraries/restlet/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/restlet/resource/EntryPointResource.java
index 274ea9e..2204980 100644
--- a/libraries/restlet/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/restlet/resource/EntryPointResource.java
+++ b/libraries/restlet/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/restlet/resource/EntryPointResource.java
@@ -80,18 +80,18 @@
                         RestLink link;
                         if( route.getDescription() == null )
                         {
-                            link = resourceBuilder.createRestLink( StringIdentity.fromString( template.getPattern() ), hostRef, Method.GET );
+                            link = resourceBuilder.createRestLink( StringIdentity.identity( template.getPattern() ), hostRef, Method.GET );
                         }
                         else
                         {
-                            link = resourceBuilder.createRestLink( StringIdentity.fromString( template.getPattern() ), hostRef, Method.GET, route.getDescription() );
+                            link = resourceBuilder.createRestLink( StringIdentity.identity( template.getPattern() ), hostRef, Method.GET, route.getDescription() );
                         }
                         entryPoints.put( route.getName(), link );
                     }
                 }
             }
             ValueBuilder<EntryPoint> builder = vbf.newValueBuilder( EntryPoint.class );
-            builder.prototype().identity().set( StringIdentity.fromString( "/" ) );
+            builder.prototype().identity().set( StringIdentity.identity( "/" ) );
             builder.prototype().api().set( entryPoints );
             return builder.newInstance();
         }
diff --git a/libraries/restlet/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/restlet/resource/ResourceBuilder.java b/libraries/restlet/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/restlet/resource/ResourceBuilder.java
index eb46bac..b59aac8 100644
--- a/libraries/restlet/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/restlet/resource/ResourceBuilder.java
+++ b/libraries/restlet/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/restlet/resource/ResourceBuilder.java
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@
         public RestForm createNameForm( Reference base )
         {
             ValueBuilder<RestForm> builder = vbf.newValueBuilder( RestForm.class );
-            builder.prototype().link().set( createRestLink( StringIdentity.fromString( "form" ), base, Method.POST ) );
+            builder.prototype().link().set( createRestLink( StringIdentity.identity( "form" ), base, Method.POST ) );
             builder.prototype().fields().set( Collections.singletonList( createFormField( "name", FormField.TEXT ) ) );
             return builder.newInstance();
         }
diff --git a/libraries/sql/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/sql/assembly/DataSourceAssembler.java b/libraries/sql/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/sql/assembly/DataSourceAssembler.java
index 31cb4bc..e3d8e73 100644
--- a/libraries/sql/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/sql/assembly/DataSourceAssembler.java
+++ b/libraries/sql/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/sql/assembly/DataSourceAssembler.java
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
     {
         module.importedServices( DataSource.class ).
             importedBy( ServiceInstanceImporter.class ).
-            setMetaInfo( StringIdentity.fromString( dataSourceServiceId ) ).
+            setMetaInfo( StringIdentity.identity( dataSourceServiceId ) ).
             identifiedBy( identity() ).
             visibleIn( visibility() );
         if( circuitBreaker != null )
diff --git a/libraries/sql/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/sql/assembly/ExternalDataSourceAssembler.java b/libraries/sql/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/sql/assembly/ExternalDataSourceAssembler.java
index ef6b93d..78cf765 100644
--- a/libraries/sql/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/sql/assembly/ExternalDataSourceAssembler.java
+++ b/libraries/sql/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/sql/assembly/ExternalDataSourceAssembler.java
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
     {
         if( circuitBreaker != null )
         {
-            externalDataSource = DataSources.wrapWithCircuitBreaker( StringIdentity.fromString(identity()), externalDataSource, circuitBreaker );
+            externalDataSource = DataSources.wrapWithCircuitBreaker( StringIdentity.identity( identity() ), externalDataSource, circuitBreaker );
         }
         module.importedServices( DataSource.class ).
             identifiedBy( identity() ).
diff --git a/libraries/sql/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/sql/jmx/DataSourceConfigurationManagerService.java b/libraries/sql/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/sql/jmx/DataSourceConfigurationManagerService.java
index e008589..ec49c23 100644
--- a/libraries/sql/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/sql/jmx/DataSourceConfigurationManagerService.java
+++ b/libraries/sql/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/library/sql/jmx/DataSourceConfigurationManagerService.java
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
             EditableConfiguration( MBeanInfo info, String identity, Map<String, AccessibleObject> propertyNames )
             {
                 this.info = info;
-                this.identity = StringIdentity.fromString( identity );
+                this.identity = StringIdentity.identity( identity );
                 this.propertyNames = propertyNames;
             }
 
