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href="/handbook/zh/how-to/cross-platform/wechat-app" class="nav-link"><span class="title">微信小程序</span></a> <ul class="nav bd-sidenav level3" style="display:none"></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a href="/handbook/zh/how-to/cross-platform/baidu-app" class="nav-link"><span class="title">百度智能小程序</span></a> <ul class="nav bd-sidenav level3" style="display:none"></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link"><span class="title">数据处理</span> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-menu-down"></span></a> <ul class="nav bd-sidenav level2" style="display:none"><li class="nav-item"><a href="/handbook/zh/how-to/data/dynamic-data" class="nav-link"><span class="title">动态的异步数据</span></a> <ul class="nav bd-sidenav level3" style="display:none"></ul></li><!----></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link"><span class="title">标签</span> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-menu-down"></span></a> <ul class="nav bd-sidenav level2" style="display:none"><li class="nav-item"><a href="/handbook/zh/how-to/label/rich-text" class="nav-link"><span class="title">富文本标签</span></a> <ul class="nav bd-sidenav level3" style="display:none"></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link"><span class="title">动画</span> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-menu-down"></span></a> <ul class="nav bd-sidenav level2" style="display:none"><li class="nav-item"><a href="/handbook/zh/how-to/animation/transition" class="nav-link"><span class="title">数据过渡动画</span></a> <ul class="nav bd-sidenav level3" style="display:none"></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link"><span class="title">交互</span> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-menu-down"></span></a> <ul class="nav bd-sidenav level2" style="display:none"><li class="nav-item"><a href="/handbook/zh/how-to/interaction/drag" class="nav-link"><span class="title">拖拽的实现</span></a> <ul class="nav bd-sidenav level3" style="display:none"></ul></li><!----><li class="nav-item"><a href="/handbook/zh/how-to/interaction/coarse-pointer" class="nav-link"><span class="title">智能指针吸附</span></a> <ul class="nav bd-sidenav level3" style="display:none"></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><div class="nav-link"><span class="title">最佳实践</span></div> <ul class="nav bd-sidenav level1"><!----><li class="nav-item"><a href="/handbook/zh/best-practices/canvas-vs-svg" class="nav-link"><span class="title">Canvas vs. SVG</span></a> <ul class="nav bd-sidenav level2" style="display:none"></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a href="/handbook/zh/best-practices/aria" class="nav-link"><span class="title">无障碍访问</span></a> <ul class="nav bd-sidenav level2" style="display:none"></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><div class="nav-link"><span class="title">编辑本文档</span></div> <ul class="nav bd-sidenav level1"><li class="nav-item"><a href="/handbook/zh/meta/edit-guide" class="nav-link"><span class="title">文档编辑指南</span></a> <ul class="nav bd-sidenav level2" style="display:none"></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div> <div class="open-sidebar"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M9 5l7 7-7 7"></path></svg></div></div> <div class="bd-content col-sm-7 pl-sm-2 col-12"><div class="post-content content"><div><div class="post-inner"><!----> <div class="nuxt-content"><article><h1 id="%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E7%AB%AF%E6%B8%B2%E6%9F%93-echarts-%E5%9B%BE%E8%A1%A8" tabindex="-1">服务端渲染 ECharts 图表</h1> <p>通常情况下,Apache ECharts<sup>TM</sup> 会在浏览器中动态的渲染图表,并且根据用户的交互来更新渲染。但是在下面这些比较特殊的场景,我们也需要在服务端中渲染图表并且输出到浏览器中:</p> <ul><li>需要缩短前端的渲染时间,保证第一时间显示图表</li> <li>需要在 Markdown, PDF 等不支持动态运行脚本的环境中嵌入图表</li></ul> <p>在这些场景下,ECharts 也提供了两种服务端渲染(server-side rendering,SSR)的方案:SVG 渲染或 Canvas 渲染。