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| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#what-does-execution-date-mean">What does <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">execution_date</span></code> mean?</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-reduce-the-airflow-ui-page-load-time">How to reduce the airflow UI page load time?</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#why-did-the-pause-dag-toggle-turn-red">Why did the pause dag toggle turn red?</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#does-airflow-support-extended-ascii-or-unicode-characters">Does Airflow support extended ASCII or unicode characters?</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-fix-exception-global-variable-explicit-defaults-for-timestamp-needs-to-be-on-1">How to fix Exception: Global variable <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">explicit_defaults_for_timestamp</span></code> needs to be on (1)?</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#why-is-task-not-getting-scheduled">Why is task not getting scheduled?</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-improve-dag-performance">How to improve DAG performance?</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-reduce-dag-scheduling-latency-task-delay">How to reduce DAG scheduling latency / task delay?</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-trigger-tasks-based-on-another-task-s-failure">How do I trigger tasks based on another task's failure?</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#when-there-are-a-lot-1000-of-dags-files-how-to-speed-up-parsing-of-new-files">When there are a lot (>1000) of dags files, how to speed up parsing of new files?</a></li> |
| </ul> |
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#dag-construction">DAG construction</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#what-s-the-deal-with-start-date">What's the deal with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start_date</span></code>?</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#what-does-execution-date-mean">What does <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">execution_date</span></code> mean?</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-create-dags-dynamically">How to create DAGs dynamically?</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#are-top-level-python-code-allowed">Are top level Python code allowed?</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#do-macros-resolves-in-another-jinja-template">Do Macros resolves in another Jinja template?</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#why-next-ds-or-prev-ds-might-not-contain-expected-values">Why <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next_ds</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prev_ds</span></code> might not contain expected values?</a></li> |
| </ul> |
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#task-execution-interactions">Task execution interactions</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#what-does-templatenotfound-mean">What does <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateNotFound</span></code> mean?</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-trigger-tasks-based-on-another-task-s-failure">How to trigger tasks based on another task's failure?</a></li> |
| </ul> |
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#airflow-ui">Airflow UI</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-stop-the-sync-perms-happening-multiple-times-per-webserver">How do I stop the sync perms happening multiple times per webserver?</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-reduce-the-airflow-ui-page-load-time">How to reduce the airflow UI page load time?</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#why-did-the-pause-dag-toggle-turn-red">Why did the pause dag toggle turn red?</a></li> |
| </ul> |
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#mysql-and-mysql-variant-databases">MySQL and MySQL variant Databases</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#what-does-mysql-server-has-gone-away-mean">What does "MySQL Server has gone away" mean?</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#does-airflow-support-extended-ascii-or-unicode-characters">Does Airflow support extended ASCII or unicode characters?</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-fix-exception-global-variable-explicit-defaults-for-timestamp-needs-to-be-on-1">How to fix Exception: Global variable <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">explicit_defaults_for_timestamp</span></code> needs to be on (1)?</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="python-api-ref.html">Python API</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="stable-rest-api-ref.html">Stable REST API</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="deprecated-rest-api-ref.html">Deprecated REST API</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="configurations-ref.html">Configurations</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="extra-packages-ref.html">Extra packages</a></li> |
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| <div></div></blockquote> |
| <div class="section" id="faq"> |
| <span id="id1"></span><h1>FAQ<a class="headerlink" href="#faq" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> |
| <div class="section" id="scheduling-dag-file-parsing"> |
| <h2>Scheduling / DAG file parsing<a class="headerlink" href="#scheduling-dag-file-parsing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <div class="section" id="why-is-task-not-getting-scheduled"> |
| <h3>Why is task not getting scheduled?<a class="headerlink" href="#why-is-task-not-getting-scheduled" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>There are very many reasons why your task might not be getting scheduled. Here are some of the common causes:</p> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li><p>Does your script "compile", can the Airflow engine parse it and find your |
| DAG object? To test this, you can run <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">airflow</span> <span class="pre">dags</span> <span class="pre">list</span></code> and |
| confirm that your DAG shows up in the list. You can also run |
| <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">airflow</span> <span class="pre">tasks</span> <span class="pre">list</span> <span class="pre">foo_dag_id</span> <span class="pre">--tree</span></code> and confirm that your task |
| shows up in the list as expected. If you use the CeleryExecutor, you |
| may want to confirm that this works both where the scheduler runs as well |
| as where the worker runs.</p></li> |
| <li><p>Does the file containing your DAG contain the string "airflow" and "DAG" somewhere |
