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<article data-swiftype-index='true'>
<a class='edit-link' href="https://github.com/apache/ignite-3/tree/main/docs/_docs/thin-clients/linq.adoc" target="_blank">Edit</a>
<h1>.NET LINQ Queries</h1>
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Apache Ignite .NET client provides LINQ support that is integrated with Ignite SQL APIs. You can avoid working with SQL syntax directly and write queries in C# with LINQ. C# LINQ expressions are then translated into Ignite-specific SQL. For example, the following two snippets achieve the same result:</p>
</div>
<code-tabs><code-tab data-tab='LINQ'><div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="kt">var</span> <span class="n">table</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">Client</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Tables</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">GetTableAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"TBL1"</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">IQueryable</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Poco</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">query</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">table</span><span class="p">!.</span><span class="n">GetRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Poco</span><span class="p">&gt;().</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Key</span> <span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="m">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">OrderBy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Key</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">List</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Poco</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">queryResults</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ToListAsync</span><span class="p">();</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div></code-tab><code-tab data-tab='SQL'><div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="kt">var</span> <span class="n">query</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">"select KEY, VAL from PUBLIC.TBL1 where (KEY &gt; ?) order by KEY asc"</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="k">using</span> <span class="nn">IResultSet</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">IIgniteTuple</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">resultSet</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">Client</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Sql</span><span class="p">.</span>
<span class="nf">ExecuteAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">transaction</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">null</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kt">var</span> <span class="n">queryResults</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">List</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Poco</span><span class="p">&gt;();</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IIgniteTuple</span> <span class="n">row</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">resultSet</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">queryResults</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">Poco</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">Key</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">long</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="m">0</span><span class="p">]!,</span> <span class="n">Val</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">?)</span><span class="n">row</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">});</span>
<span class="p">}</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div></code-tab></code-tabs>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>LINQ has the following advantages over SQL:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Queries are strongly typed and checked at compilation;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>It is easier to write and maintain with IDE support (auto-completion, navigation, find usages);</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>LINQ is refactoring-friendly: rename a column and all queries are updated at once;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Ignite-specific SQL knowledge is not required, and most C# developers are already familiar with LINQ;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>LINQ is safe against SQL injections;</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Results are mapped to types naturally.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In real-world scenarios the performance of Apache Ignite LINQ queries is on par with equivalent SQL queries.
However, a small overhead still exists (due to query translation), and your mileage may vary depending on the query complexity, so it is recommended to measure the performance of your queries.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="getting-started-with-linq">Getting Started With LINQ</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Here is how you can create a simple table in Apache Ignite:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Create a table:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">Client</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Sql</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ExecuteAsync</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="k">null</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">@"CREATE TABLE PUBLIC.PERSON (NAME VARCHAR PRIMARY KEY, AGE INT)"</span><span class="p">);</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Define the classes (or records) that represent tables:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Member names should match column names (case-insensitive).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If a column name is not a valid C# identifier, use <code>[Column("name")]</code> attribute to specify the name.</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">record</span> <span class="nc">Person</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">Age</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="n">Address</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="n">Status</span><span class="p">);</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Obtain a table reference:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="n">ITable</span> <span class="n">table</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">Client</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Tables</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">GetTableAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"PERSON"</span><span class="p">);</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Use the <code>GetRecordView&lt;T&gt;()</code> method to get a typed view of the table:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="n">IRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">view</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">table</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">&gt;();</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Use <code>AsQueryable()</code> to perform LINQ queries on <code>IRecordView&lt;T&gt;</code>.</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="n">List</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">names</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">view</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Age</span> <span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="m">30</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ToListAsync</span><span class="p">();</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="using-linq">Using LINQ</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="inspecting-generated-sql">Inspecting Generated SQL</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Viewing generated SQL is useful for debugging and performance tuning. There are two ways to do it:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>IgniteQueryableExtensions.ToQueryString()</code> extension method:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="n">IQueryable</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">query</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">table</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">&gt;()</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Age</span> <span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="m">30</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kt">string</span> <span class="n">sql</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ToQueryString</span><span class="p">();</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Debug logging:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="kt">var</span> <span class="n">cfg</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">IgniteClientConfiguration</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">Logger</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">ConsoleLogger</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">MinLevel</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">LogLevel</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Debug</span> <span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">...</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
<span class="k">using</span> <span class="nn">var</span> <span class="n">client</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">IgniteClient</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">StartAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cfg</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">...</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>All generated SQL will be logged with <code>Debug</code> level to the specified logger.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="transactions">Transactions</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Transaction can be passed to the LINQ provider by using the <code>AsQueryeable</code> parameter:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="k">await</span> <span class="k">using</span> <span class="nn">var</span> <span class="n">tx</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">client</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Transactions</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">BeginAsync</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="kt">var</span> <span class="n">view</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">client</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Tables</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">GetTableAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"person"</span><span class="p">))!.</span><span class="n">GetRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">&gt;();</span>
<span class="n">pocoView</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tx</span><span class="p">)...;</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="custom-query-options">Custom Query Options</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Custom query options (timeout, page size) can be specified by using the second <code>AsQueryable</code> parameter with <code>QueryableOptions</code>:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="kt">var</span> <span class="n">options</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">QueryableOptions</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">PageSize</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="m">512</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">Timeout</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">TimeSpan</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">FromSeconds</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="m">30</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
<span class="n">table</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">&gt;().</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">options</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="p">)...;</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="result-materialization">Result Materialization</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Materialization is the process of converting query results (<code>IQueryable&lt;T&gt;</code>) into an object or a collection of objects.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>LINQ is lazy. Nothing happens (no network calls, no SQL translation) until the query is materialized.