diff --git a/samples/dci/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/dci/moneytransfer/context/PayBillsContext.java b/samples/dci/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/dci/moneytransfer/context/PayBillsContext.java
index 5e7043f..9bd5878 100644
--- a/samples/dci/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/dci/moneytransfer/context/PayBillsContext.java
+++ b/samples/dci/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/dci/moneytransfer/context/PayBillsContext.java
@@ -133,8 +133,8 @@
             {
                 // Creditor retrieval could be a use case in itself...
                 List<BalanceData> creditors = new ArrayList<BalanceData>();
-                creditors.add( uowf.currentUnitOfWork().get( CreditorRolemap.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "BakerAccount" ) ) );
-                creditors.add( uowf.currentUnitOfWork().get( CreditorRolemap.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "ButcherAccount" ) ) );
+                creditors.add( uowf.currentUnitOfWork().get( CreditorRolemap.class, StringIdentity.identity( "BakerAccount" ) ) );
+                creditors.add( uowf.currentUnitOfWork().get( CreditorRolemap.class, StringIdentity.identity( "ButcherAccount" ) ) );
                 return creditors;
             }
 
diff --git a/samples/dci/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/dci/moneytransfer/context/PayBillsContext2.java b/samples/dci/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/dci/moneytransfer/context/PayBillsContext2.java
index 9a4fe3e..ba5a40d 100644
--- a/samples/dci/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/dci/moneytransfer/context/PayBillsContext2.java
+++ b/samples/dci/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/dci/moneytransfer/context/PayBillsContext2.java
@@ -126,8 +126,8 @@
         {
             // Creditor retrieval could be a use case in itself...
             List<BalanceData> creditors = new ArrayList<>();
-            creditors.add( uowf.currentUnitOfWork().get( BalanceData.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "BakerAccount" ) ) );
-            creditors.add( uowf.currentUnitOfWork().get( BalanceData.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "ButcherAccount" ) ) );
+            creditors.add( uowf.currentUnitOfWork().get( BalanceData.class, StringIdentity.identity( "BakerAccount" ) ) );
+            creditors.add( uowf.currentUnitOfWork().get( BalanceData.class, StringIdentity.identity( "ButcherAccount" ) ) );
             return creditors;
         }
 
diff --git a/samples/dci/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/dci/moneytransfer/test/AccountIds.java b/samples/dci/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/dci/moneytransfer/test/AccountIds.java
index 1e69a86..4456660 100644
--- a/samples/dci/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/dci/moneytransfer/test/AccountIds.java
+++ b/samples/dci/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/dci/moneytransfer/test/AccountIds.java
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@
 
 public interface AccountIds
 {
-    Identity SAVINGS_ACCOUNT_ID = StringIdentity.fromString( "SavingsAccountId" );
-    Identity CHECKING_ACCOUNT_ID = StringIdentity.fromString( "CheckingAccountId" );
-    Identity CREDITOR_ID1 = StringIdentity.fromString( "BakerAccount" );
-    Identity CREDITOR_ID2 = StringIdentity.fromString( "ButcherAccount" );
+    Identity SAVINGS_ACCOUNT_ID = StringIdentity.identity( "SavingsAccountId" );
+    Identity CHECKING_ACCOUNT_ID = StringIdentity.identity( "CheckingAccountId" );
+    Identity CREDITOR_ID1 = StringIdentity.identity( "BakerAccount" );
+    Identity CREDITOR_ID2 = StringIdentity.identity( "ButcherAccount" );
 
 }
diff --git a/samples/forum/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/forum/data/entity/Forums.java b/samples/forum/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/forum/data/entity/Forums.java
index 5650376..cc70100 100644
--- a/samples/forum/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/forum/data/entity/Forums.java
+++ b/samples/forum/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/forum/data/entity/Forums.java
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 public interface Forums
     extends Administrators, EntityComposite
 {
-    Identity FORUMS_ID = StringIdentity.fromString( "forums" );
+    Identity FORUMS_ID = StringIdentity.identity( "forums" );
 
