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<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">Content</span></p>
<ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../index.html">Overview</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../start.html">Quick Start</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html">Installation of Airflow™</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../security/index.html">Security</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html">Tutorials</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">How-to Guides</a><ul class="current">
<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Using the CLI</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#set-up-bash-zsh-completion">Set Up Bash/Zsh Completion</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-a-connection">Creating a Connection</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#exporting-dag-structure-as-an-image">Exporting DAG structure as an image</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#display-dags-structure">Display DAGs structure</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#formatting-commands-output">Formatting commands output</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#purge-history-from-metadata-database">Purge history from metadata database</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#export-the-purged-records-from-the-archive-tables">Export the purged records from the archive tables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#dropping-the-archived-tables">Dropping the archived tables</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#beware-cascading-deletes">Beware cascading deletes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#special-handling-for-dag-runs">Special handling for DAG runs</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="operator/index.html">Using Operators</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="operator/index.html">Using Operators</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../configurations-ref.html">Configurations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../extra-packages-ref.html">Extra packages</a></li>
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<blockquote>
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<div class="section" id="using-the-command-line-interface">
<h1>Using the Command Line Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-command-line-interface" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h1>
<p>This document is meant to give an overview of all common tasks while using the CLI.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>For more information on CLI commands, see <a class="reference internal" href="../cli-and-env-variables-ref.html"><span class="doc">Command Line Interface and Environment Variables Reference</span></a></p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="set-up-bash-zsh-completion">
<span id="cli-remote"></span><h2>Set Up Bash/Zsh Completion<a class="headerlink" href="#set-up-bash-zsh-completion" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>When using bash (or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zsh</span></code>) as your shell, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">airflow</span></code> can use
<a class="reference external" href="https://argcomplete.readthedocs.io/">argcomplete</a> for auto-completion.</p>
<p>For <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/kislyuk/argcomplete#activating-global-completion">global activation</a> of all argcomplete enabled python applications run:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo<span class="w"> </span>activate-global-python-argcomplete
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>For permanent (but not global) airflow activation, use:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>register-python-argcomplete<span class="w"> </span>airflow<span class="w"> </span>&gt;&gt;<span class="w"> </span>~/.bashrc
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>For one-time activation of argcomplete for airflow only, use:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">eval</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="k">$(</span>register-python-argcomplete<span class="w"> </span>airflow<span class="k">)</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<img alt="../_images/cli_completion.gif" src="../_images/cli_completion.gif" />
<p>If you’re using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zsh</span></code>, add the following to your <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.zshrc</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>autoload<span class="w"> </span>bashcompinit
bashcompinit
<span class="nb">eval</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="k">$(</span>register-python-argcomplete<span class="w"> </span>airflow<span class="k">)</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>
</pre></div>
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<div class="section" id="creating-a-connection">
<h2>Creating a Connection<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-a-connection" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>For information on creating connections using the CLI, see <a class="reference internal" href="connection.html#connection-cli"><span class="std std-ref">Creating a Connection from the CLI</span></a></p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="exporting-dag-structure-as-an-image">
<h2>Exporting DAG structure as an image<a class="headerlink" href="#exporting-dag-structure-as-an-image" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>Airflow lets you print or save your DAG structure as an image. This is useful for documenting or sharing your DAG structure. You’ll need to have <a class="reference external" href="https://graphviz.gitlab.io/download/">Graphviz</a> installed.</p>
<p>For example, to print the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">example_complex</span></code> DAG to the terminal:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>airflow<span class="w"> </span>dags<span class="w"> </span>show<span class="w"> </span>example_complex
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This will print the rendered DAG structure (similar to <a class="reference internal" href="../ui.html#ui-graph-view"><span class="std std-ref">Graph</span></a>) to the screen in DOT format.</p>
<p>Multiple file formats are supported. To use them, add the argument <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--save</span> <span class="pre">[filename].[format]</span></code>.</p>
<p>To save the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">example_complex</span></code> DAG as a PNG file:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>airflow<span class="w"> </span>dags<span class="w"> </span>show<span class="w"> </span>example_complex<span class="w"> </span>--save<span class="w"> </span>example_complex.png
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This will save the following image as a file:</p>
<div class="figure align-default" id="id2">
<a class="reference internal image-reference" href="../_images/usage_cli_export.png"><img alt="../_images/usage_cli_export.png" src="../_images/usage_cli_export.png" style="width: 100%;" /></a>
