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<blockquote>
<div></div></blockquote>
<div class="section" id="kubernetes-executor">
<span id="executor-kubernetesexecutor"></span><h1>Kubernetes Executor<a class="headerlink" href="#kubernetes-executor" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>The Kubernetes executor runs each task instance in its own pod on a Kubernetes cluster.</p>
<p>KubernetesExecutor runs as a process in the Airflow Scheduler. The scheduler itself does
not necessarily need to be running on Kubernetes, but does need access to a Kubernetes cluster.</p>
<p>KubernetesExecutor requires a non-sqlite database in the backend.</p>
<p>When a DAG submits a task, the KubernetesExecutor requests a worker pod from the Kubernetes API. The worker pod then runs the task, reports the result, and terminates.</p>
<img alt="../_images/arch-diag-kubernetes.png" src="../_images/arch-diag-kubernetes.png" />
<p>One example of an Airflow deployment running on a distributed set of five nodes in a Kubernetes cluster is shown below.</p>
<img alt="../_images/arch-diag-kubernetes2.png" src="../_images/arch-diag-kubernetes2.png" />
<p>Consistent with the regular Airflow architecture, the Workers need access to the DAG files to execute the tasks within those DAGs and interact with the Metadata repository. Also, configuration information specific to the Kubernetes Executor, such as the worker namespace and image information, needs to be specified in the Airflow Configuration file.</p>
<p>Additionally, the Kubernetes Executor enables specification of additional features on a per-task basis using the Executor config.</p>
<img alt="../_images/k8s-happy-path.png" src="../_images/k8s-happy-path.png" />
<div class="section" id="configuration">
<h2>Configuration<a class="headerlink" href="#configuration" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<div class="section" id="pod-template-file">
<span id="concepts-pod-template-file"></span><h3>pod_template_file<a class="headerlink" href="#pod-template-file" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>To customize the pod used for k8s executor worker processes, you may create a pod template file. You must provide
the path to the template file in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pod_template_file</span></code> option in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">kubernetes</span></code> section of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">airflow.cfg</span></code>.</p>
<p>Airflow has two strict requirements for pod template files: base image and pod name.</p>
<div class="section" id="base-image">
<h4>Base image<a class="headerlink" href="#base-image" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h4>
<p>A <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pod_template_file</span></code> must have a container named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">base</span></code> at the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">spec.containers[0]</span></code> position, and
its <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">image</span></code> must be specified.</p>
<p>You are free to create sidecar containers after this required container, but Airflow assumes that the
airflow worker container exists at the beginning of the container array, and assumes that the
container is named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">base</span></code>.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Airflow may override the base container <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">image</span></code>, e.g. through <a class="reference internal" href="#concepts-pod-override"><span class="std std-ref">pod_override</span></a>
configuration; but it must be present in the template file and must not be blank.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="pod-name">
<h4>Pod name<a class="headerlink" href="#pod-name" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h4>
<p>The pod's <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">metadata.name</span></code> must be set in the template file. This field will <em>always</em> be set dynamically at
pod launch to guarantee uniqueness across all pods. But again, it must be included in the template, and cannot
be left blank.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="example-pod-templates">
<h3>Example pod templates<a class="headerlink" href="#example-pod-templates" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>With these requirements in mind, here are some examples of basic <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pod_template_file</span></code> YAML files.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>The examples below should work when using default airflow configuration values. However, many custom
configuration values need to be explicitly passed to the pod via this template too. This includes,
but is not limited to, sql configuration, required Airflow connections, dag folder path and
logging settings. See <a class="reference internal" href="../configurations-ref.html"><span class="doc">Configuration Reference</span></a> for details.</p>
</div>
<p>Storing DAGs in the image:</p>
<div class="highlight-yaml notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nn">---</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="nt">apiVersion</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">v1</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="nt">kind</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">Pod</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="nt">metadata</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">dummy-name</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="nt">spec</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">containers</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">env</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">AIRFLOW__CORE__EXECUTOR</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">value</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">LocalExecutor</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># Hard Coded Airflow Envs</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">AIRFLOW__CORE__FERNET_KEY</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">valueFrom</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">secretKeyRef</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">RELEASE-NAME-fernet-key</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">key</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">fernet-key</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">AIRFLOW__CORE__SQL_ALCHEMY_CONN</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">valueFrom</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">secretKeyRef</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">RELEASE-NAME-airflow-metadata</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">key</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">connection</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">AIRFLOW_CONN_AIRFLOW_DB</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">valueFrom</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">secretKeyRef</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">RELEASE-NAME-airflow-metadata</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">key</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">connection</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">image</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">dummy_image</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">imagePullPolicy</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">IfNotPresent</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">base</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">volumeMounts</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;/opt/airflow/logs&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">airflow-logs</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/opt/airflow/airflow.cfg</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">airflow-config</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">readOnly</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">true</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">subPath</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">airflow.cfg</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">restartPolicy</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">Never</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">securityContext</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">runAsUser</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">50000</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">fsGroup</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">50000</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">serviceAccountName</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;RELEASE-NAME-worker-serviceaccount&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">volumes</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">emptyDir</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">{}</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">airflow-logs</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">configMap</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">RELEASE-NAME-airflow-config</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">airflow-config</span><span