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GENERAL UPGRADING ADVICE FOR ANY VERSION
========================================
Snapshotting is fast (especially if you have JNA installed) and takes
effectively zero disk space until you start compacting the live data
files again. Thus, best practice is to ALWAYS snapshot before any
upgrade, just in case you need to roll back to the previous version.
(Cassandra version X + 1 will always be able to read data files created
by version X, but the inverse is not necessarily the case.)
When upgrading major versions of Cassandra, you will be unable to
restore snapshots created with the previous major version using the
'sstableloader' tool. You can upgrade the file format of your snapshots
using the provided 'sstableupgrade' tool.
3.8
===
New features
------------
- Shared pool threads are now named according to the stage they are executing
tasks for. Thread names mentioned in traced queries change accordingly.
- A new option has been added to cassandra-stress "-rate fixed={number}/s"
that forces a scheduled rate of operations/sec over time. Using this, stress can
accurately account for coordinated ommission from the stress process.
- The cassandra-stress "-rate limit=" option has been renamed to "-rate throttle="
- hdr histograms have been added to stress runs, it's output can be saved to disk using:
"-log hdrfile=" option. This histogram includes response/service/wait times when used with the
fixed or throttle rate options. The histogram file can be plotted on
http://hdrhistogram.github.io/HdrHistogram/plotFiles.html
- TimeWindowCompactionStrategy has been added. This has proven to be a better approach
to time series compaction and new tables should use this instead of DTCS. See
CASSANDRA-9666 for details.
- Change-Data-Capture is now available. See cassandra.yaml and for cdc-specific flags and
a brief explanation of on-disk locations for archived data in CommitLog form. This can
be enabled via ALTER TABLE ... WITH cdc=true.
Upon flush, CommitLogSegments containing data for CDC-enabled tables are moved to
the data/cdc_raw directory until removed by the user and writes to CDC-enabled tables
will be rejected with a WriteTimeoutException once cdc_total_space_in_mb is reached
between unflushed CommitLogSegments and cdc_raw.
Upgrading
---------
- The name "json" and "distinct" are not valid anymore a user-defined function
names (they are still valid as column name however). In the unlikely case where
you had defined functions with such names, you will need to recreate
those under a different name, change your code to use the new names and
drop the old versions, and this _before_ upgrade (see CASSANDRA-10783 for more
details).
- Due to changes in schema migration handling and the storage format after 3.0, you will
see error messages such as:
"java.lang.RuntimeException: Unknown column cdc during deserialization"
in your system logs on a mixed-version cluster during upgrades. This error message
is harmless and due to the 3.8 nodes having cdc added to their schema tables while
the <3.8 nodes do not. This message should cease once all nodes are upgraded to 3.8.
As always, refrain from schema changes during cluster upgrades.
Deprecation
-----------
- DateTieredCompactionStrategy has been deprecated - new tables should use
TimeWindowCompactionStrategy. Note that migrating an existing DTCS-table to TWCS might
cause increased compaction load for a while after the migration so make sure you run
tests before migrating. Read CASSANDRA-9666 for background on this.
3.7
===
Upgrading
---------
- A maximum size for SSTables values has been introduced, to prevent out of memory
exceptions when reading corrupt SSTables. This maximum size can be set via
max_value_size_in_mb in cassandra.yaml. The default is 256MB, which matches the default
value of native_transport_max_frame_size_in_mb. SSTables will be considered corrupt if
they contain values whose size exceeds this limit. See CASSANDRA-9530 for more details.
3.6
=====
New features
------------
- JMX connections can now use the same auth mechanisms as CQL clients. New options
in cassandra-env.(sh|ps1) enable JMX authentication and authorization to be delegated
to the IAuthenticator and IAuthorizer configured in cassandra.yaml. The default settings
still only expose JMX locally, and use the JVM's own security mechanisms when remote
connections are permitted. For more details on how to enable the new options, see the
comments in cassandra-env.sh. A new class of IResource, JMXResource, is provided for
the purposes of GRANT/REVOKE via CQL. See CASSANDRA-10091 for more details.
Also, directly setting JMX remote port via the com.sun.management.jmxremote.port system
property at startup is deprecated. See CASSANDRA-11725 for more details.
- JSON timestamps are now in UTC and contain the timezone information, see CASSANDRA-11137 for more details.
- Collision checks are performed when joining the token ring, regardless of whether
the node should bootstrap. Additionally, replace_address can legitimately be used
without bootstrapping to help with recovery of nodes with partially failed disks.
See CASSANDRA-10134 for more details.
- Key cache will only hold indexed entries up to the size configured by
column_index_cache_size_in_kb in cassandra.yaml in memory. Larger indexed entries
will never go into memory. See CASSANDRA-11206 for more details.
- For tables having a default_time_to_live specifying a TTL of 0 will remove the TTL
from the inserted or updated values.
- Startup is now aborted if corrupted transaction log files are found. The details
of the affected log files are now logged, allowing the operator to decide how
to resolve the situation.
- Filtering expressions are made more pluggable and can be added programatically via
a QueryHandler implementation. See CASSANDRA-11295 for more details.
3.4
=====
New features
------------
- Internal authentication now supports caching of encrypted credentials.
Reference cassandra.yaml:credentials_validity_in_ms
- Remote configuration of auth caches via JMX can be disabled using the
the system property cassandra.disable_auth_caches_remote_configuration
- sstabledump tool is added to be 3.0 version of former sstable2json. The tool only
supports v3.0+ SSTables. See tool's help for more detail.
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to 3.4 but please see previous versions upgrading section,
especially if you are upgrading from 2.2.
Deprecation
-----------
- The mbean interfaces org.apache.cassandra.auth.PermissionsCacheMBean and
org.apache.cassandra.auth.RolesCacheMBean are deprecated in favor of
org.apache.cassandra.auth.AuthCacheMBean. This generalized interface is
common across all caches in the auth subsystem. The specific mbean interfaces
for each individual cache will be removed in a subsequent major version.
3.2
===
New features
------------
- We now make sure that a token does not exist in several data directories. This
means that we run one compaction strategy per data_file_directory and we use
one thread per directory to flush. Use nodetool relocatesstables to make sure your
tokens are in the correct place, or just wait and compaction will handle it. See
CASSANDRA-6696 for more details.
- bound maximum in-flight commit log replay mutation bytes to 64 megabytes
tunable via cassandra.commitlog_max_outstanding_replay_bytes
- Support for type casting has been added to the selection clause.
- Hinted handoff now supports compression. Reference cassandra.yaml:hints_compression.
