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<a href="/docs/latest/persistence/disk-compression"
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<a href="/docs/latest/persistence/persistence-tuning"
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<a href="/docs/latest/snapshots/snapshots" class='' >Cluster Snapshots</a>
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<a href="/docs/latest/data-rebalancing" class='' >Data Rebalancing</a>
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<a href="/docs/latest/data-streaming" class='' >Data Streaming</a>
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<a href="/docs/latest/key-value-api/transactions" class='' >Performing Transactions</a>
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<li><a href="/docs/latest/machine-learning/binary-classification/introduction" class=''>Introduction</a></li>
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<li><a href="/docs/latest/machine-learning/binary-classification/logistic-regression" class=''>Logistic Regression</a></li>
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<li><a href="/docs/latest/machine-learning/binary-classification/ann" class=''>ANN (Approximate Nearest Neighbor)</a></li>
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<li>
<a href="/docs/latest/machine-learning/preprocessing"
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<a href="/docs/latest/machine-learning/multiclass-classification"
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<li><a href="/docs/latest/machine-learning/ensemble-methods/baggin" class=''>Bagging</a></li>
<li><a href="/docs/latest/machine-learning/ensemble-methods/random-forest" class=''>Random Forest</a></li>
<li><a href="/docs/latest/machine-learning/ensemble-methods/gradient-boosting" class=''>Gradient Boosting</a></li>
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<li>
<a href="/docs/latest/machine-learning/recommendation-systems"
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<button
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</li>
<li>
<a href="/docs/latest/key-value-api/continuous-queries" class='' >Using Continuous Queries</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/docs/latest/services/services" class='' >Using Ignite Services</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/docs/latest/messaging" class='' >Using Ignite Messaging</a>
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<a href="/docs/latest/data-structures/atomic-types"
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<a href="/docs/latest/data-structures/countdownlatch"
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<li>
<a href="/docs/latest/data-structures/semaphore"
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</li>
<li>
<a href="/docs/latest/data-structures/id-generator"
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<article data-swiftype-index='true'>
<a class='edit-link' href="https://github.com/apache/ignite/tree/IGNITE-7595/docs/_docs/SQL/sql-calcite.adoc" target="_blank">Edit</a>
<h1>Calcite-based SQL Engine</h1>
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Starting the 2.13 version, Apache Ignite includes a new SQL engine based on the Apache Calcite framework.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Apache Calcite is a dynamic data management framework, which mainly serves for mediating between applications, one or more data storage locations, and data processing engines. For more information on Apache Calcite, please see the <a href="https://calcite.apache.org/docs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">product documentation</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The current H2-based SQL engine has a number of fundamental limitations of query execution in a distributed environment. To address these limitations, a new SQL engine was implemented. The new engine uses tools provided by Apache Calcite for parsing and planning queries. It also has a new query execution flow.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock caution">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Caution</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
The Calcite-based query engine is currently in beta status.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="calcite-module-libraries">Calcite Module Libraries</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To use a Calcite-based engine, please make sure that the Calcite module libraries are in a classpath.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="standalone-mode">Standalone Mode</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When starting a standalone node, move <code>optional/ignite-calcite</code> folder to the <code>libs</code> folder before running <code>ignite.{sh|bat}</code> script. In this case, the content of the module folder is added to the classpath.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="maven-configuration">Maven Configuration</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you are using Maven to manage dependencies of your project, you can add Calcite module dependency as follows: Replace <code>${ignite.version}</code> with the actual Apache Ignite version you are interested in:</p>
</div>
<code-tabs><code-tab data-tab='XML'><div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="xml"><span class="nt">&lt;dependency&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;groupId&gt;</span>org.apache.ignite<span class="nt">&lt;/groupId&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;artifactId&gt;</span>ignite-calcite<span class="nt">&lt;/artifactId&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;version&gt;</span>${ignite.version}<span class="nt">&lt;/version&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/dependency&gt;</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div></code-tab></code-tabs>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="configuring-query-engines">Configuring Query Engines</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To enable engine, add the explicit <code>CalciteQueryEngineConfiguration</code> instance to the <code>SqlConfiguration.QueryEnginesConfiguration</code> property.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Below is a configuration example of two configured query engines (H2-based and Calcite-based engines) where the Calcite-based engine is chosen as a default one:</p>
</div>
<code-tabs><code-tab data-tab='XML'><div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="xml"><span class="nt">&lt;bean</span> <span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"org.apache.ignite.configuration.IgniteConfiguration"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;property</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"sqlConfiguration"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;bean</span> <span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"org.apache.ignite.configuration.SqlConfiguration"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;property</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"queryEnginesConfiguration"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;list&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;bean</span> <span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"org.apache.ignite.indexing.IndexingQueryEngineConfiguration"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;property</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"default"</span> <span class="na">value=</span><span class="s">"false"</span><span class="nt">/&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/bean&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;bean</span> <span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"org.apache.ignite.calcite.CalciteQueryEngineConfiguration"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;property</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"default"</span> <span class="na">value=</span><span class="s">"true"</span><span class="nt">/&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/bean&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/list&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/property&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/bean&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/property&gt;</span>
...