class="w"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Storing DAGs in a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">persistentVolume</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-yaml notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nn">---</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="nt">apiVersion</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">v1</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="nt">kind</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">Pod</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="nt">metadata</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">dummy-name</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="nt">spec</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">containers</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">env</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">AIRFLOW__CORE__EXECUTOR</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">value</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">LocalExecutor</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># Hard Coded Airflow Envs</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">AIRFLOW__CORE__FERNET_KEY</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">valueFrom</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">secretKeyRef</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">RELEASE-NAME-fernet-key</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">key</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">fernet-key</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">AIRFLOW__CORE__SQL_ALCHEMY_CONN</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">valueFrom</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">secretKeyRef</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">RELEASE-NAME-airflow-metadata</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">key</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">connection</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">AIRFLOW_CONN_AIRFLOW_DB</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">valueFrom</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">secretKeyRef</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">RELEASE-NAME-airflow-metadata</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">key</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">connection</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">image</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">dummy_image</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">imagePullPolicy</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">IfNotPresent</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">base</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">volumeMounts</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;/opt/airflow/logs&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">airflow-logs</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/opt/airflow/dags</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">airflow-dags</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">readOnly</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">true</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/opt/airflow/airflow.cfg</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">airflow-config</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">readOnly</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">true</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">subPath</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">airflow.cfg</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">restartPolicy</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">Never</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">securityContext</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">runAsUser</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">50000</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">fsGroup</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">50000</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">serviceAccountName</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;RELEASE-NAME-worker-serviceaccount&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">volumes</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">airflow-dags</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">persistentVolumeClaim</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">claimName</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">RELEASE-NAME-dags</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">emptyDir</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">{}</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">airflow-logs</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">configMap</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">RELEASE-NAME-airflow-config</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">airflow-config</span><span class="w"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Pulling DAGs from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">git</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-yaml notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nn">---</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="nt">apiVersion</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">v1</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="nt">kind</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">Pod</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="nt">metadata</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">dummy-name</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="nt">spec</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">initContainers</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">git-sync</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">image</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;k8s.gcr.io/git-sync/git-sync:v3.3.0&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">env</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">GIT_SYNC_BRANCH</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">value</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;v2-1-stable&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">GIT_SYNC_REPO</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">value</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;https://github.com/apache/airflow.git&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">GIT_SYNC_DEPTH</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">value</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;1&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">GIT_SYNC_ROOT</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">value</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;/git&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">GIT_SYNC_DEST</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">value</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;repo&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">GIT_SYNC_ADD_USER</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">value</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;true&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">GIT_SYNC_ONE_TIME</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">value</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;true&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">volumeMounts</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">airflow-dags</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/git</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">containers</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">env</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">AIRFLOW__CORE__EXECUTOR</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">value</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">LocalExecutor</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># Hard Coded Airflow