</p> <table><thead><tr><th>渲染方案</th> <th>渲染结果的形式</th> <th>优点</th></tr></thead> <tbody><tr><td>服务端 SVG 渲染</td> <td>SVG 字符串</td> <td>比 Canvas 图片体积更小;<br>矢量 SVG 图片不会模糊;<br>支持初始动画</td></tr> <tr><td>服务端 Canvas 渲染</td> <td>图片</td> <td>图片形式适用场景更广泛,对不支持 SVG 的场景可选择</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>通常情况下,应优先考虑使用服务端 SVG 渲染方案,如果 SVG 不适用,也可以考虑 Canvas 渲染方案。</p> <p>使用服务端渲染也有一定的局限性,尤其是和交互相关的一些操作无法支持。因此,如果有交互需求,可参考下文的“服务端渲染 Hydration”。</p> <h2 id="%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E7%AB%AF-svg-%E6%B8%B2%E6%9F%93" tabindex="-1">服务端 SVG 渲染</h2> <p>如果你在使用 5.3.0 以及更新的版本,我们强烈推荐你使用 5.3.0 里新引入的零依赖的服务端 SVG 字符串渲染方案:</p> <div class="md-code-block"><div class="nuxt-content-highlight"><pre class="language-ts line-numbers"><code><span class="token keyword">const</span> echarts <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">require</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'echarts'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">// 在 SSR 模式下第一个参数不需要再传入 DOM 对象</span>
<span class="token keyword">const</span> chart <span class="token operator">=</span> echarts<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">init</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">null</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">null</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
renderer<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">'svg'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token comment">// 必须使用 SVG 模式</span>
ssr<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token comment">// 开启 SSR</span>
width<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">400</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token comment">// 需要指明高和宽</span>
height<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">300</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">// 像正常使用一样 setOption</span>
chart<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setOption</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token comment">//...</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">// 输出字符串</span>
<span class="token keyword">const</span> svgStr <span class="token operator">=</span> chart<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">renderToSVGString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span></code></pre></div> <!----> <div class="clipboard" data-v-479657ca><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6" data-v-479657ca><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6" data-v-479657ca><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M8 5H6a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2v-1M8 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M8 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m0 0h2a2 2 0 012 2v3m2 4H10m0 0l3-3m-3 3l3 3" data-v-479657ca></path></svg></svg></div></div> <p>整体使用的代码结构跟在浏览器中使用一样,首先是<code>init</code>初始化一个图表实例,然后通过<code>setOption</code>设置图表的配置项。但是<code>init</code>传入的参数会跟在跟浏览器中使用有所不同:</p> <ul><li>首先因为在服务端会采用字符串拼接的方式来渲染得到 SVG,我们并不需要容器来展示渲染的内容,所以我们可以在<code>init</code>的时候第一个<code>container</code>参数传入<code>null</code>或者<code>undefined</code>。</li> <li>然后我们在<code>init</code>的第三个参数中,我们需要通过显示指定<code>ssr: true</code>来告诉 ECharts 我们需要开启服务端渲染的模式,该模式下 ECharts 会关闭动画循环的模块以及事件交互的模块。</li> <li>在服务端渲染中我们也必须要通过<code>width</code>和<code>height</code>显示的指定图表的高和宽,因此如果你的图表是需要根据容器大小自适应的话,可能需要思考一下服务端渲染是否适合你的场景了。</li></ul> <p>在浏览器中我们在<code>setOption</code>完之后 ECharts 就会自动进行渲染将结果绘制到页面中,后续也会在每一帧判断是否有动画需要进行重绘。NodeJS 中我们在设置了<code>ssr: true</code>后则没有这个过程。取而代之我们使用了<code>renderToSVGString</code>,将当前的图表渲染到 SVG 字符串,进一步得再通过 HTTP Response 返回给前端或者缓存到本地。</p> <p>HTTP Response 返回给前端:</p> <div class="md-code-block"><div class="nuxt-content-highlight"><pre class="language-ts line-numbers"><code>res<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">writeHead</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">200</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token string-property property">'Content-Type'</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">'application/xml'</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
