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<article data-swiftype-index='true'>
<a class='edit-link' href="https://github.com/apache/ignite-3/tree/main/docs/_docs/sql-reference/ddl.adoc" target="_blank">Edit</a>
<h1>Data Definition Language (DDL)</h1>
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This section walks you through all data definition language (DDL) commands supported by Apache Ignite 3.0.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="create-table">CREATE TABLE</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Creates a new table.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph diagram-container">
<p>Diagram(
NonTerminal('CREATE'),
NonTerminal('TABLE'),
Optional('IF NOT EXISTS'),
NonTerminal('table_name'),
NonTerminal('('),
Choice(1,
NonTerminal('constraint'),
NonTerminal('column_definition'),
NonTerminal(',')),
NonTerminal(')'),
End({type:'complex'})
)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph diagram-container">
<p>Diagram(
Start({type:'complex'}),
Optional(
Sequence(
NonTerminal('COLOCATE'),
Optional('BY'),
NonTerminal('column_list')
)
),
Optional(
Sequence(
NonTerminal('WITH'),
OneOrMore('param_name')
)
)
)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Parameters:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>table_name</code> - name of the table. Can be schema-qualified.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>table_column</code> - name and type of a column to be created in the new table.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>IF NOT EXISTS</code> - create the table only if a table with the same name does not exist.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>COLOCATED BY</code> - colocation key. The key can be composite. Primary key must include colocation key. Was <code>affinity_key</code> in Ignite 2.x.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>WITH</code> - accepts the following additional parameters:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>Replicas</code> - sets the number of partition copies, including the master copy.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>Partitions</code> - sets the number of table partitions.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>PRIMARY_ZONE</code> - sets the <a href="/docs/3.0.0-beta/distribution-zones">Distriburion Zone</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Other parameters, depending on the database engine.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Examples:</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Creates a Person table:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">IF</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">EXISTS</span> <span class="n">Person</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">id</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="k">primary</span> <span class="k">key</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">city_id</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">name</span> <span class="nb">varchar</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">age</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">company</span> <span class="nb">varchar</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">)</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="alter-table">ALTER TABLE</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Modifies the structure of an existing table.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="alter-table-if-exists-table-add-column-column1-int-column2-int">ALTER TABLE IF EXISTS table ADD COLUMN (column1 int, column2 int)</h4>
<div class="paragraph diagram-container">
<p>Diagram(
NonTerminal('ALTER TABLE'),
Optional('IF EXISTS'),
NonTerminal('qualified_table_name'),
NonTerminal('ADD'),
Optional('COLUMN'),
End({type:'complex'})
)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph diagram-container">
<p>Diagram(
Start({type:'complex'}),
NonTerminal('column_definition_or_list')
)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Parameters:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>IF EXISTS</code> - if applied to <code>TABLE</code>, do not throw an error if a table with the specified table name does not exist. If applied to <code>COLUMN</code>, do not throw an error if a column with the specified name does not exist.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>qualified_table_name</code> - the name of the table.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>ADD</code> - adds a new column or several columns to a previously created table. Once a column is added, it can be accessed using <a href="/docs/3.0.0-beta/sql-reference/dml" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DML commands</a> and indexed with the CREATE INDEX statement.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>COLUMN</code> - name of the defined column.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>column_definition_or_list</code> - definition of the column to add to the table.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="alter-table-if-exists-table-drop-column-column1-column2-int">ALTER TABLE IF EXISTS table DROP COLUMN (column1, column2 int)</h4>
<div class="paragraph diagram-container">
<p>Diagram(
NonTerminal('ALTER TABLE'),
Optional('IF EXISTS'),
NonTerminal('qualified_table_name'),
NonTerminal('DROP'),
Optional('COLUMN'),
End({type:'complex'})
)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph diagram-container">
<p>Diagram(
Start({type:'complex'}),
NonTerminal('column_list')
)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Parameters:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>IF EXISTS</code> - if applied to <code>TABLE</code>, do not throw an error if a table with the specified table name does not exist. If applied to <code>COLUMN</code>, do not throw an error if a column with the specified name does not exist.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>qualified_table_name</code> - the name of the table.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>DROP</code> - removes an existing column or multiple columns from a table. Once a column is removed, it cannot be accessed within queries. Consider the following notes and limitations:</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>column_list</code> - the name of the list of columns to be removed.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If the column was indexed, the index has to be dropped manually in advance by using the 'DROP INDEX' command.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>It is not possible to remove a column if it represents the whole value stored in the cluster. The limitation is relevant for primitive values.