Envs</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">AIRFLOW__CORE__FERNET_KEY</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">valueFrom</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">secretKeyRef</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">RELEASE-NAME-fernet-key</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">key</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">fernet-key</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">AIRFLOW__CORE__SQL_ALCHEMY_CONN</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">valueFrom</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">secretKeyRef</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">RELEASE-NAME-airflow-metadata</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">key</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">connection</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">AIRFLOW_CONN_AIRFLOW_DB</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">valueFrom</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">secretKeyRef</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">RELEASE-NAME-airflow-metadata</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">key</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">connection</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">image</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">dummy_image</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">imagePullPolicy</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">IfNotPresent</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">base</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">volumeMounts</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;/opt/airflow/logs&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">airflow-logs</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/opt/airflow/dags</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">airflow-dags</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">subPath</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">repo/airflow/example_dags</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">readOnly</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">false</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/opt/airflow/airflow.cfg</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">airflow-config</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">readOnly</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">true</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">subPath</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">airflow.cfg</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">restartPolicy</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">Never</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">securityContext</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">runAsUser</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">50000</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">fsGroup</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">50000</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">serviceAccountName</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;RELEASE-NAME-worker-serviceaccount&quot;</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">volumes</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">airflow-dags</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">emptyDir</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">{}</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">airflow-logs</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">emptyDir</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">{}</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">configMap</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">RELEASE-NAME-airflow-config</span><span class="w"></span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">airflow-config</span><span class="w"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="pod-override">
<span id="concepts-pod-override"></span><h3>pod_override<a class="headerlink" href="#pod-override" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>When using the KubernetesExecutor, Airflow offers the ability to override system defaults on a per-task basis.
To utilize this functionality, create a Kubernetes V1pod object and fill in your desired overrides.
Please note that the scheduler will override the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">metadata.name</span></code> of the V1pod before launching it.</p>
<p>To overwrite the base container of the pod launched by the KubernetesExecutor,
create a V1pod with a single container, and overwrite the fields as follows:</p>
<div class="example-block-wrapper docutils container">
<p class="example-header example-header--with-button"><span class="example-title">airflow/example_dags/example_kubernetes_executor.py</span><a class="example-header-button viewcode-button reference internal" href="../_modules/airflow/example_dags/example_kubernetes_executor.html"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a></p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="n">executor_config_volume_mount</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;pod_override&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">k8s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">V1Pod</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">k8s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">V1PodSpec</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">containers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span>
<span class="n">k8s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">V1Container</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;base&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">volume_mounts</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span>
<span class="n">k8s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">V1VolumeMount</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mount_path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/foo/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;example-kubernetes-test-volume&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">],</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">],</span>
<span class="n">volumes</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span>
<span class="n">k8s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">V1Volume</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;example-kubernetes-test-volume&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">host_path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">k8s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">V1HostPathVolumeSource</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/tmp/&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">],</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="nd">@task</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">executor_config</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">executor_config_volume_mount</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_volume_mount</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd"> Tests whether the volume has been mounted.</span>
<span class="sd"> &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;/foo/volume_mount_test.txt&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;w&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Hello&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">return_code</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">system</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;cat /foo/volume_mount_test.txt&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">return_code</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&quot;Error when checking volume mount. Return code </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">return_code</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">volume_task</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">test_volume_mount</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Note that the following fields <strong>will all be extended</strong> instead of overwritten. From <em>spec</em>: volumes, and init_containers. From <em>container</em>: volume mounts, environment variables, ports, and devices.</p>
<p>To add a sidecar container to the launched pod, create a V1pod with an empty first container with the
name <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">base</span></code> and a second container containing your desired sidecar.</p>
<div class="example-block-wrapper docutils container">
<p class="example-header example-header--with-button"><span class="example-title">airflow/example_dags/example_kubernetes_executor.py</span><a class="example-header-button viewcode-button reference internal" href="../_modules/airflow/example_dags/example_kubernetes_executor.html"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a></p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="n">executor_config_sidecar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;pod_override&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">k8s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">V1Pod</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">spec</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">k8s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">V1PodSpec</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">containers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span>