res<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>chart<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">renderToSVGString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
res<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">end</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span></code></pre></div> <!----> <div class="clipboard" data-v-479657ca><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6" data-v-479657ca><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6" data-v-479657ca><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M8 5H6a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2v-1M8 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M8 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m0 0h2a2 2 0 012 2v3m2 4H10m0 0l3-3m-3 3l3 3" data-v-479657ca></path></svg></svg></div></div> <p>或者保存到本地:</p> <div class="md-code-block"><div class="nuxt-content-highlight"><pre class="language-ts line-numbers"><code>fs<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">writeFile</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'bar.svg'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> chart<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">renderToSVGString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'utf-8'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span></code></pre></div> <!----> <div class="clipboard" data-v-479657ca><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6" data-v-479657ca><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6" data-v-479657ca><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M8 5H6a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2v-1M8 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M8 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m0 0h2a2 2 0 012 2v3m2 4H10m0 0l3-3m-3 3l3 3" data-v-479657ca></path></svg></svg></div></div> <p>下面是一个完整的在 CodeSandbox 中搭建一个最简单的 NodeJS 服务器然后使用 ECharts 服务端 SVG 渲染的效果:</p> <iframe src="https://codesandbox.io/embed/heuristic-leftpad-oq23t?autoresize=1&codemirror=1&fontsize=12&hidenavigation=1&&theme=dark" title="heuristic-leftpad-oq23t" allow="accelerometer; ambient-light-sensor; camera; encrypted-media; geolocation; gyroscope; hid; microphone; midi; payment; usb; vr; xr-spatial-tracking" sandbox="allow-forms allow-modals allow-popups allow-presentation allow-same-origin allow-scripts" style="width:100%;height:400px;border:0;border-radius:4px;overflow:hidden"></iframe> <h3 id="%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E7%AB%AF%E6%B8%B2%E6%9F%93%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%A8%E7%94%BB%E6%95%88%E6%9E%9C" tabindex="-1">服务端渲染中的动画效果</h3> <p>上面的例子中可以看到,就算是服务端渲染 ECharts 也可以提供动画效果,这个动画效果是通过在输出的 SVG 字符串中嵌入 CSS 动画实现的。并不需要额外的 JavaScript 再去控制动画。</p> <p>但是,也因为 CSS 动画的局限性,我们没法在服务端渲染中实现一些更灵活的动画功能,诸如柱状图排序动画,标签动画,路径图的特效动画等。部分系列诸如饼图的动画效果也为服务端渲染做了特殊的优化。</p> <p>如果你不希望有这个动画效果,可以在<code>setOption</code>的时候通过<code>animation: false</code>关闭动画。</p> <div class="md-code-block"><div class="nuxt-content-highlight"><pre class="language-ts line-numbers"><code><span class="token function">setOption</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