Note: hints compression is currently disabled by default.
Upgrading
---------
- The compression ratio metrics computation has been modified to be more accurate.
- Running Cassandra as root is prevented by default.
- JVM options are moved from cassandra-env.(sh|ps1) to jvm.options file
Deprecation
-----------
- The Thrift API is deprecated and will be removed in Cassandra 4.0.
3.1
=====
Upgrading
---------
- The return value of SelectStatement::getLimit as been changed from DataLimits
to int.
- Custom index implementation should be aware that the method Indexer::indexes()
has been removed as its contract was misleading and all custom implementation
should have almost surely returned true inconditionally for that method.
- GC logging is now enabled by default (you can disable it in the jvm.options
file if you prefer).
3.0
===
New features
------------
- EACH_QUORUM is now a supported consistency level for read requests.
- Support for IN restrictions on any partition key component or clustering key
as well as support for EQ and IN multicolumn restrictions has been added to
UPDATE and DELETE statement.
- Support for single-column and multi-colum slice restrictions (>, >=, <= and <)
has been added to DELETE statements
- nodetool rebuild_index accepts the index argument without
the redundant table name
- Materialized Views, which allow for server-side denormalization, is now
available. Materialized views provide an alternative to secondary indexes
for non-primary key queries, and perform much better for indexing high
cardinality columns.
See http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/new-in-cassandra-3-0-materialized-views
- Hinted handoff has been completely rewritten. Hints are now stored in flat
files, with less overhead for storage and more efficient dispatch.
See CASSANDRA-6230 for full details.
- Option to not purge unrepaired tombstones. To avoid users having data resurrected
if repair has not been run within gc_grace_seconds, an option has been added to
only allow tombstones from repaired sstables to be purged. To enable, set the
compaction option 'only_purge_repaired_tombstones':true but keep in mind that if
you do not run repair for a long time, you will keep all tombstones around which
can cause other problems.
- Enabled warning on GC taking longer than 1000ms. See
cassandra.yaml:gc_warn_threshold_in_ms
Upgrading
---------
- Clients must use the native protocol version 3 when upgrading from 2.2.X as
the native protocol version 4 is not compatible between 2.2.X and 3.Y. See
https://www.mail-archive.com/user@cassandra.apache.org/msg45381.html for details.
- A new argument of type InetAdress has been added to IAuthenticator::newSaslNegotiator,
representing the IP address of the client attempting authentication. It will be a breaking
change for any custom implementations.
- token-generator tool has been removed.
- Upgrade to 3.0 is supported from Cassandra 2.1 versions greater or equal to 2.1.9,
or Cassandra 2.2 versions greater or equal to 2.2.2. Upgrade from Cassandra 2.0 and
older versions is not supported.
- The 'memtable_allocation_type: offheap_objects' option has been removed. It should
be re-introduced in a future release and you can follow CASSANDRA-9472 to know more.
- Configuration parameter memory_allocator in cassandra.yaml has been removed.
- The native protocol versions 1 and 2 are not supported anymore.
- Max mutation size is now configurable via max_mutation_size_in_kb setting in
cassandra.yaml; the default is half the size commitlog_segment_size_in_mb * 1024.
- 3.0 requires Java 8u40 or later.
- Garbage collection options were moved from cassandra-env to jvm.options file.
- New transaction log files have been introduced to replace the compactions_in_progress
system table, temporary file markers (tmp and tmplink) and sstable ancerstors.
Therefore, compaction metadata no longer contains ancestors. Transaction log files
list sstable descriptors involved in compactions and other operations such as flushing
and streaming. Use the sstableutil tool to list any sstable files currently involved
in operations not yet completed, which previously would have been marked as temporary.
A transaction log file contains one sstable per line, with the prefix "add:" or "remove:".
They also contain a special line "commit", only inserted at the end when the transaction
is committed. On startup we use these files to cleanup any partial transactions that were
in progress when the process exited. If the commit line is found, we keep new sstables
(those with the "add" prefix) and delete the old sstables (those with the "remove" prefix),
vice-versa if the commit line is missing. Should you lose or delete these log files,
both old and new sstable files will be kept as live files, which will result in duplicated
sstables. These files are protected by incremental checksums so you should not manually
edit them. When restoring a full backup or moving sstable files, you should clean-up
any left over transactions and their temporary files first. You can use this command:
===> sstableutil -c ks table
See CASSANDRA-7066 for full details.
- New write stages have been added for batchlog and materialized view mutations
you can set their size in cassandra.yaml
- User defined functions are now executed in a sandbox.
To use UDFs and UDAs, you have to enable them in cassandra.yaml.
- New SSTable version 'la' with improved bloom-filter false-positive handling
compared to previous version 'ka' used in 2.2 and 2.1. Running sstableupgrade
is not necessary but recommended.
- Before upgrading to 3.0, make sure that your cluster is in complete agreement
(schema versions outputted by `nodetool describecluster` are all the same).
- Schema metadata is now stored in the new `system_schema` keyspace, and
legacy `system.schema_*` tables are now gone; see CASSANDRA-6717 for details.
- Pig's support has been removed.
- Hadoop BulkOutputFormat and BulkRecordWriter have been removed; use
CqlBulkOutputFormat and CqlBulkRecordWriter instead.
- Hadoop ColumnFamilyInputFormat and ColumnFamilyOutputFormat have been removed;
use CqlInputFormat and CqlOutputFormat instead.
- Hadoop ColumnFamilyRecordReader and ColumnFamilyRecordWriter have been removed;
use CqlRecordReader and CqlRecordWriter instead.
- hinted_handoff_enabled in cassandra.yaml no longer supports a list of data centers.
To specify a list of excluded data centers when hinted_handoff_enabled is set to true,
use hinted_handoff_disabled_datacenters, see CASSANDRA-9035 for details.
- The `sstable_compression` and `chunk_length_kb` compression options have been deprecated.
The new options are `class` and `chunk_length_in_kb`. Disabling compression should now
be done by setting the new option `enabled` to `false`.
- The compression option `crc_check_chance` became a top-level table option, but is currently
enforced only against tables with enabled compression.
- Only map syntax is now allowed for caching options. ALL/NONE/KEYS_ONLY/ROWS_ONLY syntax
has been deprecated since 2.1.0 and is being removed in 3.0.0.
- The 'index_interval' option for 'CREATE TABLE' statements, which has been deprecated
since 2.1 and replaced with the 'min_index_interval' and 'max_index_interval' options,
has now been removed.