| in the contents? When searching the DAG directory, Airflow ignores files not containing |
| "airflow" and "DAG" in order to prevent the DagBag parsing from importing all python |
| files collocated with user's DAGs.</p></li> |
| <li><p>Is your <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start_date</span></code> set properly? The Airflow scheduler triggers the |
| task soon after the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start_date</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">schedule_interval</span></code> is passed.</p></li> |
| <li><p>Is your <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">schedule_interval</span></code> set properly? The default <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">schedule_interval</span></code> |
| is one day (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">datetime.timedelta(1)</span></code>). You must specify a different <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">schedule_interval</span></code> |
| directly to the DAG object you instantiate, not as a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">default_param</span></code>, as task instances |
| do not override their parent DAG's <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">schedule_interval</span></code>.</p></li> |
| <li><p>Is your <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start_date</span></code> beyond where you can see it in the UI? If you |
| set your <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start_date</span></code> to some time say 3 months ago, you won't be able to see |
| it in the main view in the UI, but you should be able to see it in the |
| <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Menu</span> <span class="pre">-></span> <span class="pre">Browse</span> <span class="pre">->Task</span> <span class="pre">Instances</span></code>.</p></li> |
| <li><p>Are the dependencies for the task met? The task instances directly |
| upstream from the task need to be in a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">success</span></code> state. Also, |
| if you have set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">depends_on_past=True</span></code>, the previous task instance |
| needs to have succeeded (except if it is the first run for that task). |
| Also, if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wait_for_downstream=True</span></code>, make sure you understand |
| what it means - all tasks <em>immediately</em> downstream of the <em>previous</em> |
| task instance must have succeeded. |
| You can view how these properties are set from the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Task</span> <span class="pre">Instance</span> <span class="pre">Details</span></code> |
| page for your task.</p></li> |
| <li><p>Are the DagRuns you need created and active? A DagRun represents a specific |
| execution of an entire DAG and has a state (running, success, failed, ...). |
| The scheduler creates new DagRun as it moves forward, but never goes back |
| in time to create new ones. The scheduler only evaluates <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">running</span></code> DagRuns |
| to see what task instances it can trigger. Note that clearing tasks |
| instances (from the UI or CLI) does set the state of a DagRun back to |
| running. You can bulk view the list of DagRuns and alter states by clicking |
| on the schedule tag for a DAG.</p></li> |
| <li><p>Is the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrency</span></code> parameter of your DAG reached? <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">concurrency</span></code> defines |
| how many <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">running</span></code> task instances a DAG is allowed to have, beyond which |
| point things get queued.</p></li> |
| <li><p>Is the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">max_active_runs</span></code> parameter of your DAG reached? <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">max_active_runs</span></code> defines |
| how many <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">running</span></code> concurrent instances of a DAG there are allowed to be.</p></li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>You may also want to read about the <a class="reference internal" href="concepts/scheduler.html#scheduler"><span class="std std-ref">Scheduler</span></a> and make |
| sure you fully understand how the scheduler cycle.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="how-to-improve-dag-performance"> |
| <h3>How to improve DAG performance?<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-improve-dag-performance" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>There are some Airflow configuration to allow for a larger scheduling capacity and frequency:</p> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li><p><a class="reference internal" href="configurations-ref.html#config-core-parallelism"><span class="std std-ref">parallelism</span></a></p></li> |
| <li><p><a class="reference internal" href="configurations-ref.html#config-core-max-active-tasks-per-dag"><span class="std std-ref">max_active_tasks_per_dag</span></a></p></li> |
| <li><p><a class="reference internal" href="configurations-ref.html#config-core-max-active-runs-per-dag"><span class="std std-ref">max_active_runs_per_dag</span></a></p></li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>DAGs have configurations that improves efficiency:</p> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">max_active_tasks</span></code>: Overrides <a class="reference internal" href="configurations-ref.html#config-core-max-active-tasks-per-dag"><span class="std std-ref">max_active_tasks_per_dag</span></a>.</p></li> |
| <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">max_active_runs</span></code>: Overrides <a class="reference internal" href="configurations-ref.html#config-core-max-active-runs-per-dag"><span class="std std-ref">max_active_runs_per_dag</span></a>.</p></li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>Operators or tasks also have configurations that improves efficiency and scheduling priority:</p> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">max_active_tis_per_dag</span></code>: This parameter controls the number of concurrent running task instances across <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dag_runs</span></code> |
| per task.</p></li> |
| <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pool</span></code>: See <a class="reference internal" href="concepts/pools.html#concepts-pool"><span class="std std-ref">Pools</span></a>.</p></li> |
| <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">priority_weight</span></code>: See <a class="reference internal" href="concepts/priority-weight.html#concepts-priority-weight"><span class="std std-ref">Priority Weights</span></a>.</p></li> |