<span class="n">k8s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">V1Container</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;base&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">volume_mounts</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">k8s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">V1VolumeMount</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mount_path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/shared/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;shared-empty-dir&quot;</span><span class="p">)],</span>
<span class="p">),</span>
<span class="n">k8s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">V1Container</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;sidecar&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">image</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;ubuntu&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;echo </span><span class="se">\&quot;</span><span class="s2">retrieved from mount</span><span class="se">\&quot;</span><span class="s2"> &gt; /shared/test.txt&quot;</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="n">command</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;bash&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;-cx&quot;</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="n">volume_mounts</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">k8s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">V1VolumeMount</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mount_path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;/shared/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;shared-empty-dir&quot;</span><span class="p">)],</span>
<span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">],</span>
<span class="n">volumes</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span>
<span class="n">k8s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">V1Volume</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;shared-empty-dir&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">empty_dir</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">k8s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">V1EmptyDirVolumeSource</span><span class="p">()),</span>
<span class="p">],</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="nd">@task</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">executor_config</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">executor_config_sidecar</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test_sharedvolume_mount</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="sd"> Tests whether the volume has been mounted.</span>
<span class="sd"> &quot;&quot;&quot;</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">return_code</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">system</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;cat /shared/test.txt&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">return_code</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&quot;Error when checking volume mount. Return code </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">return_code</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">e</span>
<span class="n">sidecar_task</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">test_sharedvolume_mount</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>You can also create custom <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pod_template_file</span></code> on a per-task basis so that you can recycle the same base values between multiple tasks.
This will replace the default <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pod_template_file</span></code> named in the airflow.cfg and then override that template using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pod_override</span></code>.</p>
<p>Here is an example of a task with both features:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pendulum</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">airflow</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">DAG</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">airflow.decorators</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">task</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">airflow.example_dags.libs.helper</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">print_stuff</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">airflow.settings</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">AIRFLOW_HOME</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">kubernetes.client</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">models</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">k8s</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">DAG</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">dag_id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;example_pod_template_file&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">schedule_interval</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">start_date</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">pendulum</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">datetime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2021</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tz</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;UTC&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="n">catchup</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">tags</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;example3&quot;</span><span class="p">],</span>
<span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">dag</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">executor_config_template</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;pod_template_file&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">AIRFLOW_HOME</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;pod_templates/basic_template.yaml&quot;</span>
<span class="p">),</span>
<span class="s2">&quot;pod_override&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">k8s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">V1Pod</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">metadata</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">k8s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">V1ObjectMeta</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">labels</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&quot;release&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;stable&quot;</span><span class="p">})</span>
<span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="nd">@task</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">executor_config</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">executor_config_template</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">task_with_template</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">print_stuff</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="managing-dags-and-logs">
<h3>Managing dags and logs<a class="headerlink" href="#managing-dags-and-logs" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>Use of persistent volumes is optional and depends on your configuration.</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>Dags</strong>:</p></li>
</ul>
<p>To get the DAGs into the workers, you can:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Include dags in the image.</p></li>
<li><p>Use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">git-sync</span></code> which, before starting the worker container, will run a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">git</span> <span class="pre">pull</span></code> of the dags repository.</p></li>
<li><p>Storing dags on a persistent volume, which can be mounted on all workers.</p></li>
</ul>
</div></blockquote>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>Logs</strong>:</p></li>
</ul>
<p>To get task logs out of the workers, you can:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ul class="simple">
<li><p>Use a persistent volume mounted on both the webserver and workers.</p></li>
<li><p>Enable remote logging.</p></li>
</ul>
</div></blockquote>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>If you don't enable logging persistence, and if you have not enabled remote logging, logs will be lost after the worker pods shut down.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="comparison-with-celeryexecutor">
<h2>Comparison with CeleryExecutor<a class="headerlink" href="#comparison-with-celeryexecutor" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>In contrast to CeleryExecutor, KubernetesExecutor does not require additional components such as Redis and Flower, but does require access to Kubernetes cluster.</p>
<p>With KubernetesExecutor, each task runs in its own pod. The pod is created when the task is queued, and terminates when the task completes.