- Batchlog entries are now stored in a new table - system.batches.
The old one has been deprecated.
- JMX methods set/getCompactionStrategyClass have been removed, use
set/getCompactionParameters or set/getCompactionParametersJson instead.
- SizeTieredCompactionStrategy parameter cold_reads_to_omit has been removed.
- The secondary index API has been comprehensively reworked. This will be a breaking
change for any custom index implementations, which should now look to implement
the new org.apache.cassandra.index.Index interface. New syntax has been added to create
and query row-based indexes, which are not explicitly linked to a single column in the
base table.
2.2.4
=====
Deprecation
-----------
- Pig support has been deprecated, and will be removed in 3.0.
Please see CASSANDRA-10542 for more details.
- Configuration parameter memory_allocator in cassandra.yaml has been deprecated
and will be removed in 3.0.0. As mentioned below for 2.2.0, jemalloc is
automatically preloaded on Unix platforms.
Operations
----------
- Switching data center or racks is no longer an allowed operation on a node
which has data. Instead, the node will need to be decommissioned and
rebootstrapped. If moving from the SimpleSnitch, make sure that the data
center and rack containing all current nodes is named "datacenter1" and
"rack1". To override this behaviour use -Dcassandra.ignore_rack=true and/or
-Dcassandra.ignore_dc=true.
- Reloading the configuration file of GossipingPropertyFileSnitch has been disabled.
Upgrading
---------
- The default for the inter-DC stream throughput setting
(inter_dc_stream_throughput_outbound_megabits_per_sec in cassandra.yaml) is
the same than the one for intra-DC one (200Mbps) instead of being unlimited.
Having it unlimited was never intended and was a bug.
New features
------------
- Time windows in DTCS are now limited to 1 day by default to be able to
handle bootstrap and repair in a better way. To get the old behaviour,
increase max_window_size_seconds.
- DTCS option max_sstable_age_days is now deprecated and defaults to 1000 days.
- Native protocol server now allows both SSL and non-SSL connections on
the same port.
2.2.3
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but please see 2.2 if you are upgrading
from a previous version.
2.2.2
=====
Changed Defaults
----------------
- commitlog_total_space_in_mb will use the smaller of 8192, and 1/4
of the total space of the commitlog volume. (Before: always used
8192)
- The following INFO logs were reduced to DEBUG level and will now show
on debug.log instead of system.log:
- Memtable flushing actions
- Commit log replayed files
- Compacted sstables
- SStable opening (SSTableReader)
New features
------------
- Custom QueryHandlers can retrieve the column specifications for the bound
variables from QueryOptions by using the hasColumnSpecifications()
and getColumnSpecifications() methods.
- A new default assynchronous log appender debug.log was created in addition
to the system.log appender in order to provide more detailed log debugging.
In order to disable debug logging, you must comment-out the ASYNCDEBUGLOG
appender on conf/logback.xml. See CASSANDRA-10241 for more information.
2.2.1
=====
New features
------------
- COUNT(*) and COUNT(1) can be selected with other columns or functions
2.2
===
Upgrading
---------
- The authentication & authorization subsystems have been redesigned to
support role based access control (RBAC), resulting in a change to the
schema of the system_auth keyspace. See below for more detail.
For systems already using the internal auth implementations, the process
for converting existing data during a rolling upgrade is straightforward.
As each node is restarted, it will attempt to convert any data in the
legacy tables into the new schema. Until enough nodes to satisfy the
replication strategy for the system_auth keyspace are upgraded and so have
the new schema, this conversion will fail with the failure being reported
in the system log.
During the upgrade, Cassandra's internal auth classes will continue to use
the legacy tables, so clients experience no disruption. Issuing DCL
statements during an upgrade is not supported.
Once all nodes are upgraded, an operator with superuser privileges should
drop the legacy tables, system_auth.users, system_auth.credentials and
system_auth.permissions. Doing so will prompt Cassandra to switch over to
the new tables without requiring any further intervention.
While the legacy tables are present a restarted node will re-run the data
conversion and report the outcome so that operators can verify that it is
safe to drop them.
New features
------------
- The LIMIT clause applies now only to the number of rows returned to the user,
not to the number of row queried. By consequence, queries using aggregates will not
be impacted by the LIMIT clause anymore.
- Very large batches will now be rejected (defaults to 50kb). This
can be customized by modifying batch_size_fail_threshold_in_kb.
- Selecting columns,scalar functions, UDT fields, writetime or ttl together
with aggregated is now possible. The value returned for the columns,
scalar functions, UDT fields, writetime and ttl will be the ones for
the first row matching the query.
- Windows is now a supported platform. Powershell execution for startup scripts
is highly recommended and can be enabled via an administrator command-prompt
with: 'powershell set-executionpolicy unrestricted'
- It is now possible to do major compactions when using leveled compaction.
Doing that will take all sstables and compact them out in levels. The
levels will be non overlapping so doing this will still not be something
you want to do very often since it might cause more compactions for a while.
It is also possible to split output when doing a major compaction with
STCS - files will be split in sizes 50%, 25%, 12.5% etc of the total size.
This might be a bit better than old major compactions which created one big
file on disk.
- A new tool has been added bin/sstableverify that checks for errors/bitrot
in all sstables. Unlike scrub, this is a non-invasive tool.
- Authentication & Authorization APIs have been updated to introduce
roles. Roles and Permissions granted to them are inherited, supporting
role based access control. The role concept supercedes that of users
and CQL constructs such as CREATE USER are deprecated but retained for
compatibility. The requirement to explicitly create Roles in Cassandra
even when auth is handled by an external system has been removed, so
authentication & authorization can be delegated to such systems in their
entirety.
- In addition to the above, Roles are also first class resources and can be the
subject of permissions. Users (roles) can now be granted permissions on other
roles, including CREATE, ALTER, DROP & AUTHORIZE, which removesthe need for
superuser privileges in order to perform user/role management operations.
- Creators of database resources (Keyspaces, Tables, Roles) are now automatically
granted all permissions on them (if the IAuthorizer implementation supports
this).
- SSTable file name is changed. Now you don't have Keyspace/CF name
in file name. Also, secondary index has its own directory under parent's
directory.
- Support for user-defined functions and user-defined aggregates have
been added to CQL.
************************************************************************
IMPORTANT NOTE: user-defined functions can be used to execute
arbitrary and possibly evil code in Cassandra 2.2, and are
therefore disabled by default. To enable UDFs edit
cassandra.yaml and set enable_user_defined_functions to true.