<span class="nt">&lt;/bean&gt;</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div></code-tab><code-tab data-tab='Java'><div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="java"><span class="nc">IgniteConfiguration</span> <span class="n">cfg</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nc">IgniteConfiguration</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">setSqlConfiguration</span><span class="o">(</span>
<span class="k">new</span> <span class="nf">SqlConfiguration</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">setQueryEnginesConfiguration</span><span class="o">(</span>
<span class="k">new</span> <span class="nf">IndexingQueryEngineConfiguration</span><span class="o">(),</span>
<span class="k">new</span> <span class="nf">CalciteQueryEngineConfiguration</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">setDefault</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="o">)</span>
<span class="o">);</span></code></pre>
</div>
</div></code-tab></code-tabs>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="routing-queries-to-query-engine">Routing Queries to Query Engine</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Normally, all queries are routed to the query engine that is configured by default. If more than one engine is configured through <code>queryEnginesConfiguration</code>, it&#8217;s possible to use another engine instead of the one configured default for individual queries or for the whole connection.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="jdbc">JDBC</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To choose a query engine for the JDBC connection, use the <code>queryEngine</code> connection parameter:</p>
</div>
<code-tabs><code-tab data-tab='JDBC Connection URL'><div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="text">jdbc:ignite:thin://127.0.0.1:10800?queryEngine=calcite</code></pre>
</div>
</div></code-tab></code-tabs>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="odbc">ODBC</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To configure the query engine for the ODBC connection, use the <code>QUERY_ENGINE</code> property:</p>
</div>
<code-tabs><code-tab data-tab='ODBC Connection Properties'><div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="text">[IGNITE_CALCITE]
DRIVER={Apache Ignite};
SERVER=127.0.0.1;
PORT=10800;
SCHEMA=PUBLIC;
QUERY_ENGINE=CALCITE</code></pre>
</div>
</div></code-tab></code-tabs>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="sql-reference">SQL Reference</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="ddl">DDL</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Data definition language (DDL) statements are compliant with the old H2-based engine. You can find the DDL syntax description <a href="/docs/latest/sql-reference/ddl" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="dml">DML</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The new SQL engine mostly inherits data manipulation language (DML) statements syntax from the Apache Calcite framework. See the Apache Calcite SQL grammar description <a href="https://calcite.apache.org/docs/reference.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In most cases, statement syntax is compliant with the old SQL engine. But there are still some differences between DML dialects in H2-based engine and Calcite-based engine. For example, note the <code>MERGE</code> statement syntax has changed.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="supported-functions">Supported Functions</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The Calcite-based SQL engine currently supports:</p>
</div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stripes-even stretch">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 25%;">
<col style="width: 75%;">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Group</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Functions list</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Aggregate functions</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>COUNT</code>, <code>SUM</code>, <code>AVG</code>, <code>MIN</code>, <code>MAX</code>, <code>ANY_VALUE</code>, <code>LISTAGG</code>, <code>GROUP_CONCAT</code>, <code>STRING_AGG</code>, <code>ARRAY_AGG</code>, <code>ARRAY_CONCAT_AGG</code>, <code>EVERY</code>, <code>SOME</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">String functions</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>UPPER</code>, <code>LOWER</code>, <code>INITCAP</code>, <code>TO_BASE64</code>, <code>FROM_BASE64</code>, <code>MD5</code>, <code>SHA1</code>, <code>SUBSTRING</code>, <code>LEFT</code>, <code>RIGHT</code>, <code>REPLACE</code>, <code>TRANSLATE</code>, <code>CHR</code>, <code>CHAR_LENGTH</code>, <code>CHARACTER_LENGTH</code>, <code>LENGTH</code>, <code>CONCAT</code>, <code>OVERLAY</code>, <code>POSITION</code>, <code>ASCII</code>, <code>REPEAT</code>, <code>SPACE</code>, <code>STRCMP</code>, <code>SOUNDEX</code>, <code>DIFFERENCE</code>, <code>REVERSE</code>, <code>TRIM</code>, <code>LTRIM</code>, <code>RTRIM</code>, <code>REGEXP_REPLACE</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Math functions</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MOD</code>, <code>EXP</code>, <code>POWER</code>, <code>LN</code>, <code>LOG10</code>, <code>ABS</code>, <code>RAND</code>, <code>RAND_INTEGER</code>, <code>ACOS</code>, <code>ASIN</code>, <code>ATAN</code>, <code>ATAN2</code>, <code>SQRT</code>, <code>CBRT</code>, <code>COS</code>, <code>COSH</code>, <code>COT</code>, <code>DEGREES</code>, <code>RADIANS</code>, <code>ROUND</code>, <code>SIGN</code>, <code>SIN</code>, <code>SINH</code>, <code>TAN</code>, <code>TANH</code>, <code>TRUNCATE</code>, <code>PI</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Date