For example, the following code only constructs an expression, but does not execute anything:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="n">IQueryable</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">query</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">table</span><span class="p">!.</span><span class="n">GetRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">&gt;().</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Key</span> <span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="m">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">OrderBy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Key</span><span class="p">);</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Query execution and materialization can be triggered in multiple ways:</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="iteration">Iteration</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can iterate through query results by using <code>foreach</code> statement, or asynchronously by using the <code>AsAsyncEnumerable</code> method:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">var</span> <span class="n">person</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="p">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="k">foreach</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">var</span> <span class="n">person</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">AsAsyncEnumerable</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="p">...</span> <span class="p">}</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="converting-to-collections">Converting to Collections</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can convert queries to collections by using the <code>ToList</code> and <code>ToDictionary</code> methods, or <code>ToListAsync</code> and <code>ToDictionaryAsync</code> methods to do it asynchronously:</p>
</div>
<code-tabs><code-tab data-tab='Synchronous'><div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="n">List</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">list</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ToList</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">Dictionary</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">dict</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ToDictionary</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Age</span><span class="p">);</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div></code-tab><code-tab data-tab='Asynchronous'><div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="n">List</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">list</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ToListAsync</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">Dictionary</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">dict</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span>
<span class="nf">ToDictionaryAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Age</span><span class="p">);</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div></code-tab></code-tabs>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="ignite-specific-iresultset">Ignite-specific IResultSet</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Underlying <code>IResultSet</code> can be obtained by using the <code>IgniteQueryableExtensions.ToResultSetAsync()</code> extension method:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="k">await</span> <span class="k">using</span> <span class="nn">IResultSet</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">resultSet</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ToResultSetAsync</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">Console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">WriteLine</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">resultSet</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Metadata</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kt">var</span> <span class="n">rows</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">resultSet</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">CollectAsync</span><span class="p">(...);</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Obtaining <code>IResultSet</code> can be useful for access to metadata and <code>CollectAsync</code> method, which provides more control over result materialization.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="supported-linq-features">Supported LINQ Features</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="projection">Projection</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Projection is the process of converting query results into a different type.
Among other things, projections are used to select a subset of columns.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For example, <code>Person</code> table may have many columns, but we only need <code>Name</code> and <code>Age</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>First, create a projection class:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">record</span> <span class="nc">PersonInfo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span> <span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">Age</span><span class="p">);</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Then, use <code>Select</code> to project query results:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="n">List</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">PersonInfo</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">query</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nf">PersonInfo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Age</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ToList</span><span class="p">();</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Resulting SQL will select only those two columns, avoiding overfetching
(a common issue that happens when ORM-generated query includes all table columns, but only a few of them are needed by the business logic).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Ignite also supports anonymous type projections:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="kt">var</span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Age</span> <span class="p">}).</span><span class="nf">ToList</span><span class="p">();</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="inner-joins">Inner Joins</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Use the standard <code>Join</code> method to perform joins on other tables:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="kt">var</span> <span class="n">customerQuery</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">customerTable</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Customer</span><span class="p">&gt;().</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="kt">var</span> <span class="n">orderQuery</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">orderTable</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Order</span><span class="p">&gt;().</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="kt">var</span> <span class="n">ordersByCustomer</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">customerQuery</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">orderQuery</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">cust</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">cust</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Id</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">order</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">order</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CustId</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cust</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">order</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">cust</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">order</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Amount</span> <span class="p">})</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ToList</span><span class="p">();</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="outer-joins">Outer Joins</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Outer joins are supported through the <code>DefaultIfEmpty</code> method.