<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">Example DAG representation</span><a class="headerlink" href="#id2" title="Permalink to this image"></a></p>
</div>
<p>The following file formats are supported:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bmp</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">canon</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dot</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gv</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xdot</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xdot1.2</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xdot1.4</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cgimage</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmap</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">eps</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exr</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fig</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gd</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gd2</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gif</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gtk</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ico</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imap</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmapx</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imap_np</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmapx_np</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ismap</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">jp2</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">jpg</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">jpeg</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">jpe</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json0</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dot_json</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xdot_json</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pct</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pict</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pdf</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pic</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plain</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plain-ext</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">png</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pov</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ps</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ps2</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">psd</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sgi</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">svg</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">svgz</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tga</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tif</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tiff</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tk</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">vml</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">vmlz</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">vrml</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wbmp</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">webp</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xlib</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x11</span></code></p></li>
</ul>
</div></blockquote>
<p>By default, Airflow looks for DAGs in the directory specified by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dags_folder</span></code> option in the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[core]</span></code> section of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">airflow.cfg</span></code> file. You can select a new directory with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--subdir</span></code> argument.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="display-dags-structure">
<h2>Display DAGs structure<a class="headerlink" href="#display-dags-structure" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>Sometimes you will work on DAGs that contain complex dependencies. It is helpful then to preview
the DAG to see if it is correct.</p>
<p>If you have macOS, you can use <a class="reference external" href="https://iterm2.com/">iTerm2</a> together with
the <a class="reference external" href="https://www.iterm2.com/documentation-images.html">imgcat</a> script to display the DAG structure in the
console. You also need to have <a class="reference external" href="https://graphviz.gitlab.io/download/">Graphviz</a> installed.</p>
<p>Other terminals do not support the display of high-quality graphics. You can convert the image to a text
form, but its resolution will prevent you from reading it.</p>
<p>To do this, you should use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--imgcat</span></code> switch in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">airflow</span> <span class="pre">dags</span> <span class="pre">show</span></code> command. For example, if you
want to display <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">example_bash_operator</span></code> DAG then you can use the following command:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>airflow<span class="w"> </span>dags<span class="w"> </span>show<span class="w"> </span>example_bash_operator<span class="w"> </span>--imgcat
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You will see a similar result as in the screenshot below.</p>
<div class="figure align-default" id="id3">
<img alt="../_images/usage_cli_imgcat.png" src="../_images/usage_cli_imgcat.png" />
<p class="caption"><span class="caption-text">Preview of DAG in iTerm2</span><a class="headerlink" href="#id3" title="Permalink to this image"></a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="formatting-commands-output">
<h2>Formatting commands output<a class="headerlink" href="#formatting-commands-output" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>Some Airflow commands like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">airflow</span> <span class="pre">dags</span> <span class="pre">list</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">airflow</span> <span class="pre">tasks</span> <span class="pre">states-for-dag-run</span></code> support <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--output</span></code> flag
which allow users to change the formatting of command’s output. Possible options:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">table</span></code> - renders the information as a plain text table</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">simple</span></code> - renders the information as simple table which can be parsed by standard linux utilities</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json</span></code> - renders the information in form of json string</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">yaml</span></code> - render the information in form of valid yaml</p></li>
</ul>
</div></blockquote>
<p>Both <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">yaml</span></code> formats make it easier to manipulate the data using command line tools like