| <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">queue</span></code>: See <a class="reference internal" href="executor/celery.html#executor-celeryexecutor-queue"><span class="std std-ref">Queues</span></a> for CeleryExecutor deployments only.</p></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="how-to-reduce-dag-scheduling-latency-task-delay"> |
| <h3>How to reduce DAG scheduling latency / task delay?<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-reduce-dag-scheduling-latency-task-delay" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>Airflow 2.0 has low DAG scheduling latency out of the box (particularly when compared with Airflow 1.10.x), |
| however if you need more throughput you can <a class="reference internal" href="concepts/scheduler.html#scheduler-ha"><span class="std std-ref">start multiple schedulers</span></a>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="how-do-i-trigger-tasks-based-on-another-task-s-failure"> |
| <h3>How do I trigger tasks based on another task's failure?<a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i-trigger-tasks-based-on-another-task-s-failure" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>You can achieve this with <a class="reference internal" href="concepts/dags.html#concepts-trigger-rules"><span class="std std-ref">Trigger Rules</span></a>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="when-there-are-a-lot-1000-of-dags-files-how-to-speed-up-parsing-of-new-files"> |
| <h3>When there are a lot (>1000) of dags files, how to speed up parsing of new files?<a class="headerlink" href="#when-there-are-a-lot-1000-of-dags-files-how-to-speed-up-parsing-of-new-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>(only valid for Airflow >= 2.1.1)</p> |
| <p>Change the <a class="reference internal" href="configurations-ref.html#config-scheduler-file-parsing-sort-mode"><span class="std std-ref">file_parsing_sort_mode</span></a> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">modified_time</span></code>, raise |
| the <a class="reference internal" href="configurations-ref.html#config-scheduler-min-file-process-interval"><span class="std std-ref">min_file_process_interval</span></a> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">600</span></code> (10 minutes), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">6000</span></code> (100 minutes) |
| or a higher value.</p> |
| <p>The dag parser will skip the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">min_file_process_interval</span></code> check if a file is recently modified.</p> |
| <p>This might not work for case where the DAG is imported/created from a separate file. Example: |
| <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dag_file.py</span></code> that imports <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dag_loader.py</span></code> where the actual logic of the DAG file is as shown below. |
| In this case if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dag_loader.py</span></code> is updated but <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dag_file.py</span></code> is not updated, the changes won't be reflected |
| until <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">min_file_process_interval</span></code> is reached since DAG Parser will look for modified time for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dag_file.py</span></code> file.</p> |
| <div class="literal-block-wrapper docutils container" id="dag-file-py"> |
| <div class="code-block-caption"><span class="caption-text">dag_file.py</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dag-file-py" title="Permalink to this code">¶</a></div> |
| <div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">dag_loader</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">create_dag</span> |
| |
| <span class="nb">globals</span><span class="p">()[</span><span class="n">dag</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dag_id</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">create_dag</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dag_id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">schedule</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dag_number</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">default_args</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literal-block-wrapper docutils container" id="dag-loader-py"> |
| <div class="code-block-caption"><span class="caption-text">dag_loader.py</span><a class="headerlink" href="#dag-loader-py" title="Permalink to this code">¶</a></div> |
| <div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">airflow</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">DAG</span> |
| <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">airflow.operators.python_operator</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">PythonOperator</span> |
| <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">datetime</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">datetime</span> |
| |
| |
| <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create_dag</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dag_id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">schedule</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dag_number</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">default_args</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">hello_world_py</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Hello World"</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"This is DAG: </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dag_number</span><span class="p">)))</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">dag</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">DAG</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dag_id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">schedule_interval</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">schedule</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">default_args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">default_args</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">dag</span><span class="p">:</span> |
| <span class="n">t1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">PythonOperator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">task_id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"hello_world"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">python_callable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">hello_world_py</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">dag</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="dag-construction"> |