animation<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token boolean">false</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span></code></pre></div> <!----> <div class="clipboard" data-v-479657ca><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6" data-v-479657ca><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6" data-v-479657ca><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M8 5H6a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2v-1M8 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M8 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m0 0h2a2 2 0 012 2v3m2 4H10m0 0l3-3m-3 3l3 3" data-v-479657ca></path></svg></svg></div></div> <h2 id="%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E7%AB%AF-canvas-%E6%B8%B2%E6%9F%93" tabindex="-1">服务端 Canvas 渲染</h2> <p>如果你希望输出的是一张图片而非 SVG 字符串,或者你还在使用更老的版本,我们会推荐使用 <a href="https://github.com/Automattic/node-canvas">node-canvas</a> 来实现 ECharts 的服务渲染,<a href="https://github.com/Automattic/node-canvas">node-canvas</a> 是在 NodeJS 上的一套 Canvas 实现,它提供了跟浏览器中 Canvas 几乎一致的接口。</p> <p>下面是一个简单的例子</p> <div class="md-code-block"><div class="nuxt-content-highlight"><pre class="language-ts line-numbers"><code><span class="token keyword">var</span> echarts <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">require</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'echarts'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">const</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> createCanvas <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">require</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'canvas'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">// 在 5.3.0 之前的版本中,你必须要通过该接口注册 canvas 实例创建方法。</span>
<span class="token comment">// 从 5.3.0 开始就不需要了</span>
echarts<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setCanvasCreator</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">=></span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token function">createCanvas</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">const</span> canvas <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">createCanvas</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">800</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">600</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">// ECharts 可以直接使用 node-canvas 创建的 Canvas 实例作为容器</span>
<span class="token keyword">const</span> chart <span class="token operator">=</span> echarts<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">init</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>canvas<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">// 像正常使用一样 setOption</span>
chart<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setOption</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token comment">//...</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">// 通过 Response 输出 PNG 图片</span>
res<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">writeHead</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">200</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token string-property property">'Content-Type'</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">'image/png'</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
res<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token function">renderChart</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toBuffer</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'image/png'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
