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<blockquote>
<div></div></blockquote>
<div class="section" id="managing-connections">
<h1>Managing Connections<a class="headerlink" href="#managing-connections" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>Airflow needs to know how to connect to your environment. Information
such as hostname, port, login and passwords to other systems and services is
handled in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Admin-&gt;Connections</span></code> section of the UI. The pipeline code you
will author will reference the 'conn_id' of the Connection objects.</p>
<img alt="../_images/connections.png" src="../_images/connections.png" />
<p>Connections can be created and managed using either the UI or environment
variables.</p>
<p>See the <a class="reference internal" href="../concepts/connections.html"><span class="doc">Connections Concepts</span></a> documentation for
more information.</p>
<div class="section" id="creating-a-connection-with-the-ui">
<span id="creating-connection-ui"></span><h2>Creating a Connection with the UI<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-a-connection-with-the-ui" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Open the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Admin-&gt;Connections</span></code> section of the UI. Click the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Create</span></code> link
to create a new connection.</p>
<img alt="../_images/connection_create.png" src="../_images/connection_create.png" />
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>Fill in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Connection</span> <span class="pre">Id</span></code> field with the desired connection ID. It is
recommended that you use lower-case characters and separate words with
underscores.</p></li>
<li><p>Choose the connection type with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Connection</span> <span class="pre">Type</span></code> field.</p></li>
<li><p>Fill in the remaining fields. See
<a class="reference internal" href="#manage-connections-connection-types"><span class="std std-ref">Encoding arbitrary JSON</span></a> for a description of the fields
belonging to the different connection types.</p></li>
<li><p>Click the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Save</span></code> button to create the connection.</p></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="section" id="editing-a-connection-with-the-ui">
<span id="editing-connection-ui"></span><h2>Editing a Connection with the UI<a class="headerlink" href="#editing-a-connection-with-the-ui" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Open the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Admin-&gt;Connections</span></code> section of the UI. Click the pencil icon next
to the connection you wish to edit in the connection list.</p>
<img alt="../_images/connection_edit.png" src="../_images/connection_edit.png" />
<p>Modify the connection properties and click the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Save</span></code> button to save your
changes.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="creating-a-connection-from-the-cli">
<span id="connection-cli"></span><h2>Creating a Connection from the CLI<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-a-connection-from-the-cli" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>You may add a connection to the database from the CLI.</p>
<p>Obtain the URI for your connection (see <a class="reference internal" href="#generating-connection-uri"><span class="std std-ref">Generating a Connection URI</span></a>).</p>
<p>Then add connection like so:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>airflow connections add <span class="s1">&#39;my_prod_db&#39;</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--conn-uri <span class="s1">&#39;my-conn-type://login:password@host:port/schema?param1=val1&amp;param2=val2&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Alternatively you may specify each parameter individually:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>airflow connections add <span class="s1">&#39;my_prod_db&#39;</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--conn-type <span class="s1">&#39;my-conn-type&#39;</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--conn-login <span class="s1">&#39;login&#39;</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--conn-password <span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--conn-host <span class="s1">&#39;host&#39;</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--conn-port <span class="s1">&#39;port&#39;</span> <span class="se">\</span>
--conn-schema <span class="s1">&#39;schema&#39;</span> <span class="se">\</span>
...