| <h2>DAG construction<a class="headerlink" href="#dag-construction" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <div class="section" id="what-s-the-deal-with-start-date"> |
| <h3>What's the deal with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start_date</span></code>?<a class="headerlink" href="#what-s-the-deal-with-start-date" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start_date</span></code> is partly legacy from the pre-DagRun era, but it is still |
| relevant in many ways. When creating a new DAG, you probably want to set |
| a global <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start_date</span></code> for your tasks using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">default_args</span></code>. The first |
| DagRun to be created will be based on the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">min(start_date)</span></code> for all your |
| tasks. From that point on, the scheduler creates new DagRuns based on |
| your <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">schedule_interval</span></code> and the corresponding task instances run as your |
| dependencies are met. When introducing new tasks to your DAG, you need to |
| pay special attention to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start_date</span></code>, and may want to reactivate |
| inactive DagRuns to get the new task onboarded properly.</p> |
| <p>We recommend against using dynamic values as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start_date</span></code>, especially |
| <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">datetime.now()</span></code> as it can be quite confusing. The task is triggered |
| once the period closes, and in theory an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">@hourly</span></code> DAG would never get to |
| an hour after now as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">now()</span></code> moves along.</p> |
| <p>Previously, we also recommended using rounded <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start_date</span></code> in relation to your |
| <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">schedule_interval</span></code>. This meant an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">@hourly</span></code> would be at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">00:00</span></code> |
| minutes:seconds, a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">@daily</span></code> job at midnight, a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">@monthly</span></code> job on the |
| first of the month. This is no longer required. Airflow will now auto align |
| the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start_date</span></code> and the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">schedule_interval</span></code>, by using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start_date</span></code> |
| as the moment to start looking.</p> |
| <p>You can use any sensor or a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TimeDeltaSensor</span></code> to delay |
| the execution of tasks within the schedule interval. |
| While <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">schedule_interval</span></code> does allow specifying a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">datetime.timedelta</span></code> |
| object, we recommend using the macros or cron expressions instead, as |
| it enforces this idea of rounded schedules.</p> |
| <p>When using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">depends_on_past=True</span></code>, it's important to pay special attention |
| to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start_date</span></code>, as the past dependency is not enforced only on the specific |
| schedule of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start_date</span></code> specified for the task. It's also |
| important to watch DagRun activity status in time when introducing |
| new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">depends_on_past=True</span></code>, unless you are planning on running a backfill |
| for the new task(s).</p> |
| <p>It is also important to note that the task's <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start_date</span></code>, in the context of a |
| backfill CLI command, gets overridden by the backfill's <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start_date</span></code> commands. |
| This allows for a backfill on tasks that have <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">depends_on_past=True</span></code> to |
| actually start. If this were not the case, the backfill just would not start.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="what-does-execution-date-mean"> |
| <h3>What does <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">execution_date</span></code> mean?<a class="headerlink" href="#what-does-execution-date-mean" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p><em>Execution date</em> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">execution_date</span></code> is a historical name for what is called a |
| <em>logical date</em>, and also usually the start of the data interval represented by a |
| DAG run.</p> |
| <p>Airflow was developed as a solution for ETL needs. In the ETL world, you |
| typically summarize data. So, if you want to summarize data for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2016-02-19</span></code>, |
| you would do it at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2016-02-20</span></code> midnight UTC, which would be right after all |
| data for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2016-02-19</span></code> becomes available. This interval between midnights of |
| <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2016-02-19</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2016-02-20</span></code> is called the <em>data interval</em>, and since it |
| represents data in the date of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2016-02-19</span></code>, this date is also called the |
| run's <em>logical date</em>, or the date that this DAG run is executed for, thus |
| <em>execution date</em>.</p> |
| <p>For backward compatibility, a datetime value <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">execution_date</span></code> is still |
| as <a class="reference internal" href="templates-ref.html#templates-variables"><span class="std std-ref">Template variables</span></a> with various formats in Jinja |
| templated fields, and in Airflow's Python API. It is also included in the |