res<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">end</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span></code></pre></div> <!----> <div class="clipboard" data-v-479657ca><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6" data-v-479657ca><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6" data-v-479657ca><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M8 5H6a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2v-1M8 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M8 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m0 0h2a2 2 0 012 2v3m2 4H10m0 0l3-3m-3 3l3 3" data-v-479657ca></path></svg></svg></div></div> <p>下面是一个完整的在 CodeSandbox 中搭建一个最简单的 NodeJS 服务器然后使用 ECharts 服务端 Canvas 渲染的效果:</p> <iframe src="https://codesandbox.io/embed/apache-echarts-canvas-ssr-demo-e340rt?autoresize=1&codemirror=1&fontsize=12&hidenavigation=1&&theme=dark" title="heuristic-leftpad-oq23t" allow="accelerometer; ambient-light-sensor; camera; encrypted-media; geolocation; gyroscope; hid; microphone; midi; payment; usb; vr; xr-spatial-tracking" sandbox="allow-forms allow-modals allow-popups allow-presentation allow-same-origin allow-scripts" style="width:100%;height:400px;border:0;border-radius:4px;overflow:hidden"></iframe> <h3 id="%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%A0%E8%BD%BD" tabindex="-1">图片的加载</h3> <p><a href="https://github.com/Automattic/node-canvas">node-canvas</a> 提供了图片加载的<code>Image</code>实现,如果你在图表中使用了到了图片,我们可以使用<code>5.3.0</code>新增的<code>setPlatformAPI</code>接口来适配。</p> <div class="md-code-block"><div class="nuxt-content-highlight"><pre class="language-ts line-numbers"><code>echarts<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">setPlatformAPI</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token comment">// 同老版本的 setCanvasCreator</span>
<span class="token function">createCanvas</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token function">createCanvas</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token function">loadImage</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>src<span class="token punctuation">,</span> onload<span class="token punctuation">,</span> onerror<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">const</span> img <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Image</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">// 必须要绑定 this context.</span>
img<span class="token punctuation">.</span>onload <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">onload</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">bind</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>img<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
img<span class="token punctuation">.</span>onerror <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token function">onerror</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">bind</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>img<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
img<span class="token punctuation">.</span>src <span class="token operator">=</span> src<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> img<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span></code></pre></div> <!----> <div class="clipboard" data-v-479657ca><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6" data-v-479657ca><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="h-6 w-6" data-v-479657ca><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M8 5H6a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2v-1M8 5a2 2 0 002 2h2a2 2 0 002-2M8 5a2 2 0 012-2h2a2 2 0 012 2m0 0h2a2 2 0 012 2v3m2 4H10m0 0l3-3m-3 3l3 3" data-v-479657ca></path></svg></svg></div></div> <p>如果你的图片是需要远程获取的,我们建议你通过 http 请求先预取该图片得到<code>base64</code>之后再作为图片的 URL 传入,这样可以保证在 Response 输出的时候图片是加载完成的。</p> <h2 id="%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E7%AB%AF%E6%B8%B2%E6%9F%93-hydration" tabindex="-1">服务端渲染 Hydration</h2> <p>服务端渲染无法支持的功能包括:</p> <ul><li>动态改变数据</li> <li>高亮鼠标所在的数据项</li> <li>点击图例切换系列是否显示</li> <li>移动鼠标显示提示框</li> <li>其他交互相关的功能</li></ul> <p>如果有相关需求,可以考虑先使用服务端渲染快速输出首屏图表,然后等待 <code>echarts.js</code> 加载完后,重新在客户端渲染同样的图表(称为 Hydration),这样就可以实现正常的交互效果和动态改变数据了。需要注意的是,在客户端渲染的时候,应开启 <code>tooltip: { show: true }</code> 之类的交互组件,并且用 <code>animation: 0</code> 关闭初始动画(初始动画应由服务端渲染结果的 SVG 动画完成)。