<a class="reference external" href="https://stedolan.github.io/jq/">jq</a> or <a class="reference external" href="https://kislyuk.github.io/yq/">yq</a>. For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>airflow<span class="w"> </span>tasks<span class="w"> </span>states-for-dag-run<span class="w"> </span>example_complex<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">2020</span>-11-13T00:00:00+00:00<span class="w"> </span>--output<span class="w"> </span>json<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>jq<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;.[] | {sd: .start_date, ed: .end_date}&quot;</span>
<span class="o">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;sd&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;2020-11-29T14:53:46.811030+00:00&quot;</span>,
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;ed&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;2020-11-29T14:53:46.974545+00:00&quot;</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
<span class="o">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;sd&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;2020-11-29T14:53:56.926441+00:00&quot;</span>,
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;ed&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;2020-11-29T14:53:57.118781+00:00&quot;</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
<span class="o">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;sd&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;2020-11-29T14:53:56.915802+00:00&quot;</span>,
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;ed&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;2020-11-29T14:53:57.125230+00:00&quot;</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
<span class="o">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;sd&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;2020-11-29T14:53:56.922131+00:00&quot;</span>,
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;ed&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;2020-11-29T14:53:57.129091+00:00&quot;</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
<span class="o">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;sd&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;2020-11-29T14:53:56.931243+00:00&quot;</span>,
<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;ed&quot;</span>:<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;2020-11-29T14:53:57.126306+00:00&quot;</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="purge-history-from-metadata-database">
<span id="cli-db-clean"></span><h2>Purge history from metadata database<a class="headerlink" href="#purge-history-from-metadata-database" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>It’s strongly recommended that you backup the metadata database before running the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">db</span> <span class="pre">clean</span></code> command.</p>
</div>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">db</span> <span class="pre">clean</span></code> command works by deleting from each table the records older than the provided <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--clean-before-timestamp</span></code>.</p>
<p>You can optionally provide a list of tables to perform deletes on. If no list of tables is supplied, all tables will be included.</p>
<p>You can use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--dry-run</span></code> option to print the row counts in the primary tables to be cleaned.</p>
<p>By default, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">db</span> <span class="pre">clean</span></code> will archive purged rows in tables of the form <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_airflow_deleted__&lt;table&gt;__&lt;timestamp&gt;</span></code>. If you don’t want the data preserved in this way, you may supply argument <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--skip-archive</span></code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="export-the-purged-records-from-the-archive-tables">
<h2>Export the purged records from the archive tables<a class="headerlink" href="#export-the-purged-records-from-the-archive-tables" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">db</span> <span class="pre">export-archived</span></code> command exports the contents of the archived tables, created by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">db</span> <span class="pre">clean</span></code> command,
to a specified format, by default to a CSV file. The exported file will contain the records that were purged from the
primary tables during the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">db</span> <span class="pre">clean</span></code> process.</p>
<p>You can specify the export format using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--export-format</span></code> option. The default format is csv and is also the only
supported format at the moment.</p>
<p>You must also specify the location of the path to which you want to export the data using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--output-path</span></code> option. This
location must exist.</p>
<p>Other options include: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--tables</span></code> to specify the tables to export, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--drop-archives</span></code> to drop the archive tables after
exporting.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="dropping-the-archived-tables">
<h2>Dropping the archived tables<a class="headerlink" href="#dropping-the-archived-tables" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>If during the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">db</span> <span class="pre">clean</span></code> process, you did not use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--skip-archive</span></code> option which drops the archived table, you can
still drop the archive tables using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">db</span> <span class="pre">drop-archived</span></code> command. This operation is irreversible and you are encouraged
to use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">db</span> <span class="pre">export-archived</span></code> command to backup the tables to disk before dropping them.</p>
<p>You can specify the tables to drop using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--tables</span></code> option. If no tables are specified, all archive tables will be
dropped.</p>
<div class="section" id="beware-cascading-deletes">
<h3>Beware cascading deletes<a class="headerlink" href="#beware-cascading-deletes" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>Keep in mind that some tables have foreign key relationships defined with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ON</span> <span class="pre">DELETE</span> <span class="pre">CASCADE</span></code> so deletes in one table may trigger deletes in others. For example, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">task_instance</span></code> table keys to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dag_run</span></code> table, so if a DagRun record is deleted, all of its associated task instances will also be deleted.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="special-handling-for-dag-runs">