CASSANDRA-9402 will add a security manager for UDFs in Cassandra
3.0. This will inherently be backwards-incompatible with any 2.2
UDF that perform insecure operations such as opening a socket or
writing to the filesystem.
************************************************************************
- Row-cache is now fully off-heap.
- jemalloc is now automatically preloaded and used on Linux and OS-X if
installed.
- Please ensure on Unix platforms that there is no libjnadispath.so
installed which is accessible by Cassandra. Old versions of
libjna packages (< 4.0.0) will cause problems - e.g. Debian Wheezy
contains libjna versin 3.2.x.
- The node now keeps up when streaming is failed during bootstrapping. You can
use new `nodetool bootstrap resume` command to continue streaming after resolving
an issue.
- Protocol version 4 specifies that bind variables do not require having a
value when executing a statement. Bind variables without a value are
called 'unset'. The 'unset' bind variable is serialized as the int
value '-2' without following bytes.
In an EXECUTE or BATCH request an unset bind value does not modify the value and
does not create a tombstone, an unset bind ttl is treated as 'unlimited',
an unset bind timestamp is treated as 'now', an unset bind counter operation
does not change the counter value.
Unset tuple field, UDT field and map key are not allowed.
In a QUERY request an unset limit is treated as 'unlimited'.
Unset WHERE clauses with unset partition column, clustering column
or index column are not allowed.
- New `ByteType` (cql tinyint). 1-byte signed integer
- New `ShortType` (cql smallint). 2-byte signed integer
- New `SimpleDateType` (cql date). 4-byte unsigned integer
- New `TimeType` (cql time). 8-byte long
- The toDate(timeuuid), toTimestamp(timeuuid) and toUnixTimestamp(timeuuid) functions have been added to allow
to convert from timeuuid into date type, timestamp type and bigint raw value.
The functions unixTimestampOf(timeuuid) and dateOf(timeuuid) have been deprecated.
- The toDate(timestamp) and toUnixTimestamp(timestamp) functions have been added to allow
to convert from timestamp into date type and bigint raw value.
- The toTimestamp(date) and toUnixTimestamp(date) functions have been added to allow
to convert from date into timestamp type and bigint raw value.
- SizeTieredCompactionStrategy parameter cold_reads_to_omit has been removed.
- The default JVM flag -XX:+PerfDisableSharedMem will cause the following tools JVM
to stop working: jps, jstack, jinfo, jmc, jcmd as well as 3rd party tools like Jolokia.
If you wish to use these tools you can comment this flag out in cassandra-env.{sh,ps1}
Upgrading
---------
- Thrift rpc is no longer being started by default.
Set `start_rpc` parameter to `true` to enable it.
- Pig's CqlStorage has been removed, use CqlNativeStorage instead
- Pig's CassandraStorage has been deprecated. CassandraStorage
should only be used against tables created via thrift.
Use CqlNativeStorage for all other tables.
- IAuthenticator been updated to remove responsibility for user/role
maintenance and is now solely responsible for validating credentials,
This is primarily done via SASL, though an optional method exists for
systems which need support for the Thrift login() method.
- IRoleManager interface has been added which takes over the maintenance
functions from IAuthenticator. IAuthorizer is mainly unchanged. Auth data
in systems using the stock internal implementations PasswordAuthenticator
& CassandraAuthorizer will be automatically converted during upgrade,
with minimal operator intervention required. Custom implementations will
require modification, though these can be used in conjunction with the
stock CassandraRoleManager so providing an IRoleManager implementation
should not usually be necessary.
- Fat client support has been removed since we have push notifications to clients
- cassandra-cli has been removed. Please use cqlsh instead.
- YamlFileNetworkTopologySnitch has been removed; switch to
GossipingPropertyFileSnitch instead.
- CQL2 has been removed entirely in this release (previously deprecated
in 2.0.0). Please switch to CQL3 if you haven't already done so.
- The results of CQL3 queries containing an IN restriction will be ordered
in the normal order and not anymore in the order in which the column values were
specified in the IN restriction.
- Some secondary index queries with restrictions on non-indexed clustering
columns were not requiring ALLOW FILTERING as they should. This has been
fixed, and those queries now require ALLOW FILTERING (see CASSANDRA-8418
for details).
- The SSTableSimpleWriter and SSTableSimpleUnsortedWriter classes have been
deprecated and will be removed in the next major Cassandra release. You
should use the CQLSSTableWriter class instead.
- The sstable2json and json2sstable tools have been deprecated and will be
removed in the next major Cassandra release. See CASSANDRA-9618
(https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-9618) for details.
- nodetool enablehandoff will no longer support a list of data centers starting
with the next major release. Two new commands will be added, enablehintsfordc and disablehintsfordc,
to exclude data centers from using hinted handoff when the global status is enabled.
In cassandra.yaml, hinted_handoff_enabled will no longer support a list of data centers starting
with the next major release. A new setting will be added, hinted_handoff_disabled_datacenters,
to exclude data centers when the global status is enabled, see CASSANDRA-9035 for details.
2.1.13
======
New features
------------
- New options for cqlsh COPY FROM and COPY TO, see CASSANDRA-9303 for details.
2.1.10
=====
New features
------------
- The syntax TRUNCATE TABLE X is now accepted as an alias for TRUNCATE X
2.1.9
=====
Upgrading
---------
- cqlsh will now display timestamps with a UTC timezone. Previously,
timestamps were displayed with the local timezone.
- Commit log files are no longer recycled by default, due to negative
performance implications. This can be enabled again with the
commitlog_segment_recycling option in your cassandra.yaml
- JMX methods set/getCompactionStrategyClass have been deprecated, use
set/getCompactionParameters/set/getCompactionParametersJson instead
2.1.8
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but please see 2.1 if you are upgrading
from a previous version.
2.1.7
=====
2.1.6
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but please see 2.1 if you are upgrading
from a previous version.
2.1.5
=====
Upgrading
---------
- The option to omit cold sstables with size tiered compaction has been
removed - it is almost always better to use date tiered compaction for
workloads that have cold data.
2.1.4
=====
Upgrading
---------
The default JMX config now listens to localhost only. You must enable
the other JMX flags in cassandra-env.sh manually.
2.1.3
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Prepending a list to a list collection was erroneously resulting in
the prepended list being reversed upon insertion. If you were depending
on this buggy behavior, note that it has been corrected.
- Incremental replacement of compacted SSTables has been disabled for this
release.
2.1.2
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but please see 2.1 if you are upgrading
from a previous version.