</p> <p>下面是一个在 CodeSandbox 中搭建一个例子,先用 SVG 做服务端渲染,再用 Canvas 做客户端渲染的效果。建议点击“Open Sandbox”学习具体实现的代码。</p> <blockquote><p>如果希望使用 Canvas 做服务端渲染,或使用 SVG 做客户端也是类似的,不再赘述。</p></blockquote> <iframe src="https://codesandbox.io/embed/apache-echarts-5-3-ssr-csr-0jvsdu?fontsize=14&hidenavigation=1&theme=dark" title="Apache ECharts 5.3 SSR + CSR" allow="accelerometer; ambient-light-sensor; camera; encrypted-media; geolocation; gyroscope; hid; microphone; midi; payment; usb; vr; xr-spatial-tracking" sandbox="allow-forms allow-modals allow-popups allow-presentation allow-same-origin allow-scripts" style="width:100%;height:400px;border:0;border-radius:4px;overflow:hidden"></iframe> <p>我们可以看到,从用户体验的角度,几乎感受不到二次渲染的过程,整个切换效果是非常无缝衔接的。你也可以像上面的例子中一样,在加载 <code>echarts.js</code> 的过程中使用 <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/pace-js">pace-js</a> 之类的库实现显示加载进度条的效果,来解决 ECharts 尚未完全加载完之前没有交互反馈的问题。</p></article></div></div> <div class="post-contributors"><h3><span class="inline-block align-middle">本文贡献者</span> <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/apache/echarts-handbook/tree/master/contents/zh/how-to/cross-platform/server.md" title="编辑本文" class="inline-block align-middle text-sm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="h-8 w-8 inline-block align-middle"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M11 5H6a2 2 0 00-2 2v11a2 2 0 002 2h11a2 2 0 002-2v-5m-1.414-9.414a2 2 0 112.828 2.828L11.828 15H9v-2.828l8.586-8.586z"></path></svg> <span class="inline-block align-middle">在 GitHub 上编辑本页</span></a></h3> <div class="post-contributors-list"><a href="https://github.com/Ovilia" target="_blank" class="post-contributor"><img alt="Ovilia" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/Ovilia?size=60" loading="lazy"> <span>Ovilia</span></a><a href="https://github.com/pissang" target="_blank" class="post-contributor"><img alt="pissang" src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/pissang?size=60" loading="lazy"> <span>pissang</span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//fastly.jsdelivr.net/npm/highlight.js@9.12.0/styles/github-gist.min.css"></div></div></div></div><script>window.__NUXT__=function(t,i,e,d,r,a,l,n,o,c,s,h,p,m,g,b,C,u,y,v,S,I,A,B,f,w,E,G,V,Z,L,K,W,k,F,Y,J,D,x,N,R,X,z,H,P,T,M,O,j,Q,U,q,_,$,tt,it,et,dt){return{layout:"default",data:[{html:'<h1 id="%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E7%AB%AF%E6%B8%B2%E6%9F%93-echarts-%E5%9B%BE%E8%A1%A8" tabindex="-1">服务端渲染 ECharts 图表</h1>\n<p>通常情况下,Apache ECharts<sup>TM</sup> 会在浏览器中动态的渲染图表,并且根据用户的交互来更新渲染。但是在下面这些比较特殊的场景,我们也需要在服务端中渲染图表并且输出到浏览器中:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>需要缩短前端的渲染时间,保证第一时间显示图表</li>\n<li>需要在 Markdown, PDF 等不支持动态运行脚本的环境中嵌入图表</li>\n</ul>\n<p>在这些场景下,ECharts 也提供了两种服务端渲染(server-side rendering,SSR)的方案:SVG 渲染或 Canvas 渲染。</p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>渲染方案</th>\n<th>渲染结果的形式</th>\n<th>优点</th>\n</tr>\n</thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>服务端 SVG 渲染</td>\n<td>SVG 字符串</td>\n<td>比 Canvas 图片体积更小;<br>矢量 SVG 图片不会模糊;<br>支持初始动画</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td>服务端 Canvas 渲染</td>\n<td>图片</td>\n<td>图片形式适用场景更广泛,对不支持 SVG 的场景可选择</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table>\n<p>通常情况下,应优先考虑使用服务端 SVG 渲染方案,如果 SVG 不适用,也可以考虑 Canvas 渲染方案。</p>\n<p>使用服务端渲染也有一定的局限性,尤其是和交互相关的一些操作无法支持。因此,如果有交互需求,可参考下文的“服务端渲染 Hydration”。</p>\n<h2 id="%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E7%AB%AF-svg-%E6%B8%B2%E6%9F%93" tabindex="-1">服务端 SVG 渲染</h2>\n<p>如果你在使用 5.3.0 以及更新的版本,我们强烈推荐你使用 5.3.0 里新引入的零依赖的服务端 SVG 字符串渲染方案:</p>\n<md-code-block lang="ts" code="\'Y29uc3QgZWNoYXJ0cyA9IHJlcXVpcmUoJ2VjaGFydHMnKTsKCi8vIOWcqCBTU1Ig5qih5byP5LiL56ys5LiA5Liq5Y-C5pWw5LiN6ZyA6KaB5YaN5Lyg5YWlIERPTSDlr7nosaEKY29uc3QgY2hhcnQgPSBlY2hhcnRzLmluaXQobnVsbCwgbnVsbCwgewogIHJlbmRlcmVyOiAnc3ZnJywgLy8g5b-F6aG75L2_55SoIFNWRyDmqKHlvI8KICBzc3I6IHRydWUsIC8vIOW8gOWQryBTU1IKICB3aWR0aDogNDAwLCAvLyDpnIDopoHmjIfmmI7pq5jlkozlrr0KICBoZWlnaHQ6IDMwMAp9KTsKCi8vIOWDj-ato-W4uOS9v-eUqOS4gOagtyBzZXRPcHRpb24KY2hhcnQuc2V0T3B0aW9uKHsKICAvLy4uLgp9KTsKCi8vIOi-k-WHuuWtl-espuS4sgpjb25zdCBzdmdTdHIgPSBjaGFydC5yZW5kZXJUb1NWR1N0cmluZygpOw\'" line-highlights="\'\'" />\n<p>整体使用的代码结构跟在浏览器中使用一样,首先是<code>init</code>初始化一个图表实例,然后通过<code>setOption</code>设置图表的配置项。