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="exporting-connections-from-the-cli">
<span id="connection-export"></span><h2>Exporting Connections from the CLI<a class="headerlink" href="#exporting-connections-from-the-cli" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>You may export connections from the database using the CLI. The supported formats are <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">yaml</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">env</span></code>.</p>
<p>You may mention the target file as the parameter:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>airflow connections <span class="nb">export</span> connections.json
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Alternatively you may specify <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">format</span></code> parameter for overriding the format:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>airflow connections <span class="nb">export</span> /tmp/connections --format yaml
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You may also specify <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-</span></code> for STDOUT:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>airflow connections <span class="nb">export</span> -
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The JSON format contains an object where the key contains the connection ID and the value contains the definition of the connection. In this format, the connection is defined as a JSON object. The following is a sample JSON file.</p>
<div class="highlight-json notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;airflow_db&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;conn_type&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;mysql&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;host&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;mysql&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;login&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;root&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;password&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;plainpassword&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;schema&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;airflow&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;port&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;extra&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;druid_broker_default&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;conn_type&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;druid&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;host&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;druid-broker&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;login&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;password&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;schema&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;port&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">8082</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;extra&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;{\&quot;endpoint\&quot;: \&quot;druid/v2/sql\&quot;}&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The YAML file structure is similar to that of a JSON. The key-value pair of connection ID and the definitions of one or more connections. In this format, the connection is defined as a YAML object. The following is a sample YAML file.</p>
<div class="highlight-yaml notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nt">airflow_db</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">conn_type</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mysql</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">extra</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">null</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">host</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mysql</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">login</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">root</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">password</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">plainpassword</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">port</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">null</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">schema</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">airflow</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="nt">druid_broker_default</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">conn_type</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">druid</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">extra</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&#39;{&quot;endpoint&quot;:</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">&quot;druid/v2/sql&quot;}&#39;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">host</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">druid-broker</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">login</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">null</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">password</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">null</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">port</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">8082</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">schema</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">null</span><span class="w"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You may also export connections in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.env</span></code> format. The key is the connection ID, and the value describes the connection using the URI. The following is a sample ENV file.</p>
<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>airflow_db=mysql://root:plainpassword@mysql/airflow
druid_broker_default=druid://druid-broker:8082?endpoint=druid%2Fv2%2Fsql
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="storing-a-connection-in-environment-variables">
<span id="environment-variables-secrets-backend"></span><h2>Storing a Connection in Environment Variables<a class="headerlink" href="#storing-a-connection-in-environment-variables" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The environment variable naming convention is <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../cli-and-env-variables-ref.html#envvar-AIRFLOW_CONN_-CONN_ID"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AIRFLOW_CONN_{CONN_ID}</span></code></a>, all uppercase.</p>
<p>So if your connection id is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">my_prod_db</span></code> then the variable name should be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AIRFLOW_CONN_MY_PROD_DB</span></code>.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Single underscores surround <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CONN</span></code>. This is in contrast with the way <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">airflow.cfg</span></code>
parameters are stored, where double underscores surround the config section name.
Connections set using Environment Variables would not appear in the Airflow UI but you will
be able to use them in your DAG file.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>Connections created this way will not show up in the Airflow UI or using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">airflow</span> <span class="pre">connections</span> <span class="pre">list</span></code>.
You can use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">airflow</span> <span class="pre">connections</span> <span class="pre">get</span> <span class="pre">{CONN_ID}</span></code> if you already know the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CONN_ID</span></code></p>
</div>
<p>The value of this environment variable must use airflow's URI format for connections. See the section
<a class="reference internal" href="#generating-connection-uri"><span class="std std-ref">Generating a Connection URI</span></a> for more details.</p>
<div class="section" id="using-bashrc-or-similar">
<h3>Using .bashrc (or similar)<a class="headerlink" href="#using-bashrc-or-similar" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>If storing the environment variable in something like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~/.bashrc</span></code>, add as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">export</span> <span class="nv">AIRFLOW_CONN_MY_PROD_DATABASE</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;my-conn-type://login:password@host:port/schema?param1=val1&amp;param2=val2&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="using-docker-env">
<h3>Using docker .env<a class="headerlink" href="#using-docker-env" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>If using with a docker <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.env</span></code> file, you may need to remove the single quotes.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>AIRFLOW_CONN_MY_PROD_DATABASE=my-conn-type://login:password@host:port/schema?param1=val1&amp;param2=val2
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="connection-uri-format">
<h2>Connection URI format<a class="headerlink" href="#connection-uri-format" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>In general, Airflow's URI format is like so:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>my-conn-type://my-login:my-password@my-host:5432/my-schema?param1=val1&amp;param2=val2