     Query<Forum> forums();
 
diff --git a/samples/forum/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/forum/data/entity/Users.java b/samples/forum/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/forum/data/entity/Users.java
index 42f0205..aa16c40 100644
--- a/samples/forum/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/forum/data/entity/Users.java
+++ b/samples/forum/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/forum/data/entity/Users.java
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
 public interface Users
     extends EntityComposite, Events
 {
-    Identity USERS_ID = StringIdentity.fromString( "users" );
+    Identity USERS_ID = StringIdentity.identity( "users" );
 
     Query<User> users();
 
diff --git a/samples/forum/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/forum/rest/resource/forum/BoardResource.java b/samples/forum/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/forum/rest/resource/forum/BoardResource.java
index 7dd3e52..f748192 100644
--- a/samples/forum/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/forum/rest/resource/forum/BoardResource.java
+++ b/samples/forum/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/forum/rest/resource/forum/BoardResource.java
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
     public void resource( String segment )
         throws ResourceException
     {
-        selectFromManyAssociation( ObjectSelection.current().get( Forum.class ).boards(),  StringIdentity.fromString( segment ) );
+        selectFromManyAssociation( ObjectSelection.current().get( Forum.class ).boards(),  StringIdentity.identity( segment ) );
         subResource( BoardResource.class );
     }
 }
diff --git a/samples/forum/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/forum/rest/resource/forum/ForumResource.java b/samples/forum/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/forum/rest/resource/forum/ForumResource.java
index a5c5977..abf7c18 100644
--- a/samples/forum/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/forum/rest/resource/forum/ForumResource.java
+++ b/samples/forum/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/forum/rest/resource/forum/ForumResource.java
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
     public void resource( String segment )
         throws ResourceException
     {
-        selectFromManyAssociation( ObjectSelection.current().get( Forum.class ).boards(), StringIdentity.fromString( segment ) );
+        selectFromManyAssociation( ObjectSelection.current().get( Forum.class ).boards(), StringIdentity.identity( segment ) );
         subResource( BoardResource.class );
     }
 }
diff --git a/samples/forum/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/forum/rest/resource/forum/ForumsResource.java b/samples/forum/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/forum/rest/resource/forum/ForumsResource.java
index 931e5a2..5c14ec2 100644
--- a/samples/forum/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/forum/rest/resource/forum/ForumsResource.java
+++ b/samples/forum/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/forum/rest/resource/forum/ForumsResource.java
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
     public void resource( String segment )
         throws ResourceException
     {
-        select( Forum.class, StringIdentity.fromString( segment ) );
+        select( Forum.class, StringIdentity.identity( segment ) );
         subResource( ForumResource.class );
     }
 }
diff --git a/samples/rental/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/rental/domain/dev/InitialData.java b/samples/rental/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/rental/domain/dev/InitialData.java
index 1db4d19..0ac3450 100644
--- a/samples/rental/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/rental/domain/dev/InitialData.java
+++ b/samples/rental/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/rental/domain/dev/InitialData.java
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@
         private RentalShop createShop( UnitOfWork uow )
             throws UnitOfWorkCompletionException
         {
-            return uow.newEntity( RentalShop.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "SHOP" ) );
+            return uow.newEntity( RentalShop.class, StringIdentity.identity( "SHOP" ) );
         }
 