For example, not every book in a library is borrowed by a student, so a left outer join is used to retrieve all books and their current borrowers (if any):</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="kt">var</span> <span class="n">bookQuery</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">bookTable</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Book</span><span class="p">&gt;().</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="kt">var</span> <span class="n">studentQuery</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">studentTable</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Student</span><span class="p">&gt;().</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="kt">var</span> <span class="n">booksWithStudents</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">bookQuery</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">studentQuery</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">DefaultIfEmpty</span><span class="p">(),</span>
<span class="n">book</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">book</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">StudentId</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">student</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">student</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Id</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">book</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">student</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">book</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Title</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">student</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Name</span> <span class="p">})</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ToList</span><span class="p">();</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="grouping">Grouping</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Grouping is supported through <code>GroupBy</code> method. This is equivalent to SQL GROUP BY operator. You can get both single and multiple columns in your queries. When working with multiple columns, use anonymous type:</p>
</div>
<code-tabs><code-tab data-tab='Single Column'><div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="kt">var</span> <span class="n">bookCountByAuthor</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">bookTable</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Book</span><span class="p">&gt;().</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">GroupBy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">book</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">book</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Author</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">grp</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">Author</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">grp</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Count</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Count</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">})</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ToList</span><span class="p">();</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div></code-tab><code-tab data-tab='Multiple Columns'><div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="kt">var</span> <span class="n">bookCountByAuthorAndYear</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">bookTable</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Book</span><span class="p">&gt;().</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">GroupBy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">book</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">book</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Author</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">book</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Year</span> <span class="p">})</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">grp</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">Author</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">grp</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Key</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Author</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">Year</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">grp</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Key</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Year</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">Count</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Count</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">})</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ToList</span><span class="p">();</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div></code-tab></code-tabs>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Aggregate functions <code>Count</code>, <code>Sum</code>, <code>Min</code>, <code>Max</code>, <code>Average</code> can be used with groupings.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="ordering">Ordering</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>OrderBy</code>, <code>OrderByDescending</code>, <code>ThenBy</code>, <code>ThenByDescending</code> are supported. You can combine them to order by multiple columns:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="kt">var</span> <span class="n">booksOrderedByAuthorAndYear</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">bookTable</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Book</span><span class="p">&gt;().</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">OrderBy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">book</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">book</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Author</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ThenByDescending</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">book</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">book</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Year</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ToList</span><span class="p">();</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="union-intersect-except">Union, Intersect, Except</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Multiple result sets can be combined by using the <code>Union</code>, <code>Intersect</code>, <code>Except</code> methods. For example:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="n">IQueryable</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">employeeEmails</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">employeeTable</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Employee</span><span class="p">&gt;().</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Email</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">IQueryable</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">customerEmails</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">customerTable</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Customer</span><span class="p">&gt;().</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Email</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">List</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">allEmails</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">employeeEmails</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Union</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">customerEmails</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">OrderBy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ToList</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">List</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">employeesThatAreCustomers</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">employeeEmails</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Intersect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">customerEmails</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nf">ToList</span><span class="p">();</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="aggregate-functions">Aggregate Functions</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Below is a list of .NET aggregate functions and their SQL equivalents that are supported in Apache Ignite:</p>
</div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stripes-even" style="width: 70%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 33.3333%;">
<col style="width: 33.3333%;">
<col style="width: 33.3334%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">LINQ synchronous method</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">LINQ asynchronous method</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">SQL Operator</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">First</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">FirstAsync</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">FIRST</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">FirstOrDefault</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">FirstOrDefaultAsync</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">FIRST &#8230;&#8203; LIMIT 1</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Single</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">SingleAsync</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">FIRST</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">SingleOrDefault</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">SingleOrDefaultAsync</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">FIRST &#8230;&#8203; LIMIT 2</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Max</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">MaxAsync</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">MAX</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Min</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">MinAsync</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">MIN</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Average</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">AverageAsync</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">AVG</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Sum</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">SumAsync</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">SUM</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Count</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">CountAsync</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">COUNT</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">LongCount</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">LongCountAsync</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">COUNT</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Any</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">AnyAsync</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ANY</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">All</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">AllAsync</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ALL</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Here are examples of how you can use these methods:</p>