2.1.1
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but please see 2.1 if you are upgrading
from a previous version.
New features
------------
- Netty support for epoll on linux is now enabled. If for some
reason you want to disable it pass, the following system property
-Dcassandra.native.epoll.enabled=false
2.1
===
New features
------------
- Default data and log locations have changed. If not set in
cassandra.yaml, the data file directory, commitlog directory,
and saved caches directory will default to $CASSANDRA_HOME/data/data,
$CASSANDRA_HOME/data/commitlog, and $CASSANDRA_HOME/data/saved_caches,
respectively. The log directory now defaults to $CASSANDRA_HOME/logs.
If not set, $CASSANDRA_HOME, defaults to the top-level directory of
the installation.
Note that this should only affect source checkouts and tarballs.
Deb and RPM packages will continue to use /var/lib/cassandra and
/var/log/cassandra in cassandra.yaml.
- SSTable data directory name is slightly changed. Each directory will
have hex string appended after CF name, e.g.
ks/cf-5be396077b811e3a3ab9dc4b9ac088d/
This hex string part represents unique ColumnFamily ID.
Note that existing directories are used as is, so only newly created
directories after upgrade have new directory name format.
- Saved key cache files also have ColumnFamily ID in their file name.
- It is now possible to do incremental repairs, sstables that have been
repaired are marked with a timestamp and not included in the next
repair session. Use nodetool repair -par -inc to use this feature.
A tool to manually mark/unmark sstables as repaired is available in
tools/bin/sstablerepairedset. This is particularly important when
using LCS, or any data not repaired in your first incremental repair
will be put back in L0.
- Bootstrapping now ensures that range movements are consistent,
meaning the data for the new node is taken from the node that is no
longer a responsible for that range of keys.
If you want the old behavior (due to a lost node perhaps)
you can set the following property (-Dcassandra.consistent.rangemovement=false)
- It is now possible to use quoted identifiers in triggers' names.
WARNING: if you previously used triggers with capital letters in their
names, then you must quote them from now on.
- Improved stress tool (http://goo.gl/OTNqiQ)
- New incremental repair option (http://goo.gl/MjohJp, http://goo.gl/f8jSme)
- Incremental replacement of compacted SSTables (http://goo.gl/JfDBGW)
- The row cache can now cache only the head of partitions (http://goo.gl/6TJPH6)
- Off-heap memtables (http://goo.gl/YT7znJ)
- CQL improvements and additions: User-defined types, tuple types, 2ndary
indexing of collections, ... (http://goo.gl/kQl7GW)
Upgrading
---------
- commitlog_sync_batch_window_in_ms behavior has changed from the
maximum time to wait between fsync to the minimum time. We are
working on making this more user-friendly (see CASSANDRA-9533) but in the
meantime, this means 2.1 needs a much smaller batch window to keep
writer threads from starving. The suggested default is now 2ms.
- Rolling upgrades from anything pre-2.0.7 is not supported. Furthermore
pre-2.0 sstables are not supported. This means that before upgrading
a node on 2.1, this node must be started on 2.0 and
'nodetool upgdradesstables' must be run (and this even in the case
of not-rolling upgrades).
- For size-tiered compaction users, Cassandra now defaults to ignoring
the coldest 5% of sstables. This can be customized with the
cold_reads_to_omit compaction option; 0.0 omits nothing (the old
behavior) and 1.0 omits everything.
- Multithreaded compaction has been removed.
- Counters implementation has been changed, replaced by a safer one with
less caveats, but different performance characteristics. You might have
to change your data model to accomodate the new implementation.
(See https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-6504 and the
blog post at http://goo.gl/qj8iQl for details).
- (per-table) index_interval parameter has been replaced with
min_index_interval and max_index_interval paratemeters. index_interval
has been deprecated.
- support for supercolumns has been removed from json2sstable
2.0.11
======
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but refer to previous entries if you
are upgrading from a previous version.
New features
------------
- DateTieredCompactionStrategy added, optimized for time series data and groups
data that is written closely in time (CASSANDRA-6602 for details). Consider
this experimental for now.
2.0.10
======
New features
------------
- CqlPaginRecordReader and CqlPagingInputFormat have both been removed.
Use CqlInputFormat instead.
- If you are using Leveled Compaction, you can now disable doing size-tiered
compaction in L0 by starting Cassandra with -Dcassandra.disable_stcs_in_l0
(see CASSANDRA-6621 for details).
- Shuffle and taketoken have been removed. For clusters that choose to
upgrade to vnodes, creating a new datacenter with vnodes and migrating is
recommended. See http://goo.gl/Sna2S1 for further information.
2.0.9
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Default values for read_repair_chance and local_read_repair_chance have been
swapped. Namely, default read_repair_chance is now set to 0.0, and default
local_read_repair_chance to 0.1.
- Queries selecting only CQL static columns were (mistakenly) not returning one
result per row in the partition. This has been fixed and a SELECT DISTINCT
can be used when only the static column of a partition needs to be fetch
without fetching the whole partition. But if you use static columns, please
make sure this won't affect you (see CASSANDRA-7305 for details).
2.0.8
=====
New features
------------
- New snitches have been used for users of Google Compute Engine and of
Cloudstack.
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but please see 2.0.7 if you are upgrading
from a previous version.
2.0.7
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but please see 2.0.6 if you are upgrading
from a previous version.
2.0.6
=====
New features
------------
- CQL now support static columns, allows to batch multiple conditional updates
and has a new syntax for slicing over multiple clustering columns
(http://goo.gl/B6qz4j).
- Repair can be restricted to a set of nodes using the -hosts option in nodetool.
- A new 'nodetool taketoken' command relocate tokens with vnodes.
- Hinted handoff can be enabled only for some data-centers (see
hinted_handoff_enabled in cassandra.yaml)
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but please see 2.0.5 if you are upgrading
from a previous version.
2.0.5
=====
New features
------------
- Batchlog replay can be, and is throttled by default now.
See batchlog_replay_throttle_in_kb setting in cassandra.yaml.
- Scrub can now optionally skip corrupt counter partitions. Please note
that this will lead to the loss of all the counter updates in the skipped
partition. See the --skip-corrupted option.
Upgrading
---------
- If your cluster began on a version before 1.2, check that your secondary
index SSTables are on version 'ic' before upgrading. If not, run
'nodetool upgradesstables' if on 1.2.14 or later, or run 'nodetool
upgradesstables ks cf' with the keyspace and secondary index named
explicitly otherwise. If you don't do this and upgrade to 2.0.x and it
refuses to start because of 'hf' version files in the secondary index,
you will need to delete/move them out of the way and recreate the index
when 2.0.x starts.
