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| <div class="section" id="data-types-and-serialization"> |
| <span id="streams-developer-guide-serdes"></span><h1>Data Types and Serialization<a class="headerlink" href="#data-types-and-serialization" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1> |
| <p>Every Kafka Streams application must provide SerDes (Serializer/Deserializer) for the data types of record keys and record values (e.g. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">java.lang.String</span></code>) to materialize the data when necessary. Operations that require such SerDes information include: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stream()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">table()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">to()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">through()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">groupByKey()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">groupBy()</span></code>.</p> |
| <p>You can provide SerDes by using either of these methods:</p> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li>By setting default SerDes via a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">StreamsConfig</span></code> instance.</li> |
| <li>By specifying explicit SerDes when calling the appropriate API methods, thus overriding the defaults.</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <p class="topic-title first"><b>Table of Contents</b></p> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#configuring-serdes" id="id1">Configuring SerDes</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#overriding-default-serdes" id="id2">Overriding default SerDes</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#available-serdes" id="id3">Available SerDes</a><ul> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#primitive-and-basic-types" id="id4">Primitive and basic types</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#avro" id="id5">Avro</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#json" id="id6">JSON</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#further-serdes" id="id7">Further serdes</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| <div class="section" id="configuring-serdes"> |
| <h2>Configuring SerDes<a class="headerlink" href="#configuring-serdes" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2> |
| <p>SerDes specified in the Streams configuration via <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">StreamsConfig</span></code> are used as the default in your Kafka Streams application.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-java"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.Serdes</span><span class="o">;</span> |
| <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">org.apache.kafka.streams.StreamsConfig</span><span class="o">;</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">Properties</span> <span class="n">settings</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">Properties</span><span class="o">();</span> |
| <span class="c1">// Default serde for keys of data records (here: built-in serde for String type)</span> |
| <span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">put</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">StreamsConfig</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">KEY_SERDE_CLASS_CONFIG</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">Serdes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">String</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">getClass</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">getName</span><span class="o">());</span> |
| <span class="c1">// Default serde for values of data records (here: built-in serde for Long type)</span> |
| <span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">put</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">StreamsConfig</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">VALUE_SERDE_CLASS_CONFIG</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">Serdes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">Long</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">getClass</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">getName</span><span class="o">());</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">StreamsConfig</span> <span class="n">config</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">StreamsConfig</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">);</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="overriding-default-serdes"> |
| <h2>Overriding default SerDes<a class="headerlink" href="#overriding-default-serdes" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2> |
| <p>You can also specify SerDes explicitly by passing them to the appropriate API methods, which overrides the default serde settings:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-java"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.Serde</span><span class="o">;</span> |
| <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.Serdes</span><span class="o">;</span> |
| |
| <span class="kd">final</span> <span class="n">Serde</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">stringSerde</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Serdes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">String</span><span class="o">();</span> |
| <span class="kd">final</span> <span class="n">Serde</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Long</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">longSerde</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Serdes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">Long</span><span class="o">();</span> |
| |
| <span class="c1">// The stream userCountByRegion has type `String` for record keys (for region)</span> |
| <span class="c1">// and type `Long` for record values (for user counts).</span> |
| <span class="n">KStream</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">Long</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">userCountByRegion</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">...;</span> |
| <span class="n">userCountByRegion</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">to</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">"RegionCountsTopic"</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">Produced</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">with</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">stringSerde</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">longSerde</span><span class="o">));</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>If you want to override serdes selectively, i.e., keep the defaults for some fields, then don’t specify the serde whenever you want to leverage the default settings:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-java"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.Serde</span><span class="o">;</span> |
| <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.Serdes</span><span class="o">;</span> |
| |
| <span class="c1">// Use the default serializer for record keys (here: region as String) by not specifying the key serde,</span> |
| <span class="c1">// but override the default serializer for record values (here: userCount as Long).</span> |
| <span class="kd">final</span> <span class="n">Serde</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">Long</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">longSerde</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Serdes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">Long</span><span class="o">();</span> |
| <span class="n">KStream</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">Long</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="n">userCountByRegion</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">...;</span> |