Historically, in scenarios such as burstable workloads, this presented a resource utilization advantage over CeleryExecutor, where you needed
a fixed number of long-running celery worker pods, whether or not there were tasks to run.</p>
<p>However, the <a class="reference external" href="/docs/helm-chart/stable/index.html" title="(in helm-chart v1.6.0-dev)"><span class="xref std std-doc">official Apache Airflow Helm chart</span></a> can automatically scale celery workers down to zero based on the number of tasks in the queue,
so when using the official chart, this is no longer an advantage.</p>
<p>With Celery workers you will tend to have less task latency because the worker pod is already up and running when the task is queued. On the
other hand, because multiple tasks are running in the same pod, with Celery you may have to be more mindful about resource utilization
in your task design, particularly memory consumption.</p>
<p>One scenario where KubernetesExecutor can be helpful is if you have long-running tasks, because if you deploy while a task is running,
the task will keep running until it completes (or times out, etc). But with CeleryExecutor, provided you have set a grace period, the
task will only keep running up until the grace period has elapsed, at which time the task will be terminated. Another scenario where
KubernetesExecutor can work well is when your tasks are not very uniform with respect to resource requirements or images.</p>
<p>Finally, note that it does not have to be either-or; with CeleryKubernetesExecutor, it is possible to use both CeleryExecutor and
KubernetesExecutor simultaneously on the same cluster. CeleryKubernetesExecutor will look at a task's <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">queue</span></code> to determine
whether to run on Celery or Kubernetes. By default, tasks are sent to Celery workers, but if you want a task to run using KubernetesExecutor,
you send it to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">kubernetes</span></code> queue and it will run in its own pod. And KubernetesPodOperator can be used
to similar effect, no matter what executor you are using.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="fault-tolerance">
<h2>Fault Tolerance<a class="headerlink" href="#fault-tolerance" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<div class="admonition tip">
<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
<p>To troubleshoot issues with KubernetesExecutor, you can use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">airflow</span> <span class="pre">kubernetes</span> <span class="pre">generate-dag-yaml</span></code> command.
This command generates the pods as they will be launched in Kubernetes and dumps them into yaml files for you to inspect.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="handling-worker-pod-crashes">
<h3>Handling Worker Pod Crashes<a class="headerlink" href="#handling-worker-pod-crashes" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>When dealing with distributed systems, we need a system that assumes that any component can crash at any moment for reasons ranging from OOM errors to node upgrades.</p>
<p>In the case where a worker dies before it can report its status to the backend DB, the executor can use a Kubernetes watcher thread to discover the failed pod.</p>
<img alt="../_images/k8s-failed-pod.png" src="../_images/k8s-failed-pod.png" />
<p>A Kubernetes watcher is a thread that can subscribe to every change that occurs in Kubernetes' database. It is alerted when pods start, run, end, and fail.
By monitoring this stream, the KubernetesExecutor can discover that the worker crashed and correctly report the task as failed.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="but-what-about-cases-where-the-scheduler-pod-crashes">
<h3>But What About Cases Where the Scheduler Pod Crashes?<a class="headerlink" href="#but-what-about-cases-where-the-scheduler-pod-crashes" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>In cases of scheduler crashes, the scheduler will recover its state using the watcher's <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resourceVersion</span></code>.</p>
<p>When monitoring the Kubernetes cluster's watcher thread, each event has a monotonically rising number called a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resourceVersion</span></code>.
Every time the executor reads a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resourceVersion</span></code>, the executor stores the latest value in the backend database.
Because the resourceVersion is stored, the scheduler can restart and continue reading the watcher stream from where it left off.
Since the tasks are run independently of the executor and report results directly to the database, scheduler failures will not lead to task failures or re-runs.</p>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#configuration">Configuration</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fault-tolerance">Fault Tolerance</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#but-what-about-cases-where-the-scheduler-pod-crashes">But What About Cases Where the Scheduler Pod Crashes?</a></li>
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