2.0.3
=====
New features
------------
- It's now possible to configure the maximum allowed size of the native
protocol frames (native_transport_max_frame_size_in_mb in the yaml file).
Upgrading
---------
- NaN and Infinity are new valid floating point constants in CQL3 and are now reserved
keywords. In the unlikely case you were using one of them as an identifier (for a
column, a keyspace or a table), you will now have to double-quote them (see
http://cassandra.apache.org/doc/cql3/CQL.html#identifiers for "quoted identifiers").
- The IEndpointStateChangeSubscriber has a new method, beforeChange, that
any custom implemenations using the class will need to implement.
2.0.2
=====
New features
------------
- Speculative retry defaults to 99th percentile
(See blog post at http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/rapid-read-protection-in-cassandra-2-0-2)
- Configurable metrics reporting
(see conf/metrics-reporter-config-sample.yaml)
- Compaction history and stats are now saved to system keyspace
(system.compaction_history table). You can access historiy via
new 'nodetool compactionhistory' command or CQL.
Upgrading
---------
- Nodetool defaults to Sequential mode for repair operations
2.0.1
=====
Upgrading
---------
- The default memtable allocation has changed from 1/3 of heap to 1/4
of heap. Also, default (single-partition) read and write timeouts
have been reduced from 10s to 5s and 2s, respectively.
2.0.0
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Java 7 is now *required*!
- Upgrading is ONLY supported from Cassandra 1.2.9 or later. This
goes for sstable compatibility as well as network. When
upgrading from an earlier release, upgrade to 1.2.9 first and
run upgradesstables before proceeding to 2.0.
- CAS and new features in CQL such as DROP COLUMN assume that cell
timestamps are microseconds-since-epoch. Do not use these
features if you are using client-specified timestamps with some
other source.
- Replication and strategy options do not accept unknown options anymore.
This was already the case for CQL3 in 1.2 but this is now the case for
thrift too.
- auto_bootstrap of a single-token node with no initial_token will
now pick a random token instead of bisecting an existing token
range. We recommend upgrading to vnodes; failing that, we
recommend specifying initial_token.
- reduce_cache_sizes_at, reduce_cache_capacity_to, and
flush_largest_memtables_at options have been removed from cassandra.yaml.
- CacheServiceMBean.reduceCacheSizes() has been removed.
Use CacheServiceMBean.set{Key,Row}CacheCapacityInMB() instead.
- authority option in cassandra.yaml has been deprecated since 1.2.0,
but it has been completely removed in 2.0. Please use 'authorizer' option.
- ASSUME command has been removed from cqlsh. Use CQL3 blobAsType() and
typeAsBlob() conversion functions instead.
See https://cassandra.apache.org/doc/cql3/CQL.html#blobFun for details.
- Inputting blobs as string constants is now fully deprecated in
favor of blob constants. Make sure to update your applications to use
the new syntax while you are still on 1.2 (which supports both string
and blob constants for blob input) before upgrading to 2.0.
- index_interval is now moved to ColumnFamily property. You can change value
with ALTER TABLE ... WITH statement and SSTables written after that will
have new value. When upgrading, Cassandra will pick up the value defined in
cassanda.yaml as the default for existing ColumnFamilies, until you explicitly
set the value for those.
- The deprecated native_transport_min_threads option has been removed in
Cassandra.yaml.
Operations
----------
- VNodes are enabled by default in cassandra.yaml. initial_token
for non-vnode deployments has been removed from the example
yaml, but is still respected if specified.
- Major compactions, cleanup, scrub, and upgradesstables will interrupt
any in-progress compactions (but not repair validations) when invoked.
- Disabling autocompactions by setting min/max compaction threshold to 0
has been deprecated, instead, use the nodetool commands 'disableautocompaction'
and 'enableautocompaction' or set the compaction strategy option enabled = false
- ALTER TABLE DROP has been reenabled for CQL3 tables and has new semantics now.
See https://cassandra.apache.org/doc/cql3/CQL.html#alterTableStmt and
https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-3919 for details.
- CAS uses gc_grace_seconds to determine how long to keep unused paxos
state around for, or a minimum of three hours.
- A new hints created metric is tracked per target, replacing countPendingHints
- After performance testing for CASSANDRA-5727, the default LCS filesize
has been changed from 5MB to 160MB.
- cqlsh DESCRIBE SCHEMA no longer outputs the schema of system_* keyspaces;
use DESCRIBE FULL SCHEMA if you need the schema of system_* keyspaces.
- CQL2 has been deprecated, and will be removed entirely in 2.2. See
CASSANDRA-5918 for details.
- Commit log archiver now assumes the client time stamp to be in microsecond
precision, during restore. Please refer to commitlog_archiving.properties.
Features
--------
- Lightweight transactions
(http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/lightweight-transactions-in-cassandra-2-0)
- Alias support has been added to CQL3 SELECT statement. Refer to
CQL3 documentation (http://cassandra.apache.org/doc/cql3/CQL.html) for details.
- JEMalloc support (see memory_allocator in cassandra.yaml)
- Experimental triggers support. See examples/ for how to use. "Experimental"
means "tied closely to internal data structures; we plan to decouple this in
the future, which will probably break triggers written against this initial
API."
- Numerous improvements to CQL3 and a new version of the native protocol. See
http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/cql-in-cassandra-2-0 for details.
1.2.11
======
Features
--------
- Added a new consistency level, LOCAL_ONE, that forces all CL.ONE operations to
execute only in the local datacenter.
- New replace_address to supplant the (now removed) replace_token and
replace_node workflows to replace a dead node in place. Works like the
old options, but takes the IP address of the node to be replaced.
1.2.9
=====
Features
--------
- A history of executed nodetool commands is now captured.
It can be found in ~/.cassandra/nodetool.history. Other tools output files
(cli and cqlsh history, .cqlshrc) are now centralized in ~/.cassandra, as well.
- A new sstablesplit utility allows to split large sstables offline.
1.2.8
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but please see 1.2.7 if you are upgrading
from a previous version.
1.2.7
=====
Upgrading
---------
- If you have decommissioned a node in the past 72 hours, it is imperative
that you not upgrade until such time has passed, or do a full cluster
restart (not rolling) before beginning the upgrade. This only applies to
decommission, not removetoken.
1.2.6
=====
Upgrading
---------
- hinted_handoff_throttle_in_kb is now reduced by a factor
proportional to the number of nodes in the cluster (see
https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-5272).