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The above URI would produce a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Connection</span></code> object equivalent to the following:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Connection</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">conn_id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">conn_type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;my_conn_type&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">description</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">login</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;my-login&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;my-password&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">host</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;my-host&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">port</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5432</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">schema</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;my-schema&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">extra</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param1</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;val1&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">param2</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;val2&quot;</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="generating-a-connection-uri">
<span id="generating-connection-uri"></span><h3>Generating a connection URI<a class="headerlink" href="#generating-a-connection-uri" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>To make connection URI generation easier, the <a class="reference internal" href="../_api/airflow/models/connection/index.html#airflow.models.connection.Connection" title="airflow.models.connection.Connection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Connection</span></code></a> class has a
convenience method <a class="reference internal" href="../_api/airflow/models/connection/index.html#airflow.models.connection.Connection.get_uri" title="airflow.models.connection.Connection.get_uri"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_uri()</span></code></a>. It can be used like so:</p>
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">airflow.models.connection</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Connection</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Connection</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">conn_id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;some_conn&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">conn_type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;mysql&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">description</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;connection description&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">host</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;myhost.com&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">login</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;myname&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;mypassword&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">extra</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this_param</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;some val&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">that_param</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;other val*&quot;</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&quot;AIRFLOW_CONN_</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">conn_id</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">upper</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">=&#39;</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_uri</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">&#39;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">AIRFLOW_CONN_SOME_CONN=&#39;mysql://myname:mypassword@myhost.com?this_param=some+val&amp;that_param=other+val%2A&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Additionally, if you have created a connection, you can use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">airflow</span> <span class="pre">connections</span> <span class="pre">get</span></code> command.</p>
<div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>airflow connections get sqlite_default
<span class="go">Id: 40</span>
<span class="go">Connection Id: sqlite_default</span>
<span class="go">Connection Type: sqlite</span>
<span class="go">Host: /tmp/sqlite_default.db</span>
<span class="go">Schema: null</span>
<span class="go">Login: null</span>
<span class="go">Password: null</span>
<span class="go">Port: null</span>
<span class="go">Is Encrypted: false</span>
<span class="go">Is Extra Encrypted: false</span>
<span class="go">Extra: {}</span>
<span class="go">URI: sqlite://%2Ftmp%2Fsqlite_default.db</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="encoding-arbitrary-json">
<span id="manage-connections-connection-types"></span><h3>Encoding arbitrary JSON<a class="headerlink" href="#encoding-arbitrary-json" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>Some JSON structures cannot be urlencoded without loss. For such JSON, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_uri</span></code>
will store the entire string under the url query param <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__extra__</span></code>.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">extra_dict</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&quot;my_val&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;list&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;of&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;values&quot;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="s2">&quot;extra&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&quot;nested&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&quot;json&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;val&quot;</span><span class="p">}}}</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Connection</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">conn_type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;scheme&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">host</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;host/location&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">schema</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;schema&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">login</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;user&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;password&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">port</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1234</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">extra</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dumps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">extra_dict</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">uri</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_uri</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">uri</span>
<span class="go">&#39;scheme://user:password@host%2Flocation:1234/schema?__extra__=%7B%22my_val%22%3A+%5B%22list%22%2C+%22of%22%2C+%22values%22%5D%2C+%22extra%22%3A+%7B%22nested%22%3A+%7B%22json%22%3A+%22val%22%7D%7D%7D&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>And we can verify that it returns the same dictionary:</p>
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">new_c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Connection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">uri</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">uri</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">new_c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extra_dejson</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">extra_dict</span>
<span class="go">True</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>But for the most common case of storing only key-value pairs, plain url encoding is used.</p>
<p>You can verify a URI is parsed correctly like so:</p>
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">airflow.models.connection</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Connection</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Connection</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">uri</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;my-conn-type://my-login:my-password@my-host:5432/my-schema?param1=val1&amp;param2=val2&quot;</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">login</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">my-login</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">password</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">my-password</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="handling-of-special-characters-in-connection-params">
<h3>Handling of special characters in connection params<a class="headerlink" href="#handling-of-special-characters-in-connection-params" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Use the convenience method <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Connection.get_uri</span></code> when generating a connection
as described in section <a class="reference internal" href="#generating-connection-uri"><span class="std std-ref">Generating a Connection URI</span></a>.