| context dictionary given to an Operator's execute function.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MyOperator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">BaseOperator</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">context</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">info</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"execution_date"</span><span class="p">])</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>However, you should always use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data_interval_start</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data_interval_end</span></code> |
| if possible, since those names are semantically more correct and less prone to |
| misunderstandings.</p> |
| <p>Note that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ds</span></code> (the YYYY-MM-DD form of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data_interval_start</span></code>) refers to |
| <em>date</em> <strong>*string*</strong>, not <em>date</em> <strong>*start*</strong> as may be confusing to some.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="how-to-create-dags-dynamically"> |
| <h3>How to create DAGs dynamically?<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-create-dags-dynamically" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>Airflow looks in your <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DAGS_FOLDER</span></code> for modules that contain <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DAG</span></code> objects |
| in their global namespace and adds the objects it finds in the |
| <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DagBag</span></code>. Knowing this, all we need is a way to dynamically assign |
| variable in the global namespace. This is easily done in python using the |
| <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">globals()</span></code> function for the standard library, which behaves like a |
| simple dictionary.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create_dag</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dag_id</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="sd">"""</span> |
| <span class="sd"> A function returning a DAG object.</span> |
| <span class="sd"> """</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">DAG</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dag_id</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| |
| |
| <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="n">dag_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"foo_</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span> |
| <span class="nb">globals</span><span class="p">()[</span><span class="n">dag_id</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">DAG</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dag_id</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="c1"># or better, call a function that returns a DAG object!</span> |
| <span class="n">other_dag_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"bar_</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">"</span> |
| <span class="nb">globals</span><span class="p">()[</span><span class="n">other_dag_id</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">create_dag</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">other_dag_id</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Even though Airflow supports multiple DAG definition per python file, dynamically generated or otherwise, it is not |
| recommended as Airflow would like better isolation between DAGs from a fault and deployment perspective and multiple |
| DAGs in the same file goes against that.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="are-top-level-python-code-allowed"> |
| <h3>Are top level Python code allowed?<a class="headerlink" href="#are-top-level-python-code-allowed" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>While it is not recommended to write any code outside of defining Airflow constructs, Airflow does support any |
| arbitrary python code as long as it does not break the DAG file processor or prolong file processing time past the |
| <a class="reference internal" href="configurations-ref.html#config-core-dagbag-import-timeout"><span class="std std-ref">dagbag_import_timeout</span></a> value.</p> |
| <p>A common example is the violation of the time limit when building a dynamic DAG which usually requires querying data |
| from another service like a database. At the same time, the requested service is being swamped with DAG file |
| processors requests for data to process the file. These unintended interactions may cause the service to deteriorate |
| and eventually cause DAG file processing to fail.</p> |
| <p>Refer to <a class="reference internal" href="best-practices.html#best-practice-writing-a-dag"><span class="std std-ref">DAG writing best practices</span></a> for more information.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="do-macros-resolves-in-another-jinja-template"> |
| <h3>Do Macros resolves in another Jinja template?<a class="headerlink" href="#do-macros-resolves-in-another-jinja-template" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>It is not possible to render <a class="reference external" href="https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/en/2.11.x/templates/#macros" title="(in Jinja v3.0.x)"><span class="xref std std-ref">Macros</span></a> or any Jinja template within another Jinja template. This is |
| commonly attempted in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">user_defined_macros</span></code>.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">dag</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">DAG</span><span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="c1"># ...</span> |
| <span class="n">user_defined_macros</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"my_custom_macro"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"day={{ ds }}"</span><span class="p">}</span> |
| <span class="p">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">bo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BashOperator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">task_id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"my_task"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bash_command</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"echo {{ my_custom_macro }}"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dag</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">dag</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>This will echo "day={{ ds }}" instead of "day=2020-01-01" for a DAG run with a |