- CQL3 syntax for CREATE CUSTOM INDEX has been updated. See CQL3
documentation for details.
1.2.5
=====
Features
--------
- Custom secondary index support has been added to CQL3. Refer to
CQL3 documentation (http://cassandra.apache.org/doc/cql3/CQL.html)
for details and examples.
Upgrading
---------
- The native CQL transport is enabled by default on part 9042.
1.2.4
=====
Upgrading
---------
- 'nodetool upgradesstables' now only upgrades/rewrites sstables that are
not on the current version (which is usually what you want). Use the new
-a flag to recover the old behavior of rewriting all sstables.
Features
--------
- superuser setup delay (10 seconds) can now be overridden using
'cassandra.superuser_setup_delay_ms' property.
1.2.3
=====
Upgrading
---------
- CQL3 used to be case-insensitive for property map key in ALTER and CREATE
statements. In other words:
CREATE KEYSPACE test WITH replication = { 'CLASS' : 'SimpleStrategy',
'REPLICATION_FACTOR' : '1' }
was allowed. However, this was not consistent with the fact that string
literal are case sensitive in every other places and more importantly this
break NetworkTopologyStrategy for which DC names are case sensitive. Those
property map key are now case sensitive. So the statement above should be
changed to:
CREATE KEYSPACE test WITH replication = { 'class' : 'SimpleStrategy',
'replication_factor' : '1' }
1.2.2
=====
Upgrading
---------
- CQL3 type validation for constants has been fixed, which may require
fixing queries that were relying on the previous loose validation. Please
refer to the CQL3 documentation (http://cassandra.apache.org/doc/cql3/CQL.html)
and in particular the changelog section for more details. Please note in
particular that inputing blobs as strings constants is now deprecated (in
favor of blob constants) and its support will be removed in a future
version.
Features
--------
- Built-in CQL3-based implementations of IAuthenticator (PasswordAuthenticator)
and IAuthorizer (CassandraAuthorizer) have been added. PasswordAuthenticator
stores usernames and hashed passwords in system_auth.credentials table;
CassandraAuthorizer stores permissions in system_auth.permissions table.
- system_auth keyspace is now alterable via ALTER KEYSPACE queries.
The default is SimpleStrategy with replication_factor of 1, but it's
advised to raise RF to at least 3 or 5, since CL.QUORUM is used for all
auth-related queries. It's also possible to change the strategy to NTS.
- Permissions caching with time-based expiration policy has been added to reduce
performance impact of authorization. Permission validity can be configured
using 'permissions_validity_in_ms' setting in cassandra.yaml. The default
is 2000 (2 seconds).
- SimpleAuthenticator and SimpleAuthorizer examples have been removed. Please
look at CassandraAuthorizer/PasswordAuthenticator instead.
1.2.1
=====
Upgrading
---------
- In CQL3, date string are no longer accepted as timeuuid value since a
date string is not a correct representation of a timeuuid. Instead, new
methods (minTimeuuid, maxTimeuuid, now, dateOf, unixTimestampOf) have been
introduced to make working on timeuuid from date string easy. cqlsh also
does not display timeuuid as date string (since this is a lossy
representation), but the new dateOf method can be used instead. Please
refer to the reference documentation (http://cassandra.apache.org/doc/cql3/CQL.html)
for more detail.
- For client implementors: CQL3 client using the thrift interface should
use the new execute_cql3_query, prepare_cql3_query and execute_prepared_cql3_query
since 1.2.0. However, Cassandra 1.2.0 was not complaining if CQL3 was set
through set_cql_version but the now CQL2 only methods were used. This is
now the case.
- Queries that uses unrecognized or bad compaction or replication strategy
options are now refused (instead of simply logging a warning).
1.2
===
Upgrading
---------
- IAuthenticator interface has been updated to support dynamic
user creation, modification and removal. Users, even when stored
externally, now have to be explicitly created using
CREATE USER query first. AllowAllAuthenticator and SimpleAuthenticator
have been updated for the new interface, but you'll have to update
your old IAuthenticator implementations for 1.2. To ease this process,
a new abstract LegacyAuthenticator class has been added - subclass it
in your old IAuthenticator implementaion and everything should just work
(this only affects users who implemented custom authenticators).
- IAuthority interface has been deprecated in favor of IAuthorizer.
AllowAllAuthority and SimpleAuthority have been renamed to
AllowAllAuthorizer and SimpleAuthorizer, respectively. In order to
simplify the upgrade to the new interface, a new abstract
LegacyAuthorizer has been added - you should subclass it in your
old IAuthority implementation and everything should just work
(this only affects users who implemented custom authorities).
'authority' setting in cassandra.yaml has been renamed to 'authorizer',
'authority' is no longer recognized. This affects all upgrading users.
- 1.2 is NOT network-compatible with versions older than 1.0. That
means if you want to do a rolling, zero-downtime upgrade, you'll need
to upgrade first to 1.0.x or 1.1.x, and then to 1.2. 1.2 retains
the ability to read data files from Cassandra versions at least
back to 0.6, so a non-rolling upgrade remains possible with just
one step.
- The default partitioner for new clusters is Murmur3Partitioner,
which is about 10% faster for index-intensive workloads. Partitioners
cannot be changed once data is in the cluster, however, so if you are
switching to the 1.2 cassandra.yaml, you should change this to
RandomPartitioner or whatever your old partitioner was.
- If you using counters and upgrading from a version prior to
1.1.6, you should drain existing Cassandra nodes prior to the
upgrade to prevent overcount during commitlog replay (see
CASSANDRA-4782). For non-counter uses, drain is not required
but is a good practice to minimize restart time.
- Tables using LeveledCompactionStrategy will default to not
creating a row-level bloom filter. The default in older versions
of Cassandra differs; you should manually set the false positive
rate to 1.0 (to disable) or 0.01 (to enable, if you make many
requests for rows that do not exist).
- The hints schema was changed from 1.1 to 1.2. Cassandra automatically
snapshots and then truncates the hints column family as part of
starting up 1.2 for the first time. Additionally, upgraded nodes
will not store new hints destined for older (pre-1.2) nodes. It is
therefore recommended that you perform a cluster upgrade when all
nodes are up. Because hints will be lost, a cluster-wide repair (with
-pr) is recommended after upgrade of all nodes.
- The `nodetool removetoken` command (and corresponding JMX operation)
have been renamed to `nodetool removenode`. This function is
incompatible with the earlier `nodetool removetoken`, and attempts to
remove nodes in this way with a mixed 1.1 (or lower) / 1.2 cluster,
is not supported.