Ignite stores data in the form of key-value pairs and all the new columns will belong to the value. It&#8217;s not possible to change a set of columns of the key (<code>PRIMARY KEY</code>).</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Schema changes applied by this command are persisted on disk. Thus, the changes can survive full cluster restarts.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Examples:</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Add a column to the table:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">ALTER</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">Person</span> <span class="k">ADD</span> <span class="k">COLUMN</span> <span class="n">city</span> <span class="nb">varchar</span><span class="p">;</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Add a column​ only if the table exists:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">ALTER</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">IF</span> <span class="k">EXISTS</span> <span class="n">Missing</span> <span class="k">ADD</span> <span class="n">number</span> <span class="nb">bigint</span><span class="p">;</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Add several columns to the table at once:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">ALTER</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">Region</span> <span class="k">ADD</span> <span class="k">COLUMN</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">code</span> <span class="nb">varchar</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">gdp</span> <span class="nb">double</span><span class="p">);</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Drop a column from the table:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">ALTER</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">Person</span> <span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">COLUMN</span> <span class="n">city</span><span class="p">;</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Drop a column only if the table exists:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">ALTER</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">IF</span> <span class="k">EXISTS</span> <span class="n">Person</span> <span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">COLUMN</span> <span class="n">number</span><span class="p">;</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Drop several columns from the table at once:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">ALTER</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">Person</span> <span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">COLUMN</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">code</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">gdp</span><span class="p">);</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="drop-table">DROP TABLE</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <code>DROP TABLE</code> command drops an existing table.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph diagram-container">
<p>Diagram(
NonTerminal('DROP TABLE'),
Optional('IF EXISTS'),
NonTerminal('qualified_table_name')
)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Parameters:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>IF EXISTS</code> - do not throw an error if a table with the same name does not exist.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>qualified_table_name</code> - the name of the table. Can be schema-qualified.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Schema changes applied by this command are persisted on disk. Thus, the changes can survive full cluster restarts.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Examples:</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Drop Person table if the one exists:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">IF</span> <span class="k">EXISTS</span> <span class="nv">"Person"</span><span class="p">;</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="describe-table">DESCRIBE TABLE</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Returns information about the distribution zones of the table.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph diagram-container">
<p>Diagram(
NonTerminal('DESCRIBE TABLE'),
Optional('IF NOT EXISTS'),
NonTerminal('qualified_table_name'),
End({type:'complex'})
)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Parameters:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>IF EXISTS</code> - do not throw an error if a table with the same name does not exist.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>qualified_table_name</code> - the name of the table. Can be schema-qualified.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="create-index">CREATE INDEX</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Creates a new index.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
The index cannot include the same column more than once.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph diagram-container">
<p>Diagram(
NonTerminal('CREATE INDEX'),
Optional('IF NOT EXISTS'),
NonTerminal('name'),
NonTerminal('ON'),
NonTerminal('qualified_table_name'),
End({type:'complex'})
)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph diagram-container">
<p>Diagram(
Start({type:'complex'}),
Optional(
Sequence(
NonTerminal('USING'),
Choice (0,'HASH','TREE')
)
),
Optional('column_definition')
)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Parameters:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>name</code> - name of the index.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>qualified_table_name</code> - name of the table to create the index on. Can be schema-qualified.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>IF NOT EXISTS</code> - create the index only if an index with the same name does not exist.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>USING</code> - specifies whether the command creates a sorted index or a hash index. Possible values: <code>HASH</code>, <code>TREE</code>. Default is <code>TREE</code>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Examples:</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Create index Persons for Person table:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">INDEX</span> <span class="n">IF</span> <span class="k">NOT</span> <span class="k">EXISTS</span> <span class="n">Persons</span> <span class="k">ON</span> <span class="n">Person</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">column1</span><span class="p">)</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="drop-index">DROP INDEX</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph diagram-container">
<p>Diagram(
NonTerminal('DROP INDEX'),
Optional('IF EXISTS'),
NonTerminal('index_name')
)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Parameters:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>index_name</code> - the name of the index.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>IF EXISTS</code> - do not throw an error if an index with the specified name does not exist.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Examples:</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Drop index if the one exists:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">DROP</span> <span class="k">INDEX</span> <span class="n">IF</span> <span class="k">EXISTS</span> <span class="n">Persons</span><span class="p">;</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="grammar-reference">Grammar Reference</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="column_definition_or_list">column_definition_or_list</h3>
<div class="paragraph diagram-container">
<p>Diagram(
Group(Sequence(
Optional('('),
Choice(0,Sequence(
NonTerminal('column_name'),
NonTerminal('data_type')),
NonTerminal(',')
),
Optional(')')
), 'column_definition_or_list')
)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Referenced by:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="/docs/3.0.0-beta/sql-reference/ddl#alter-table">ALTER TABLE</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="column_list">column_list</h3>
<div class="paragraph diagram-container">
<p>Diagram(Group(Sequence(
Optional('('),
OneOrMore('column_name', ','),
Optional(')')))
)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Referenced by:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="/docs/3.0.0-beta/sql-reference/ddl#alter-table">ALTER TABLE</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="constraint">constraint</h3>
<div class="paragraph diagram-container">
<p>Diagram(Group(Sequence(
Optional(Sequence(NonTerminal('Constraint'),NonTerminal('constraint_name')
)),
NonTerminal('PRIMARY KEY'),
NonTerminal('('),
OneOrMore('column_name', ','),
NonTerminal(')')
),'constraint')
)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Referenced by:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="/docs/3.0.0-beta/sql-reference/ddl#create-table">CREATE TABLE</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="qualified_table_name">qualified_table_name</h3>
<div class="paragraph diagram-container">
<p>Diagram(Group(Sequence(
Optional(Sequence(NonTerminal('schema'),NonTerminal('.')