<h3>Special handling for DAG runs<a class="headerlink" href="#special-handling-for-dag-runs" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>Commonly, Airflow determines which DagRun to run next by looking up the latest DagRun. If you delete all DAG runs, Airflow may schedule an old DAG run that was already completed, e.g. if you have set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">catchup=True</span></code>. So the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">db</span> <span class="pre">clean</span></code> command will preserve the latest non-manually-triggered DAG run to preserve continuity in scheduling.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="considerations-for-backfillable-dags">
<h3>Considerations for backfillable DAGs<a class="headerlink" href="#considerations-for-backfillable-dags" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>Not all DAGs are designed for use with Airflow’s backfill command. But for those which are, special care is warranted. If you delete DAG runs, and if you run backfill over a range of dates that includes the deleted DAG runs, those runs will be recreated and run again. For this reason, if you have DAGs that fall into this category you may want to refrain from deleting DAG runs and only clean other large tables such as task instance and log etc.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="upgrading-airflow">
<span id="cli-db-migrate"></span><h2>Upgrading Airflow<a class="headerlink" href="#upgrading-airflow" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>Run <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">airflow</span> <span class="pre">db</span> <span class="pre">migrate</span> <span class="pre">--help</span></code> for usage details.</p>
<div class="section" id="running-migrations-manually">
<h3>Running migrations manually<a class="headerlink" href="#running-migrations-manually" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>If desired, you can generate the sql statements for an upgrade and apply each upgrade migration manually, one at a time. To do so you may use either the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--range</span></code> (for Airflow version) or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--revision-range</span></code> (for Alembic revision) option with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">db</span> <span class="pre">migrate</span></code>. Do <em>not</em> skip running the Alembic revision id update commands; this is how Airflow will know where you are upgrading from the next time you need to. See <a class="reference internal" href="../migrations-ref.html"><span class="doc">Reference for Database Migrations</span></a> for a mapping between revision and version.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="downgrading-airflow">
<span id="cli-db-downgrade"></span><h2>Downgrading Airflow<a class="headerlink" href="#downgrading-airflow" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>It’s recommended that you backup your database before running <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">db</span> <span class="pre">downgrade</span></code> or any other database operation.</p>
</div>
<p>You can downgrade to a particular Airflow version with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">db</span> <span class="pre">downgrade</span></code> command. Alternatively you may provide an Alembic revision id to downgrade to.</p>
<p>If you want to preview the commands but not execute them, use option <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--show-sql-only</span></code>.</p>
<p>Options <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--from-revision</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--from-version</span></code> may only be used in conjunction with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--show-sql-only</span></code> option, because when actually <em>running</em> migrations we should always downgrade from current revision.</p>
<p>For a mapping between Airflow version and Alembic revision see <a class="reference internal" href="../migrations-ref.html"><span class="doc">Reference for Database Migrations</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="exporting-connections">
<span id="cli-export-connections"></span><h2>Exporting Connections<a class="headerlink" href="#exporting-connections" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>You may export connections from the database using the CLI. The supported file formats are <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">yaml</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">env</span></code>.</p>
<p>You may specify the target file as the parameter:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>airflow<span class="w"> </span>connections<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">export</span><span class="w"> </span>connections.json
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Alternatively you may specify <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">file-format</span></code> parameter for overriding the file format:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>airflow<span class="w"> </span>connections<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">export</span><span class="w"> </span>/tmp/connections<span class="w"> </span>--file-format<span class="w"> </span>yaml
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You may also specify <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-</span></code> for STDOUT:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>airflow<span class="w"> </span>connections<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">export</span><span class="w"> </span>-
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The JSON format contains an object where the key contains the connection ID and the value contains the definition of the connection. In this format, the connection is defined as a JSON object. The following is a sample JSON file.</p>
<div class="highlight-json notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;airflow_db&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;conn_type&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;mysql&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;host&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;mysql&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;login&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;root&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;password&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;plainpassword&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;schema&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;airflow&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;port&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;extra&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;druid_broker_default&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;conn_type&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;druid&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;host&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;druid-broker&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;login&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;password&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;schema&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">null</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;port&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">8082</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">&quot;extra&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;{\&quot;endpoint\&quot;: \&quot;druid/v2/sql\&quot;}&quot;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The YAML file structure is similar to that of a JSON. The key-value pair of connection ID and the definitions of one or more connections. In this format, the connection is defined as a YAML object. The following is a sample YAML file.</p>