and time functions</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>EXTRACT</code>, <code>FLOOR</code>, <code>CEIL</code>, <code>TIMESTAMPADD</code>, <code>TIMESTAMPDIFF</code>, <code>LAST_DATE</code>, <code>DAYNAME</code>, <code>MONTHNAME</code>, <code>DAYOFMONTH</code>, <code>DAYOFWEEK</code>, <code>DAYOFYEAR</code>, <code>YEAR</code>, <code>QUARTER</code>, <code>MONTH</code>, <code>WEEK</code>, <code>HOUR</code>, <code>MINUTE</code>, <code>SECOND</code>, <code>TIMESTAMP_SECONDS</code>, <code>TIMESTAMP_MILLIS</code>, <code>TIMESTAMP_MICROS</code>, <code>UNIX_SECONDS</code>, <code>UNIX_MILLIS</code>, <code>UNIX_MICROS</code>, <code>UNIX_DATE</code>, <code>DATE_FROM_UNIX_DATE</code>, <code>DATE</code>, <code>TIME</code>, <code>DATETIME</code>, <code>CURRENT_TIME</code>, <code>CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</code>, <code>CURRENT_DATE</code>, <code>LOCALTIME</code>, <code>LOCALTIMESTAMP</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">XML functions</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>EXTRACTVALUE</code>, <code>XMLTRANSFORM</code>, <code>EXTRACT</code>, <code>EXISTSNODE</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">JSON functions</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>JSON_VALUE</code>, <code>JSON_QUERY</code>, <code>JSON_TYPE</code>, <code>JSON_EXISTS</code>, <code>JSON_DEPTH</code>, <code>JSON_KEYS</code>, <code>JSON_PRETTY</code>, <code>JSON_LENGTH</code>, <code>JSON_REMOVE</code>, <code>JSON_STORAGE_SIZE</code>, <code>JSON_OBJECT</code>, <code>JSON_ARRAY</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Other functions</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>ROW</code>, <code>CAST</code>, <code>COALESCE</code>, <code>NVL</code>, <code>NULLIF</code>, <code>CASE</code>, <code>DECODE</code>, <code>LEAST</code>, <code>GREATEST</code>, <code>COMPRESS</code>, <code>OCTET_LENGTH</code>, <code>TYPEOF</code>, <code>QUERY_ENGINE</code></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For more information on these functions, please see the <a href="https://calcite.apache.org/docs/reference.html#operators-and-functions" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Apache Calcite SQL language reference</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="supported-data-types">Supported Data Types</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Below are the data types supported by the Calcite-based SQL engine:</p>
</div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stripes-even stretch">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 50%;">
<col style="width: 50%;">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Data type</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Mapped to Java class</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">BOOLEAN</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>java.lang.Boolean</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">DECIMAL</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>java.math.BigDecimal</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">DOUBLE</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>java.lang.Double</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">REAL/FLOAT</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>java.lang.Float</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">INT</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>java.lang.Integer</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">BIGINT</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>java.lang.Long</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">SMALLINT</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>java.lang.Short</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">TINYINT</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>java.lang.Byte</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">CHAR/VARCHAR</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>java.lang.String</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">DATE</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>java.sql.Date</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">TIME</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>java.sql.Time</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">TIMESTAMP</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>java.sql.Timestamp</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>java.time.Period</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>java.time.Duration</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">BINARY/VARBINARY</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>byte[]</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">UUID</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>java.util.UUID</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">OTHER</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>java.lang.Object</code></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="hints">Optimizer hints</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The query optimizer does its best to build the fastest excution plan. However, this is a far way to create an optimizer
which is the most effective for each case. You can better know about the data design, application design or data