This section for informational purposes only.</p>
</div>
<p>Special handling is required for certain characters when building a URI manually.</p>
<p>For example if your password has a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/</span></code>, this fails:</p>
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Connection</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">uri</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;my-conn-type://my-login:my-pa/ssword@my-host:5432/my-schema?param1=val1&amp;param2=val2&quot;</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: &#39;my-pa&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To fix this, you can encode with <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/urllib.parse.html#urllib.parse.quote_plus" title="(in Python v3.10)"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quote_plus()</span></code></a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Connection</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">uri</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;my-conn-type://my-login:my-pa</span><span class="si">%2F</span><span class="s2">ssword@my-host:5432/my-schema?param1=val1&amp;param2=val2&quot;</span>
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">password</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">my-pa/ssword</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="securing-connections">
<h2>Securing Connections<a class="headerlink" href="#securing-connections" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Airflow uses <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/fernet/spec/">Fernet</a> to encrypt passwords in the connection
configurations stored the metastore database. It guarantees that without the encryption password, Connection
Passwords cannot be manipulated or read without the key. For information on configuring Fernet, look at <a class="reference internal" href="../security/secrets/fernet.html#security-fernet"><span class="std std-ref">Fernet</span></a>.</p>
<p>In addition to retrieving connections from environment variables or the metastore database, you can enable
an secrets backend to retrieve connections. For more details see <a class="reference internal" href="../security/secrets/secrets-backend/index.html"><span class="doc">Secrets Backend</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="test-connections">
<h2>Test Connections<a class="headerlink" href="#test-connections" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Airflow Web UI &amp; API allows to test connections. The test connection feature can be used from
<a class="reference internal" href="#creating-connection-ui"><span class="std std-ref">create</span></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#editing-connection-ui"><span class="std std-ref">edit</span></a> connection page, or through calling
<a class="reference internal" href="../stable-rest-api-ref.html"><span class="doc">Connections REST API</span></a>.</p>
<p>To test a connection Airflow calls out the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test_connection</span></code> method from the associated hook class and reports the
results of it. It may happen that the connection type does not have any associated hook or the hook doesn't have the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test_connection</span></code> method implementation, in either case the error message will throw the proper error message.</p>
<p>One important point to note is that the connections will be tested from the webserver only, so this feature is
subject to network egress rules setup for your webserver. Also, if webserver &amp; worker machines have different libs or
provider packages installed then the test results might differ.</p>
<p>Last caveat is that this feature won't be available for the connections coming out of the secrets backends.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="custom-connection-types">
<h2>Custom connection types<a class="headerlink" href="#custom-connection-types" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Airflow allows the definition of custom connection types - including modifications of the add/edit form
for the connections. Custom connection types are defined in community maintained providers, but you can
can also add a custom provider that adds custom connection types. See <a class="reference external" href="/docs/apache-airflow-providers/index.html" title="(in apache-airflow-providers vdevel)"><span>Provider packages</span></a>
for description on how to add custom providers.</p>
<p>The custom connection types are defined via Hooks delivered by the providers. The Hooks can implement
methods defined in the protocol class <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DiscoverableHook</span></code>. Note that your
custom Hook should not derive from this class, this class is a dummy example to document expectations
regarding about class fields and methods that your Hook might define. Another good example is
<a class="reference external" href="/docs/apache-airflow-providers-jdbc/stable/_api/airflow/providers/jdbc/hooks/jdbc/index.html#airflow.providers.jdbc.hooks.jdbc.JdbcHook" title="(in apache-airflow-providers-jdbc v2.1.3)"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">JdbcHook</span></code></a>.</p>
<p>By implementing those methods in your hooks and exposing them via <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">connection-types</span></code> array (and
deprecated <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hook-class-names</span></code>) in the provider meta-data, you can customize Airflow by:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Adding custom connection types</p></li>
<li><p>Adding automated Hook creation from the connection type</p></li>
<li><p>Adding custom form widget to display and edit custom &quot;extra&quot; parameters in your connection URL</p></li>
<li><p>Hiding fields that are not used for your connection</p></li>
<li><p>Adding placeholders showing examples of how fields should be formatted</p></li>
</ul>
<p>You can read more about details how to add custom provider packages in the <a class="reference external" href="/docs/apache-airflow-providers/index.html" title="(in apache-airflow-providers vdevel)"><span>Provider packages</span></a></p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Deprecated <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hook-class-names</span></code></p>
<p>Prior to Airflow 2.2.0, the connections in providers have been exposed via <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hook-class-names</span></code> array
in provider's meta-data, this however has proven to be not well optimized for using individual hooks
in workers and the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hook-class-names</span></code> array is now replaced by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">connection-types</span></code> array. Until
provider supports Airflow below 2.2.0, both <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">connection-types</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hook-class-names</span></code> should be
present. Automated checks during CI build will verify consistency of those two arrays.</p>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-a-connection-with-the-ui">Creating a Connection with the UI</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#editing-a-connection-with-the-ui">Editing a Connection with the UI</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-a-connection-from-the-cli">Creating a Connection from the CLI</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#exporting-connections-from-the-cli">Exporting Connections from the CLI</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#storing-a-connection-in-environment-variables">Storing a Connection in Environment Variables</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-bashrc-or-similar">Using .bashrc (or similar)</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-docker-env">Using docker .env</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#connection-uri-format">Connection URI format</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#generating-a-connection-uri">Generating a connection URI</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#encoding-arbitrary-json">Encoding arbitrary JSON</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#handling-of-special-characters-in-connection-params">Handling of special characters in connection params</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#securing-connections">Securing Connections</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#test-connections">Test Connections</a></li>
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