但是<code>init</code>传入的参数会跟在跟浏览器中使用有所不同:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>首先因为在服务端会采用字符串拼接的方式来渲染得到 SVG,我们并不需要容器来展示渲染的内容,所以我们可以在<code>init</code>的时候第一个<code>container</code>参数传入<code>null</code>或者<code>undefined</code>。</li>\n<li>然后我们在<code>init</code>的第三个参数中,我们需要通过显示指定<code>ssr: true</code>来告诉 ECharts 我们需要开启服务端渲染的模式,该模式下 ECharts 会关闭动画循环的模块以及事件交互的模块。</li>\n<li>在服务端渲染中我们也必须要通过<code>width</code>和<code>height</code>显示的指定图表的高和宽,因此如果你的图表是需要根据容器大小自适应的话,可能需要思考一下服务端渲染是否适合你的场景了。</li>\n</ul>\n<p>在浏览器中我们在<code>setOption</code>完之后 ECharts 就会自动进行渲染将结果绘制到页面中,后续也会在每一帧判断是否有动画需要进行重绘。NodeJS 中我们在设置了<code>ssr: true</code>后则没有这个过程。取而代之我们使用了<code>renderToSVGString</code>,将当前的图表渲染到 SVG 字符串,进一步得再通过 HTTP Response 返回给前端或者缓存到本地。</p>\n<p>HTTP Response 返回给前端:</p>\n<md-code-block lang="ts" code="\'cmVzLndyaXRlSGVhZCgyMDAsIHsKICAnQ29udGVudC1UeXBlJzogJ2FwcGxpY2F0aW9uL3htbCcKfSk7CnJlcy53cml0ZShjaGFydC5yZW5kZXJUb1NWR1N0cmluZygpKTsKcmVzLmVuZCgpOw\'" line-highlights="\'\'" />\n<p>或者保存到本地:</p>\n<md-code-block lang="ts" code="\'ZnMud3JpdGVGaWxlKCdiYXIuc3ZnJywgY2hhcnQucmVuZGVyVG9TVkdTdHJpbmcoKSwgJ3V0Zi04Jyk7\'" line-highlights="\'\'" />\n<p>下面是一个完整的在 CodeSandbox 中搭建一个最简单的 NodeJS 服务器然后使用 ECharts 服务端 SVG 渲染的效果:</p>\n<iframe src="https://codesandbox.io/embed/heuristic-leftpad-oq23t?autoresize=1&codemirror=1&fontsize=12&hidenavigation=1&&theme=dark"\n style="width:100%; height:400px; border:0; border-radius: 4px; overflow:hidden;"\n title="heuristic-leftpad-oq23t"\n allow="accelerometer; ambient-light-sensor; camera; encrypted-media; geolocation; gyroscope; hid; microphone; midi; payment; usb; vr; xr-spatial-tracking"\n sandbox="allow-forms allow-modals allow-popups allow-presentation allow-same-origin allow-scripts"\n ></iframe>\n<h3 id="%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E7%AB%AF%E6%B8%B2%E6%9F%93%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%A8%E7%94%BB%E6%95%88%E6%9E%9C" tabindex="-1">服务端渲染中的动画效果</h3>\n<p>上面的例子中可以看到,就算是服务端渲染 ECharts 也可以提供动画效果,这个动画效果是通过在输出的 SVG 字符串中嵌入 CSS 动画实现的。并不需要额外的 JavaScript 再去控制动画。</p>\n<p>但是,也因为 CSS 动画的局限性,我们没法在服务端渲染中实现一些更灵活的动画功能,诸如柱状图排序动画,标签动画,路径图的特效动画等。部分系列诸如饼图的动画效果也为服务端渲染做了特殊的优化。</p>\n<p>如果你不希望有这个动画效果,可以在<code>setOption</code>的时候通过<code>animation: false</code>关闭动画。</p>\n<md-code-block lang="ts" code="\'c2V0T3B0aW9uKHsKICBhbmltYXRpb246IGZhbHNlCn0pOw\'" line-highlights="\'\'" />\n<h2 id="%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E7%AB%AF-canvas-%E6%B8%B2%E6%9F%93" tabindex="-1">服务端 Canvas 渲染</h2>\n<p>如果你希望输出的是一张图片而非 SVG 字符串,或者你还在使用更老的版本,我们会推荐使用 <a href="https://github.com/Automattic/node-canvas">node-canvas</a> 来实现 ECharts 的服务渲染,<a href="https://github.com/Automattic/node-canvas">node-canvas</a> 是在 NodeJS 上的一套 Canvas 实现,它提供了跟浏览器中 Canvas 几乎一致的接口。</p>\n<p>下面是一个简单的例子</p>\n<md-code-block lang="ts" code="\'dmFyIGVjaGFydHMgPSByZXF1aXJlKCdlY2hhcnRzJyk7CmNvbnN0IHsgY3JlYXRlQ2FudmFzIH0gPSByZXF1aXJlKCdjYW52YXMnKTsKCi8vIOWcqCA1LjMuMCDkuYvliY3nmoTniYjmnKzkuK3vvIzkvaDlv4XpobvopoHpgJrov4for6XmjqXlj6Pms6jlhowgY2FudmFzIOWunuS-i-WIm-W7uuaWueazleOAggovLyDku44gNS4zLjAg5byA5aeL5bCx5LiN6ZyA6KaB5LqGCmVjaGFydHMuc2V0Q2FudmFzQ3JlYXRvcigoKSA9PiB7CiAgcmV0dXJuIGNyZWF0ZUNhbnZhcygpOwp9KTsKCmNvbnN0IGNhbnZhcyA9IGNyZWF0ZUNhbnZhcyg4MDAsIDYwMCk7Ci8vIEVDaGFydHMg5Y-v5Lul55u05o6l5L2_55SoIG5vZGUtY2FudmFzIOWIm-W7uueahCBDYW52YXMg5a6e5L6L5L2c5Li65a655ZmoCmNvbnN0IGNoYXJ0ID0gZWNoYXJ0cy5pbml0KGNhbnZhcyk7CgovLyDlg4_mraPluLjkvb_nlKjkuIDmoLcgc2V0T3B0aW9uCmNoYXJ0LnNldE9wdGlvbih7CiAgLy8uLi4KfSk7CgovLyDpgJrov4cgUmVzcG9uc2Ug6L6T5Ye6IFBORyDlm77niYcKcmVzLndyaXRlSGVhZCgyMDAsIHsKICAnQ29udGVudC1UeXBlJzogJ2ltYWdlL3BuZycKfSk7CnJlcy53cml0ZShyZW5kZXJDaGFydCgpLnRvQnVmZmVyKCdpbWFnZS9wbmcnKSk7CnJlcy5lbmQoKTs\'" line-highlights="\'\'" />\n<p>下面是一个完整的在 