distribution in the cluster. SQL hints can help the optimizer to make optimizations more rationally or build
execution plan faster.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>SQL hints are optional to apply and might be skipped in some cases.</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="hints-format">Hints format</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>SQL hints are defined by a special comment /*+ HINT */ reffered as a <em>hint block</em>. Spaces before and after the
hint name are required. The hint block is placed right after a relation operator, often after <em>SELECT</em>. Several hint
blocks for one relation operator <strong>are not allowed</strong>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Example:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="SQL">SELECT /*+ NO_INDEX */ T1.* FROM TBL1 where T1.V1=? and T1.V2=?</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>It is allowed to define several hints for the same relation operator. To use several hints, separate them by comma
(spaces are optional).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Example:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="SQL">SELECT /*+ NO_INDEX, EXPAND_DISTINCT_AGG */ SUM(DISTINCT V1), AVG(DISTINCT V2) FROM TBL1 GROUP BY V3 WHERE V3=?</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="hint-parameters">Hint parameters</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Hint parameters, if required, are placed in brackets after the hint name and separated by commas.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The hint parameter can be quoted. Quoted parameter is case-sensitive. The quoted and unquoted parameters cannot be
defined for the same hint.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Example:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="SQL">SELECT /*+ FORCE_INDEX(TBL1_IDX2,TBL2_IDX1) */ T1.V1, T2.V1 FROM TBL1 T1, TBL2 T2 WHERE T1.V1 = T2.V1 AND T1.V2 &gt; ? AND T2.V2 &gt; ?;
SELECT /*+ FORCE_INDEX('TBL2_idx1') */ T1.V1, T2.V1 FROM TBL1 T1, TBL2 T2 WHERE T1.V1 = T2.V1 AND T1.V2 &gt; ? AND T2.V2 &gt; ?;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="hint-scope">Hint scope</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Hints are defined for a relation operator, usually for SELECT. Most of the hints are "visible" to their relation
operators, for the following operators, queries and subqueries. The hints defined in the subquery are "visible" only for
this subquery and its subqueries. Hint is not "visible" to the previous relation operator if it is defined after it.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Example:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="SQL">SELECT /*+ NO_INDEX(TBL1_IDX2), FORCE_INDEX(TBL2_IDX2) */ T1.V1 FROM TBL1 T1 WHERE T1.V2 IN (SELECT T2.V2 FROM TBL2 T2 WHERE T2.V1=? AND T2.V2=?);
SELECT T1.V1 FROM TBL1 T1 WHERE T1.V2 IN (SELECT /*+ FORCE_INDEX(TBL2_IDX2) */ T2.V2 FROM TBL2 T2 WHERE T2.V1=? AND T2.V2=?);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that only the first query has a hint in such a case as:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="SQL">SELECT /*+ FORCE_INDEX */ V1 FROM TBL1 WHERE V1=? AND V2=?
UNION ALL
SELECT V1 FROM TBL1 WHERE V3&gt;?</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>But <strong>there are exceptions</strong>: hints of engine or optimizer level, such as <a href="#hint_disable_rule"><em>DISABLE_RULE</em></a> or
<a href="#hint_query_engine"><em>QUERY_ENGINE</em></a>. Such hints should be defined at the beginning of the query and are related to
the whole query.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="hints-errors">Hints errors</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The optimizer tries to apply every hint and its parameters, if possible. But it skips the hint or hint parameter if:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>There is no such supported hint.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Required hint parameters are not passed.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The hint parameters have been passed, but the hint does not support any parameter.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The hint parameter is incorrect or refers to a nonexistent object, such as a nonexistent index or table.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The current hints or current parameters are incompatible with the previous ones, such as forcing the use and disabling of the same index.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="supportted-hints">Supportted hints</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="force_index-no_index">FORCE_INDEX / NO_INDEX</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Forces or disables index scan.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="parameters">Parameters:</h5>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Empty. To force an index scan for every undelying table. Optimizer will choose any available index. Or to disable all indexes.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Single index name to use or skip exactly this index.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Several index names. They can relate to different tables. The optimizer will choose indexes for scanning or skip them all.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="example">Example:</h5>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="SQL">SELECT /*+ FORCE_INDEX */ T1.* FROM TBL1 T1 WHERE T1.V1 = T2.V1 AND T1.V2 &gt; ?;