</div>
<code-tabs><code-tab data-tab='Synchronous'><div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="n">Person</span> <span class="n">first</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">First</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">?</span> <span class="n">firstOrDefault</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">FirstOrDefault</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">Person</span> <span class="n">single</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Single</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">?</span> <span class="n">singleOrDefault</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">SingleOrDefault</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">maxAge</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Age</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">minAge</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Min</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Age</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">avgAge</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Average</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Age</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">sumAge</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Age</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">count</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Count</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="kt">long</span> <span class="n">longCount</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">LongCount</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="kt">bool</span> <span class="n">any</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Any</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Age</span> <span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="m">30</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kt">bool</span> <span class="n">all</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">All</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Age</span> <span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="m">30</span><span class="p">);</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div></code-tab><code-tab data-tab='Asynchronous'><div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="n">Person</span> <span class="n">first</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">FirstAsync</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">?</span> <span class="n">firstOrDefault</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">FirstOrDefaultAsync</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">Person</span> <span class="n">single</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">SingleAsync</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">?</span> <span class="n">singleOrDefault</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">SingleOrDefaultAsync</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">maxAge</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">MaxAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Age</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">minAge</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">MinAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Age</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">avgAge</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">AverageAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Age</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">sumAge</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">SumAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Age</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">count</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">CountAsync</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="kt">long</span> <span class="n">longCount</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">LongCountAsync</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="kt">bool</span> <span class="n">any</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">AnyAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Age</span> <span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="m">30</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kt">bool</span> <span class="n">all</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">AllAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Age</span> <span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="m">30</span><span class="p">);</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div></code-tab></code-tabs>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="math-functions">Math Functions</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following <code>Math</code> functions are supported (will be translated to SQL equivalents):
<code>Abs</code>, <code>Cos</code>, <code>Cosh</code>, <code>Acos</code>, <code>Sin</code>, <code>Sinh</code>, <code>Asin</code>, <code>Tan</code>, <code>Tanh</code>, <code>Atan</code>, <code>Ceiling</code>, <code>Floor</code>,
<code>Exp</code>, <code>Log</code>, <code>Log10</code>, <code>Pow</code>, <code>Round</code>, <code>Sign</code>, <code>Sqrt</code>, <code>Truncate</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following <code>Math</code> functions are NOT supported (no equivalent in Ignite SQL engine):
<code>Acosh</code>, <code>Asinh</code>, <code>Atanh</code>, <code>Atan2</code>, <code>Log2</code>, <code>Log(x, y)</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Here is the example of how you can use math functions:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="kt">var</span> <span class="n">triangles</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">table</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Triangle</span><span class="p">&gt;().</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">Hypotenuse</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">Opposite</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Hypotenuse</span> <span class="p">*</span> <span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Sin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Angle</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="n">Adjacent</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Hypotenuse</span> <span class="p">*</span> <span class="n">Math</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Cos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Angle</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">})</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ToList</span><span class="p">();</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="string-functions">String Functions</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following string functions are supported: <code>string.Compare(string)</code>, <code>string.Compare(string, bool ignoreCase)</code>, concatenation <code>s1 + s2 + s3</code>, <code>ToUpper</code>, <code>ToLower</code>,
<code>Substring(start)</code>, <code>Substring(start, len)</code>,
<code>Trim</code>, <code>Trim(char)</code>, <code>TrimStart</code>, <code>TrimStart(char)</code>, <code>TrimEnd</code>, <code>TrimEnd(char)</code>,
<code>Contains</code>, <code>StartsWith</code>, <code>EndsWith</code>, <code>IndexOf</code>, <code>Length</code>, <code>Replace</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Here is the example of how you can use string functions:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="n">List</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">fullNames</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">table</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">&gt;().</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FirstName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">StartsWith</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Jo"</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">FullName</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">FirstName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ToUpper</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">+</span>
<span class="s">" "</span> <span class="p">+</span>
<span class="n">p</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">LastName</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ToLower</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">})</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ToList</span><span class="p">();</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="regular-expressions">Regular Expressions</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>Regex.Replace</code> is translated to <code>regexp_replace</code> function. Here is how you can use regular expressions in your code:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="n">List</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">addresses</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">table</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Person</span><span class="p">&gt;().</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">Address</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">Regex</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Address</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">@"(\d+)"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"[$1]"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ToList</span><span class="p">();</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