| <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data_interval_start</span></code> of 2020-01-01 00:00:00.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">bo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">BashOperator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">task_id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"my_task"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">bash_command</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"echo day={{ ds }}"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dag</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">dag</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>By using the ds macros directly in the template_field, the rendered value results in "day=2020-01-01".</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="why-next-ds-or-prev-ds-might-not-contain-expected-values"> |
| <h3>Why <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next_ds</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prev_ds</span></code> might not contain expected values?<a class="headerlink" href="#why-next-ds-or-prev-ds-might-not-contain-expected-values" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li><p>When scheduling DAG, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next_ds</span></code> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next_ds_nodash</span></code> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prev_ds</span></code> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prev_ds_nodash</span></code> are calculated using |
| <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">execution_date</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">schedule_interval</span></code>. If you set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">schedule_interval</span></code> as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">@once</span></code>, |
| the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next_ds</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">next_ds_nodash</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prev_ds</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prev_ds_nodash</span></code> values will be set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.</p></li> |
| <li><p>When manually triggering DAG, the schedule will be ignored, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prev_ds</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">next_ds</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">ds</span></code>.</p></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="task-execution-interactions"> |
| <h2>Task execution interactions<a class="headerlink" href="#task-execution-interactions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <div class="section" id="what-does-templatenotfound-mean"> |
| <h3>What does <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateNotFound</span></code> mean?<a class="headerlink" href="#what-does-templatenotfound-mean" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TemplateNotFound</span></code> errors are usually due to misalignment with user expectations when passing path to operator |
| that trigger Jinja templating. A common occurrence is with <a class="reference internal" href="howto/operator/bash.html#howto-operator-bashoperator"><span class="std std-ref">BashOperators</span></a>.</p> |
| <p>Another commonly missed fact is that the files are resolved relative to where the pipeline file lives. You can add |
| other directories to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">template_searchpath</span></code> of the DAG object to allow for other non-relative location.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="how-to-trigger-tasks-based-on-another-task-s-failure"> |
| <h3>How to trigger tasks based on another task's failure?<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-trigger-tasks-based-on-another-task-s-failure" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>For tasks that are related through dependency, you can set the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trigger_rule</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TriggerRule.ALL_FAILED</span></code> if the |
| task execution depends on the failure of ALL its upstream tasks or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TriggerRule.ONE_FAILED</span></code> for just one of the |
| upstream task.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">airflow.decorators</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">dag</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">task</span> |
| <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">airflow.exceptions</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">AirflowException</span> |
| <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">airflow.utils.trigger_rule</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">TriggerRule</span> |
| |
| <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">datetime</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">datetime</span> |
| |
| |
| <span class="nd">@task</span> |
| <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">a_func</span><span class="p">():</span> |
| <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">AirflowException</span> |
| |
| |
| <span class="nd">@task</span><span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="n">trigger_rule</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">TriggerRule</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ALL_FAILED</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">b_func</span><span class="p">():</span> |
| <span class="k">pass</span> |
| |
| |
| <span class="nd">@dag</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">schedule_interval</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"@once"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">start_date</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">datetime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2021</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">my_dag</span><span class="p">():</span> |
| <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">a_func</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">b_func</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">>></span> <span class="n">b</span> |
| |
| |
| <span class="n">dag</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">my_dag</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>See <a class="reference internal" href="concepts/dags.html#concepts-trigger-rules"><span class="std std-ref">Trigger Rules</span></a> for more information.</p> |
| <p>If the tasks are not related by dependency, you will need to <a class="reference internal" href="howto/custom-operator.html#custom-operator"><span class="std std-ref">build a custom Operator</span></a>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="airflow-ui"> |
| <h2>Airflow UI<a class="headerlink" href="#airflow-ui" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <div class="section" id="how-do-i-stop-the-sync-perms-happening-multiple-times-per-webserver"> |