<div class="highlight-yaml notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nt">airflow_db</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">conn_type</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mysql</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">extra</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">null</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">host</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mysql</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">login</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">root</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">password</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">plainpassword</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">port</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">null</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">schema</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">airflow</span>
<span class="nt">druid_broker_default</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">conn_type</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">druid</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">extra</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&#39;{&quot;endpoint&quot;:</span><span class="nv"> </span><span class="s">&quot;druid/v2/sql&quot;}&#39;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">host</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">druid-broker</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">login</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">null</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">password</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">null</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">port</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">8082</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">schema</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">null</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You may also export connections in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.env</span></code> format. The key is the connection ID, and the value is the serialized representation of the connection, using either Airflow’s Connection URI format or JSON. To use JSON provide option <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--serialization-format=json</span></code> otherwise the Airflow Connection URI format will be used. The following are sample <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.env</span></code> files using the two formats.</p>
<p>URI example:</p>
<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>airflow_db=mysql://root:plainpassword@mysql/airflow
druid_broker_default=druid://druid-broker:8082?endpoint=druid%2Fv2%2Fsql
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>JSON example output:</p>
<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>airflow_db={&quot;conn_type&quot;: &quot;mysql&quot;, &quot;login&quot;: &quot;root&quot;, &quot;password&quot;: &quot;plainpassword&quot;, &quot;host&quot;: &quot;mysql&quot;, &quot;schema&quot;: &quot;airflow&quot;}
druid_broker_default={&quot;conn_type&quot;: &quot;druid&quot;, &quot;host&quot;: &quot;druid-broker&quot;, &quot;port&quot;: 8082, &quot;extra&quot;: &quot;{\&quot;endpoint\&quot;: \&quot;druid/v2/sql\&quot;}&quot;}
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="testing-for-dag-import-errors">
<h2>Testing for DAG Import Errors<a class="headerlink" href="#testing-for-dag-import-errors" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>The CLI can be used to check whether any discovered DAGs have import errors via the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list-import-errors</span></code> subcommand. It is possible to create an automation step which fails if any DAGs cannot be imported by checking the command output, particularly when used with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--output</span></code> to generate a standard file format.
For example, the default output when there are no errors is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">No</span> <span class="pre">data</span> <span class="pre">found</span></code>, and the json output is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">[]</span></code>. The check can then be run in CI or pre-commit to speed up the review process and testing.</p>
<p>Example command that fails if there are any errors, using <a class="reference external" href="https://jqlang.github.io/jq/">jq</a> to parse the output:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>airflow<span class="w"> </span>dags<span class="w"> </span>list-import-errors<span class="w"> </span>--output<span class="o">=</span>json<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>jq<span class="w"> </span>-e<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;select(type==&quot;array&quot; and length == 0)&#39;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The line can be added to automation as-is, or if you want to print the output you can use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tee</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>airflow<span class="w"> </span>dags<span class="w"> </span>list-import-errors<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>tee<span class="w"> </span>import_errors.txt<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span><span class="w"> </span>jq<span class="w"> </span>-e<span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;select(type==&quot;array&quot; and length == 0)&#39;</span><span class="w"> </span>import_errors.txt
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example in a Jenkins pipeline:</p>
<div class="highlight-groovy notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">stage</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;All DAGs are loadable&#39;</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">steps</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">{</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sh</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">&#39;airflow dags list-import-errors | tee import_errors.txt &amp;&amp; jq -e \&#39;select(type==&quot;array&quot; and length == 0)\&#39; import_errors.txt&#39;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">}</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>For this to work accurately, you must ensure Airflow does not log any additional text to stdout. For example, you may need to fix any deprecation warnings, add <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2&gt;/dev/null</span></code> to your command, or set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lazy_load_plugins</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">True</span></code> in the Airflow config if you have a plugin that generates logs when loaded.</p>
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