Regular expression engine within SQL may behave differently from .NET engine.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="dml-bulk-update-and-delete">DML (Bulk Update and Delete)</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Bulk update and delete with optional conditions are supported through <code>ExecuteUpdateAsync</code> and <code>ExecuteDeleteAsync</code> extensions methods on <code>IQueryable&lt;T&gt;</code>:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="kt">var</span> <span class="n">orders</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">orderTable</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Order</span><span class="p">&gt;().</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">orders</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Amount</span> <span class="p">==</span> <span class="m">0</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nf">ExecuteDeleteAsync</span><span class="p">();</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Update statement can set properties to constant values or to an expression based on other properties of the same row:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="kt">var</span> <span class="n">orders</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">orderTable</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Order</span><span class="p">&gt;().</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">orders</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CustomerId</span> <span class="p">==</span> <span class="n">customerId</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ExecuteUpdateAsync</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">order</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">order</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">SetProperty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Discount</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="m">0.1m</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">SetProperty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Note</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Note</span> <span class="p">+</span>
<span class="s">" Happy birthday, "</span> <span class="p">+</span>
<span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CustomerName</span><span class="p">));</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Resulting SQL:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="n">update</span> <span class="n">PUBLIC</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">tbl1</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">_T0</span>
<span class="k">set</span> <span class="n">NOTE</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="nf">concat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">concat</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_T0</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">NOTE</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">?),</span> <span class="n">_T0</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CUSTOMERNAME</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">DISCOUNT</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="p">?</span>
<span class="k">where</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_T0</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">CUSTOMERID</span> <span class="n">IS</span> <span class="n">NOT</span> <span class="n">DISTINCT</span> <span class="n">FROM</span> <span class="p">?)</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="composing-queries">Composing Queries</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>IQueryable&lt;T&gt;</code> expressions can be composed dynamically. A common use case is to compose a query based on user input.
For example, optional filters on different columns can be applied to a query:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="k">public</span> <span class="n">List</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Book</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="nf">GetBooks</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">?</span> <span class="n">author</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">?</span> <span class="n">year</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">IQueryable</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Book</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">query</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">bookTable</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Book</span><span class="p">&gt;().</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(!</span><span class="kt">string</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">IsNullOrEmpty</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">author</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">query</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Author</span> <span class="p">==</span> <span class="n">author</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">year</span> <span class="p">!=</span> <span class="k">null</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">query</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Year</span> <span class="p">==</span> <span class="n">year</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ToList</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="p">}</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="column-name-mapping">Column Name Mapping</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Unless custom mapping is provided with <code>[Column]</code>, LINQ provider will use property or field names as column names,
using unquoted identifiers, which are case-insensitive.</p>
</div>
<code-tabs><code-tab data-tab='C#'><div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="n">bookTable</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetRecordView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Book</span><span class="p">&gt;().</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">().</span><span class="nf">Select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Author</span><span class="p">).</span><span class="nf">ToList</span><span class="p">();</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div></code-tab><code-tab data-tab='Resulting SQL'><div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="k">select</span> <span class="n">_T0</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">AUTHOR</span> <span class="k">from</span> <span class="n">PUBLIC</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">books</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">_T0</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div></code-tab></code-tabs>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To use quoted identifiers, or to map column names to different property names, use <code>[Column]</code> attribute:</p>
</div>
<code-tabs><code-tab data-tab='C#'><div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Book</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="nf">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"book_author"</span><span class="p">)]</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="n">Author</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">get</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">set</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Or a record:</span>
<span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">record</span> <span class="nc">Book</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">property</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nf">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"book_author"</span><span class="p">)]</span> <span class="kt">string</span> <span class="n">Author</span><span class="p">);</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div></code-tab><code-tab data-tab='Resulting SQL'><div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">_T0</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nv">"book_author"</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="k">PUBLIC</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">books</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="n">_T0</span></code></pre>
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</div></code-tab></code-tabs>
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<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="keyvalueview">KeyValueView</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>All examples above use <code>IRecordView&lt;T&gt;</code> to perform queries; LINQ provider supports <code>IKeyValueView&lt;TK, TV&gt;</code> equally well:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="csharp"><span class="n">IQueryable</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">KeyValuePair</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Book</span><span class="p">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">query</span> <span class="p">=</span>
<span class="n">bookTable</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">GetKeyValueView</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Book</span><span class="p">&gt;().</span><span class="nf">AsQueryable</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">List</span><span class="p">&lt;</span><span class="n">Book</span><span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="n">books</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="n">query</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Key</span> <span class="p">&gt;</span> <span class="m">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">Select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="p">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Value</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">.</span><span class="nf">ToList</span><span class="p">();</span></code></pre>
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