CodeSandbox 中搭建一个最简单的 NodeJS 服务器然后使用 ECharts 服务端 Canvas 渲染的效果:</p>\n<iframe src="https://codesandbox.io/embed/apache-echarts-canvas-ssr-demo-e340rt?autoresize=1&codemirror=1&fontsize=12&hidenavigation=1&&theme=dark"\n style="width:100%; height:400px; border:0; border-radius: 4px; overflow:hidden;"\n title="heuristic-leftpad-oq23t"\n allow="accelerometer; ambient-light-sensor; camera; encrypted-media; geolocation; gyroscope; hid; microphone; midi; payment; usb; vr; xr-spatial-tracking"\n sandbox="allow-forms allow-modals allow-popups allow-presentation allow-same-origin allow-scripts"\n ></iframe>\n<h3 id="%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%A0%E8%BD%BD" tabindex="-1">图片的加载</h3>\n<p><a href="https://github.com/Automattic/node-canvas">node-canvas</a> 提供了图片加载的<code>Image</code>实现,如果你在图表中使用了到了图片,我们可以使用<code>5.3.0</code>新增的<code>setPlatformAPI</code>接口来适配。</p>\n<md-code-block lang="ts" code="\'ZWNoYXJ0cy5zZXRQbGF0Zm9ybUFQSSh7CiAgLy8g5ZCM6ICB54mI5pys55qEIHNldENhbnZhc0NyZWF0b3IKICBjcmVhdGVDYW52YXMoKSB7CiAgICByZXR1cm4gY3JlYXRlQ2FudmFzKCk7CiAgfSwKICBsb2FkSW1hZ2Uoc3JjLCBvbmxvYWQsIG9uZXJyb3IpIHsKICAgIGNvbnN0IGltZyA9IG5ldyBJbWFnZSgpOwogICAgLy8g5b-F6aG76KaB57uR5a6aIHRoaXMgY29udGV4dC4KICAgIGltZy5vbmxvYWQgPSBvbmxvYWQuYmluZChpbWcpOwogICAgaW1nLm9uZXJyb3IgPSBvbmVycm9yLmJpbmQoaW1nKTsKICAgIGltZy5zcmMgPSBzcmM7CiAgICByZXR1cm4gaW1nOwogIH0KfSk7\'" line-highlights="\'\'" />\n<p>如果你的图片是需要远程获取的,我们建议你通过 http 请求先预取该图片得到<code>base64</code>之后再作为图片的 URL 传入,这样可以保证在 Response 输出的时候图片是加载完成的。</p>\n<h2 id="%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E7%AB%AF%E6%B8%B2%E6%9F%93-hydration" tabindex="-1">服务端渲染 Hydration</h2>\n<p>服务端渲染无法支持的功能包括:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>动态改变数据</li>\n<li>高亮鼠标所在的数据项</li>\n<li>点击图例切换系列是否显示</li>\n<li>移动鼠标显示提示框</li>\n<li>其他交互相关的功能</li>\n</ul>\n<p>如果有相关需求,可以考虑先使用服务端渲染快速输出首屏图表,然后等待 <code>echarts.js</code> 加载完后,重新在客户端渲染同样的图表(称为 Hydration),这样就可以实现正常的交互效果和动态改变数据了。需要注意的是,在客户端渲染的时候,应开启 <code>tooltip: { show: true }</code> 之类的交互组件,并且用 <code>animation: 0</code> 关闭初始动画(初始动画应由服务端渲染结果的 SVG 动画完成)。</p>\n<p>下面是一个在 CodeSandbox 中搭建一个例子,先用 SVG 做服务端渲染,再用 Canvas 做客户端渲染的效果。建议点击“Open Sandbox”学习具体实现的代码。</p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>如果希望使用 Canvas 做服务端渲染,或使用 SVG 做客户端也是类似的,不再赘述。</p>\n</blockquote>\n<iframe src="https://codesandbox.io/embed/apache-echarts-5-3-ssr-csr-0jvsdu?fontsize=14&hidenavigation=1&theme=dark"\n style="width:100%; height:400px; border:0; border-radius: 4px; overflow:hidden;"\n title="Apache ECharts 5.3 SSR + CSR"\n allow="accelerometer; ambient-light-sensor; camera; encrypted-media; geolocation; gyroscope; hid; microphone; midi; payment; usb; vr; xr-spatial-tracking"\n sandbox="allow-forms allow-modals allow-popups allow-presentation allow-same-origin allow-scripts"\n ></iframe>\n<p>我们可以看到,从用户体验的角度,几乎感受不到二次渲染的过程,整个切换效果是非常无缝衔接的。你也可以像上面的例子中一样,在加载 <code>echarts.js</code> 的过程中使用 <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/pace-js">pace-js</a> 之类的库实现显示加载进度条的效果,来解决 ECharts 尚未完全加载完之前没有交互反馈的问题。</p>\n',postPath:"zh/how-to/cross-platform/server",title:"服务端渲染 - 跨平台方案 - 应用篇"}],fetch:{},error:null,state:{filled:!1,docVersion:"",ghVersion:"",visibleAffix:!1,homepage:{},adBlocked:!1,focusMode:!1,posts:{zh:[{title:"快速上手",dir:d},{title:"入门篇",dir:r,children:[{title:"获取 ECharts",dir:a},{title:"在项目中引入 ECharts",dir:l},{title:"资源列表",dir:n,draft:t},{title:"寻求帮助",dir:o},{title:"版本特性",dir:c,children:[{title:"ECharts 5 特性介绍",dir:s},{title:"v4 升级 v5 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