| <h3>How do I stop the sync perms happening multiple times per webserver?<a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i-stop-the-sync-perms-happening-multiple-times-per-webserver" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>Set the value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update_fab_perms</span></code> configuration in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">airflow.cfg</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="how-to-reduce-the-airflow-ui-page-load-time"> |
| <h3>How to reduce the airflow UI page load time?<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-reduce-the-airflow-ui-page-load-time" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>If your dag takes long time to load, you could reduce the value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">default_dag_run_display_number</span></code> configuration |
| in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">airflow.cfg</span></code> to a smaller value. This configurable controls the number of dag run to show in UI with default |
| value <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">25</span></code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="why-did-the-pause-dag-toggle-turn-red"> |
| <h3>Why did the pause dag toggle turn red?<a class="headerlink" href="#why-did-the-pause-dag-toggle-turn-red" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>If pausing or unpausing a dag fails for any reason, the dag toggle will |
| revert to its previous state and turn red. If you observe this behavior, |
| try pausing the dag again, or check the console or server logs if the |
| issue recurs.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="mysql-and-mysql-variant-databases"> |
| <h2>MySQL and MySQL variant Databases<a class="headerlink" href="#mysql-and-mysql-variant-databases" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <div class="section" id="what-does-mysql-server-has-gone-away-mean"> |
| <h3>What does "MySQL Server has gone away" mean?<a class="headerlink" href="#what-does-mysql-server-has-gone-away-mean" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>You may occasionally experience <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OperationalError</span></code> with the message "MySQL Server has gone away". This is due to the |
| connection pool keeping connections open too long and you are given an old connection that has expired. To ensure a |
| valid connection, you can set <a class="reference internal" href="configurations-ref.html#config-core-sql-alchemy-pool-recycle"><span class="std std-ref">sql_alchemy_pool_recycle</span></a> to ensure connections are invalidated after |
| that many seconds and new ones are created.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="does-airflow-support-extended-ascii-or-unicode-characters"> |
| <h3>Does Airflow support extended ASCII or unicode characters?<a class="headerlink" href="#does-airflow-support-extended-ascii-or-unicode-characters" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>If you intend to use extended ASCII or Unicode characters in Airflow, you have to provide a proper connection string to |
| the MySQL database since they define charset explicitly.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sql_alchemy_conn = mysql://airflow@localhost:3306/airflow?charset=utf8 |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>You will experience <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UnicodeDecodeError</span></code> thrown by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WTForms</span></code> templating and other Airflow modules like below.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xae in position 506: ordinal not in range(128) |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="how-to-fix-exception-global-variable-explicit-defaults-for-timestamp-needs-to-be-on-1"> |
| <h3>How to fix Exception: Global variable <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">explicit_defaults_for_timestamp</span></code> needs to be on (1)?<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-fix-exception-global-variable-explicit-defaults-for-timestamp-needs-to-be-on-1" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>This means <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">explicit_defaults_for_timestamp</span></code> is disabled in your mysql server and you need to enable it by:</p> |
| <ol class="arabic simple"> |
| <li><p>Set <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">explicit_defaults_for_timestamp</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code> under the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mysqld</span></code> section in your <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">my.cnf</span></code> file.</p></li> |
| <li><p>Restart the Mysql server.</p></li> |
| </ol> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
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| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">FAQ</a><ul> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#scheduling-dag-file-parsing">Scheduling / DAG file parsing</a><ul> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#why-is-task-not-getting-scheduled">Why is task not getting scheduled?</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-improve-dag-performance">How to improve DAG performance?</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-reduce-dag-scheduling-latency-task-delay">How to reduce DAG scheduling latency / task delay?</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i-trigger-tasks-based-on-another-task-s-failure">How do I trigger tasks based on another task's failure?</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#when-there-are-a-lot-1000-of-dags-files-how-to-speed-up-parsing-of-new-files">When there are a lot (>1000) of dags files, how to speed up parsing of new files?</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#dag-construction">DAG construction</a><ul> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-s-the-deal-with-start-date">What's the deal with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">start_date</span></code>?</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-does-execution-date-mean">What does <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">execution_date</span></code> mean?</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-create-dags-dynamically">How to create DAGs dynamically?</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#are-top-level-python-code-allowed">Are top level Python code allowed?</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#do-macros-resolves-in-another-jinja-template">Do Macros resolves in another Jinja template?</a></li> |
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