),),
NonTerminal('table_name')
),'qualified_table_name')
)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Referenced by:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="/docs/3.0.0-beta/sql-reference/ddl#сreate-table">CREATE TABLE</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="/docs/3.0.0-beta/sql-reference/ddl#alter-table">ALTER TABLE</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="/docs/3.0.0-beta/sql-reference/ddl#drop-table">DROP TABLE</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="column_definition">column_definition</h3>
<div class="paragraph diagram-container">
<p>Diagram(
Group(Sequence(
NonTerminal('column_name'),
NonTerminal('DATA TYPE'),
Optional(Sequence(Optional('NOT'),NonTerminal('NULL')))
), 'column_definition'),
End({type:'complex'})
)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph diagram-container">
<p>Diagram(
Start({type:'complex'}),
Group(Sequence(
Optional(Sequence(NonTerminal('DEFAULT'), NonTerminal('literal_value'))),
NonTerminal('PRIMARY KEY')
), 'column_definition')
)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Parameters:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>ASC</code> or <code>DESC</code> - specifies that the column should be sorted in an ascending or descending order respectively.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>NULLS</code> - specifies whether null values will be at the start or at the end of the index. Possible values: <code>FIRST</code>, <code>LAST</code>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Referenced by:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="/docs/3.0.0-beta/sql-reference/ddl#сreate-index">CREATE INDEX</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<hr>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="tablecolumn">tableColumn</h3>
<div class="paragraph diagram-container">
<p>Diagram(Group(Sequence(
NonTerminal('columnName'),
NonTerminal('columnType'),
Optional(Sequence(Optional('NOT'),NonTerminal('NULL')
),),
Optional('DEFAULT')
),'tableColumn')
)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Parameters:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>[NOT] NULL</code> - specifies that values in the column always contain null or not null values.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>DEFAULT</code> - specifies a default value for the column. You can specify a constant value, or use a <a href="/docs/3.0.0-beta/sql-reference/ddl#system-functions">system function</a> to generate a value.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<hr>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="system-functions">System Functions</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="gen_random_uuid">gen_random_uuid</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This function generates a random UUID value each time it is called.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Example:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="sql"><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">id</span> <span class="nb">varchar</span> <span class="k">default</span> <span class="n">gen_random_uuid</span> <span class="k">primary</span> <span class="k">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">val</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Referenced by:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="/docs/3.0.0-beta/sql-reference/ddl#create-table">CREATE TABLE</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="copyright">
© 2024 The Apache Software Foundation.<br/>
Apache, Apache Ignite, the Apache feather and the Apache Ignite logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation.
</div>
</article>
<nav class="right-nav" data-swiftype-index='false'>
<div class="toc-wrapper">
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#create-table">CREATE TABLE</a></li>
<li><a href="#alter-table">ALTER TABLE</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#alter-table-if-exists-table-add-column-column1-int-column2-int">ALTER TABLE IF EXISTS table ADD COLUMN (column1 int, column2 int)</a></li>
<li><a href="#alter-table-if-exists-table-drop-column-column1-column2-int">ALTER TABLE IF EXISTS table DROP COLUMN (column1, column2 int)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#drop-table">DROP TABLE</a></li>
<li><a href="#describe-table">DESCRIBE TABLE</a></li>
<li><a href="#create-index">CREATE INDEX</a></li>
<li><a href="#drop-index">DROP INDEX</a></li>
<li><a href="#grammar-reference">Grammar Reference</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#column_definition_or_list">column_definition_or_list</a></li>
<li><a href="#column_list">column_list</a></li>
<li><a href="#constraint">constraint</a></li>
<li><a href="#qualified_table_name">qualified_table_name</a></li>
<li><a href="#column_definition">column_definition</a></li>
<li><a href="#tablecolumn">tableColumn</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#system-functions">System Functions</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#gen_random_uuid">gen_random_uuid</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
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