SELECT /*+ FORCE_INDEX(TBL1_IDX2, TBL2_IDX1) */ T1.V1, T2.V1 FROM TBL1 T1, TBL2 T2 WHERE T1.V1 = T2.V1 AND T1.V2 &gt; ? AND T2.V2 &gt; ?;
SELECT /*+ NO_INDEX */ T1.* FROM TBL1 T1 WHERE T1.V1 = T2.V1 AND T1.V2 &gt; ?;
SELECT /*+ NO_INDEX(TBL1_IDX2, TBL2_IDX1) */ T1.V1, T2.V1 FROM TBL1 T1, TBL2 T2 WHERE T1.V1 = T2.V1 AND T1.V2 &gt; ? AND T2.V2 &gt; ?;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="enforce_join_order">ENFORCE_JOIN_ORDER</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Forces join order as appears in a query. Fastens building of joins plan.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="example-2">Example:</h5>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="SQL">SELECT /*+ ENFORCE_JOIN_ORDER */ T1.V1, T2.V1, T2.V2, T3.V1, T3.V2, T3.V3 FROM TBL1 T1 JOIN TBL2 T2 ON T1.V3=T2.V1 JOIN TBL3 T3 ON T2.V3=T3.V1 AND T2.V2=T3.V2
SELECT t1.v1, t3.v2 FROM TBL1 t1 JOIN TBL3 t3 on t1.v3=t3.v3 WHERE t1.v2 in (SELECT /*+ ENFORCE_JOIN_ORDER */ t2.v2 FROM TBL2 t2 JOIN TBL3 t3 ON t2.v1=t3.v1)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="expand_distinct_agg">EXPAND_DISTINCT_AGG</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If the optimizer wraps aggregation operations with a join, forces expanding of only distinct aggregates to the join.
Removes duplicates before the joining and speeds up it.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="example-3">Example:</h5>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="SQL">SELECT /*+ EXPAND_DISTINCT_AGG */ SUM(DISTINCT V1), AVG(DISTINCT V2) FROM TBL1 GROUP BY V3</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="hint_query_engine">QUERY_ENGINE</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Selects a particular engine to run individual queries. This is an engine level hint.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="parameters-2">Parameters:</h5>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Single parameter required: the engine name.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="example-4">Example:</h5>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="SQL">SELECT /*+ QUERY_ENGINE('calcite') */ V1 FROM TBL1</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="hint_disable_rule">DISABLE_RULE</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Disables certain optimizer rules. This is an optimizer level hint.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="parameters-3">Parameters:</h5>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>One or more optimizer rules for skipping.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="example-5">Example:</h5>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="rouge highlight"><code data-lang="SQL">SELECT /*+ DISABLE_RULE('MergeJoinConverter') */ T1.* FROM TBL1 T1 JOIN TBL2 T2 ON T1.V1=T2.V1 WHERE T2.V2=?</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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Apache, Apache Ignite, the Apache feather and the Apache Ignite logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation.
</div>
</article>
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<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#calcite-module-libraries">Calcite Module Libraries</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#standalone-mode">Standalone Mode</a></li>
<li><a href="#maven-configuration">Maven Configuration</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#configuring-query-engines">Configuring Query Engines</a></li>
<li><a href="#routing-queries-to-query-engine">Routing Queries to Query Engine</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#jdbc">JDBC</a></li>
<li><a href="#odbc">ODBC</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#sql-reference">SQL Reference</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#ddl">DDL</a></li>
<li><a href="#dml">DML</a></li>
<li><a href="#supported-functions">Supported Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#supported-data-types">Supported Data Types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#hints">Optimizer hints</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#hints-format">Hints format</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#hint-parameters">Hint parameters</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#hint-scope">Hint scope</a></li>
<li><a href="#hints-errors">Hints errors</a></li>
<li><a href="#supportted-hints">Supportted hints</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#force_index-no_index">FORCE_INDEX / NO_INDEX</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#parameters">Parameters:</a></li>
<li><a href="#example">Example:</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#enforce_join_order">ENFORCE_JOIN_ORDER</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#example-2">Example:</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#expand_distinct_agg">EXPAND_DISTINCT_AGG</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#example-3">Example:</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#hint_query_engine">QUERY_ENGINE</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#parameters-2">Parameters:</a></li>
<li><a href="#example-4">Example:</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#hint_disable_rule">DISABLE_RULE</a>
<ul class="sectlevel4">
<li><a href="#parameters-3">Parameters:</a></li>
<li><a href="#example-5">Example:</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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