         private void createCustomers( RentalShop shop )
diff --git a/samples/rental/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/rental/web/BookingPage.java b/samples/rental/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/rental/web/BookingPage.java
index 78815b8..4c39f73 100644
--- a/samples/rental/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/rental/web/BookingPage.java
+++ b/samples/rental/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/rental/web/BookingPage.java
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
             Element result = dom.createElementNS( Page.XHTML, "div" );
             String bookingId = context.path();
             UnitOfWork uow = uowf.currentUnitOfWork();
-            Booking booking = uow.get( Booking.class, StringIdentity.fromString( bookingId ) );
+            Booking booking = uow.get( Booking.class, StringIdentity.identity( bookingId ) );
             Car car = booking.car().get();
             createChildNode( dom, result, car.model().get() );
             createChildNode( dom, result, car.licensePlate().get() );
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
             Element result = dom.createElementNS( Page.XHTML, "div" );
             String bookingId = context.path();
             UnitOfWork uow = uowf.currentUnitOfWork();
-            Booking booking = uow.get( Booking.class, StringIdentity.fromString( bookingId ) );
+            Booking booking = uow.get( Booking.class, StringIdentity.identity( bookingId ) );
             Customer customer = booking.customer().get();
             createChildNode( dom, result, customer.name().get() );
             createChildNode( dom, result, customer.address().get().line1().get() );
diff --git a/samples/rental/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/rental/web/MainPage.java b/samples/rental/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/rental/web/MainPage.java
index ebe24e6..328c41b 100644
--- a/samples/rental/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/rental/web/MainPage.java
+++ b/samples/rental/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/sample/rental/web/MainPage.java
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
             ArrayList<Node> nodes = new ArrayList<Node>();
             Document dom = context.dom();
             UnitOfWork uow = uowf.currentUnitOfWork();
-            RentalShop shop = uow.get( RentalShop.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "SHOP" ) );
+            RentalShop shop = uow.get( RentalShop.class, StringIdentity.identity( "SHOP" ) );
             for( Booking booking : shop.findAllBookings() )
             {
                 String plate = booking.car().get().licensePlate().get();
diff --git a/tests/performance/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/performance/entitystore/AbstractEntityStorePerformanceTest.java b/tests/performance/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/performance/entitystore/AbstractEntityStorePerformanceTest.java
index fcb9524..61de7ed 100644
--- a/tests/performance/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/performance/entitystore/AbstractEntityStorePerformanceTest.java
+++ b/tests/performance/src/main/java/org/apache/polygene/test/performance/entitystore/AbstractEntityStorePerformanceTest.java
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@
                 UnitOfWork uow = uowf.newUnitOfWork( newUsecase( "readEntityWithComplexType PREPARE " + bulk ) );
                 for( int i = 0; i < ITERATIONS; i++ )
                 {
-                    ComplexProduct product = uow.newEntity( ComplexProduct.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "product" + i ) );
+                    ComplexProduct product = uow.newEntity( ComplexProduct.class, StringIdentity.identity( "product" + i ) );
                     product.name().set( "Product " + i );
 
                     if( i % 1000 == 0 )
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@
                 String id = rnd.nextInt( ITERATIONS ) + "";
                 for( int i = 0; i < ITERATIONS; i++ )
                 {
-                    ComplexProduct product = uow.get( ComplexProduct.class, StringIdentity.fromString( "product" + id ) );
+                    ComplexProduct product = uow.get( ComplexProduct.class, StringIdentity.identity( "product" + id ) );
                     product.name().get();
                     if( i % 100 == 0 )
                     {
diff --git a/tools/envisage/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/envisage/school/domain/person/initialdata/SamplePersonInitialData.java b/tools/envisage/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/envisage/school/domain/person/initialdata/SamplePersonInitialData.java
index c150d2e..626415e 100644
--- a/tools/envisage/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/envisage/school/domain/person/initialdata/SamplePersonInitialData.java
+++ b/tools/envisage/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/envisage/school/domain/person/initialdata/SamplePersonInitialData.java
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
 
         private void createPerson( UnitOfWork uow, String personId, String firstName, String lastName )
         {
-            EntityBuilder<Person> person = uow.newEntityBuilder( Person.class, StringIdentity.fromString( personId ) );
+            EntityBuilder<Person> person = uow.newEntityBuilder( Person.class, StringIdentity.identity( personId ) );
 
             PersonEntity.PersonState state = person.instanceFor( PersonEntity.PersonState.class );
             state.firstName().set( firstName );
diff --git a/tutorials/hello/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/tutorials/hello/HelloTest4.java b/tutorials/hello/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/tutorials/hello/HelloTest4.java
index 1608c96..dd103d8 100644
--- a/tutorials/hello/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/tutorials/hello/HelloTest4.java
+++ b/tutorials/hello/src/test/java/org/apache/polygene/tutorials/hello/HelloTest4.java
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 public class HelloTest4 extends AbstractPolygeneTest
 {
 
-    public static final Identity TEST_IDENTITY = StringIdentity.fromString( "123" );
+    public static final Identity TEST_IDENTITY = StringIdentity.identity( "123" );
 
     @Override
     public void assemble( ModuleAssembly module )