| <span class="n">userCountByRegion</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">to</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">"RegionCountsTopic"</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">Produced</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">valueSerde</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">Serdes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">Long</span><span class="o">()));</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="available-serdes"> |
| <span id="streams-developer-guide-serdes-available"></span><h2>Available SerDes<a class="headerlink" href="#available-serdes" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2> |
| <div class="section" id="primitive-and-basic-types"> |
| <h3>Primitive and basic types<a class="headerlink" href="#primitive-and-basic-types" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3> |
| <p>Apache Kafka includes several built-in serde implementations for Java primitives and basic types such as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">byte[]</span></code> in |
| its <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">kafka-clients</span></code> Maven artifact:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-xml"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nt"><dependency></span> |
| <span class="nt"><groupId></span>org.apache.kafka<span class="nt"></groupId></span> |
| <span class="nt"><artifactId></span>kafka-clients<span class="nt"></artifactId></span> |
| <span class="nt"><version></span>{{fullDotVersion}}<span class="nt"></version></span> |
| <span class="nt"></dependency></span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>This artifact provides the following serde implementations under the package <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/apache/kafka/blob/1.0/clients/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/common/serialization">org.apache.kafka.common.serialization</a>, which you can leverage when e.g., defining default serializers in your Streams configuration.</p> |
| <table border="1" class="docutils"> |
| <colgroup> |
| <col width="17%" /> |
| <col width="83%" /> |
| </colgroup> |
| <thead valign="bottom"> |
| <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Data type</th> |
| <th class="head">Serde</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead> |
| <tbody valign="top"> |
| <tr class="row-even"><td>byte[]</td> |
| <td><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Serdes.ByteArray()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Serdes.Bytes()</span></code> (see tip below)</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-odd"><td>ByteBuffer</td> |
| <td><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Serdes.ByteBuffer()</span></code></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-even"><td>Double</td> |
| <td><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Serdes.Double()</span></code></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-odd"><td>Integer</td> |
| <td><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Serdes.Integer()</span></code></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-even"><td>Long</td> |
| <td><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Serdes.Long()</span></code></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-odd"><td>String</td> |
| <td><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Serdes.String()</span></code></td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody> |
| </table> |
| <div class="admonition tip"> |
| <p><b>Tip</b></p> |
| <p class="last"><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/apache/kafka/blob/1.0/clients/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/common/utils/Bytes.java">Bytes</a> is a wrapper for Java’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">byte[]</span></code> (byte array) that supports proper equality and ordering semantics. You may want to consider using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Bytes</span></code> instead of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">byte[]</span></code> in your applications.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="json"> |
| <h3>JSON<a class="headerlink" href="#json" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3> |
| <p>The code examples of Kafka Streams also include a basic serde implementation for JSON:</p> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/apache/kafka/blob/1.0/streams/examples/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/streams/examples/pageview/JsonPOJOSerializer.java">JsonPOJOSerializer</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/apache/kafka/blob/1.0/streams/examples/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/streams/examples/pageview/JsonPOJODeserializer.java">JsonPOJODeserializer</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>You can construct a unified JSON serde from the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">JsonPOJOSerializer</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">JsonPOJODeserializer</span></code> via |
| <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Serdes.serdeFrom(<serializerInstance>,</span> <span class="pre"><deserializerInstance>)</span></code>. The |
| <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/apache/kafka/blob/1.0/streams/examples/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/streams/examples/pageview/PageViewTypedDemo.java">PageViewTypedDemo</a> |
| example demonstrates how to use this JSON serde.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="implementing-custom-serdes"> |
| <span id="streams-developer-guide-serdes-custom"></span><h2>Implementing custom SerDes<a class="headerlink" href="#implementing-custom-serdes" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2> |
| <p>If you need to implement custom SerDes, your best starting point is to take a look at the source code references of |
| existing SerDes (see previous section). Typically, your workflow will be similar to:</p> |
| <ol class="arabic simple"> |
| <li>Write a <em>serializer</em> for your data type <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">T</span></code> by implementing |
| <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/apache/kafka/blob/1.0/clients/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/common/serialization/Serializer.java">org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.Serializer</a>.</li> |
| <li>Write a <em>deserializer</em> for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">T</span></code> by implementing |
| <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/apache/kafka/blob/1.0/clients/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/common/serialization/Deserializer.java">org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.Deserializer</a>.</li> |
| <li>Write a <em>serde</em> for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">T</span></code> by implementing |
| <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/apache/kafka/blob/1.0/clients/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/common/serialization/Serde.java">org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.Serde</a>, |
| which you either do manually (see existing SerDes in the previous section) or by leveraging helper functions in |
| <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/apache/kafka/blob/1.0/clients/src/main/java/org/apache/kafka/common/serialization/Serdes.java">Serdes</a> |
| such as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Serdes.serdeFrom(Serializer<T>,</span> <span class="pre">Deserializer<T>)</span></code>.</li> |
| </ol> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
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