- The somewhat ill-conceived CollatingOrderPreservingPartitioner
has been removed. Use Murmur3Partitioner (recommended) or
ByteOrderedPartitioner instead.
- Global option hinted_handoff_throttle_delay_in_ms has been removed.
hinted_handoff_throttle_in_kb has been added instead.
- The default bloom filter fp chance has been increased to 1%.
This will save about 30% of the memory used by the old default.
Existing columnfamilies will retain their old setting.
- The default partitioner (for new clusters; the partitioner cannot be
changed in existing clusters) was changed from RandomPartitioner to
Murmur3Partitioner which provides faster hashing as well as improved
performance with secondary indexes.
- The default version of CQL (and cqlsh) is now CQL3. CQL2 is still
available but you will have to use the thrift set_cql_version method
(that is already supported in 1.1) to use CQL2. For cqlsh, you will need
to use 'cqlsh -2'.
- CQL3 is now considered final in this release. Compared to the beta
version that is part of 1.1, this final version has a few additions
(collections), but also some (incompatible) changes in the syntax for the
options of the create/alter keyspace/table statements. Typically, the
syntax to create a keyspace is now:
CREATE KEYSPACE ks WITH replication = { 'class' : 'SimpleStrategy',
'replication_factor' : 2 };
Also, the consistency level cannot be set in the language anymore, but is
at the protocol level.
Please refer to the CQL3 documentation (http://cassandra.apache.org/doc/cql3/CQL.html)
for details.
- In CQL3, the DROP behavior from ALTER TABLE has currently been removed
(because it was not correctly implemented). We hope to add it back soon
(Cassandra 1.2.1 or 1.2.2)
Features
--------
- Cassandra can now handle concurrent CREATE TABLE schema changes
as well as other updates
- rpc_timeout has been split up to allow finer-grained control
on timeouts for different operation types
- num_tokens can now be specified in cassandra.yaml. This defines the
number of tokens assigned to the host on the ring (default: 1).
Also specifying initial_token will override any num_tokens setting.
- disk_failure_policy allows blacklisting failed disks in JBOD
configuration instead of erroring out indefinitely
- event tracing can be configured per-connection ("trace_next_query")
or globally/probabilistically ("nodetool settraceprobability")
- Atomic batches are now supported server side, where Cassandra will
guarantee that (at the price of pre-writing the batch to another node
first), all mutations in the batch will be applied, even if the
coordinator fails mid-batch.
- new IAuthorizer interface has replaced the old IAuthority. IAuthorizer
allows dynamic permission management via new CQL3 statements:
GRANT, REVOKE, LIST PERMISSIONS. A native implementation storing
the permissions in Cassandra is being worked on and we expect to
include it in 1.2.1 or 1.2.2.
- IAuthenticator interface has been updated to support dynamic user
creation, modification and removal via new CQL3 statements:
CREATE USER, ALTER USER, DROP USER, LIST USERS. A native implementation
that stores users in Cassandra itself is being worked on and is expected to
become part of 1.2.1 or 1.2.2.
1.1.5
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but please see 1.1 if you are upgrading
from a previous version.
1.1.4
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but please see 1.1 if you are upgrading
from a previous version.
1.1.3
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Running "nodetool upgradesstables" after upgrading is recommended
if you use Counter columnfamilies.
Features
--------
- the cqlsh COPY command can now export to CSV flat files
- added a new tools/bin/token-generator to facilitate generating evenly distributed tokens
1.1.2
=====
Upgrading
---------
- If you have column families using the LeveledCompactionStrategy, you should run scrub on those column families.
Features
--------
- cqlsh has a new COPY command to load data from CSV flat files
1.1.1
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to this release, but please see 1.1 if you are upgrading
from a previous version.
Features
--------
- Continuous commitlog archiving and point-in-time recovery.
See conf/commitlog_archiving.properties
- Incremental repair by token range, exposed over JMX
1.1
===
Upgrading
---------
- Compression is enabled by default on newly created ColumnFamilies
(and unchanged for ColumnFamilies created prior to upgrading).
- If you are running a multi datacenter setup, you should upgrade to
the latest 1.0.x (or 0.8.x) release before upgrading. Versions
0.8.8 and 1.0.3-1.0.5 generate cross-dc forwarding that is incompatible
with 1.1.
- EACH_QUORUM ConsistencyLevel is only supported for writes and will now
throw an InvalidRequestException when used for reads. (Previous
versions would silently perform a LOCAL_QUORUM read instead.)
- ANY ConsistencyLevel is only supported for writes and will now
throw an InvalidRequestException when used for reads. (Previous
versions would silently perform a ONE read for range queries;
single-row and multiget reads already rejected ANY.)
- The largest mutation batch accepted by the commitlog is now 128MB.
(In practice, batches larger than ~10MB always caused poor
performance due to load volatility and GC promotion failures.)
Larger batches will continue to be accepted but will not be
durable. Consider setting durable_writes=false if you really
want to use such large batches.
- Make sure that global settings: key_cache_{size_in_mb, save_period}
and row_cache_{size_in_mb, save_period} in conf/cassandra.yaml are
used instead of per-ColumnFamily options.
- JMX methods no longer return custom Cassandra objects. Any such methods
will now return standard Maps, Lists, etc.
- Hadoop input and output details are now separated. If you were
previously using methods such as getRpcPort you now need to use
getInputRpcPort or getOutputRpcPort depending on the circumstance.
- CQL changes:
+ Prior to 1.1, you could use KEY as the primary key name in some
select statements, even if the PK was actually given a different
name. In 1.1+ you must use the defined PK name.
- The sliced_buffer_size_in_kb option has been removed from the
cassandra.yaml config file (this option was a no-op since 1.0).
Features
--------
- Concurrent schema updates are now supported, with any conflicts
automatically resolved. Please note that simultaneously running
‘CREATE COLUMN FAMILY’ operation on the different nodes wouldn’t
be safe until version 1.2 due to the nature of ColumnFamily
identifier generation, for more details see CASSANDRA-3794.
- The CQL language has undergone a major revision, CQL3, the
highlights of which are covered at [1]. CQL3 is not
backwards-compatibile with CQL2, so we've introduced a
set_cql_version Thrift method to specify which version you want.
(The default remains CQL2 at least until Cassandra 1.2.) cqlsh
adds a --cql3 flag to enable this.
[1] http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/schema-in-cassandra-1-1
- Row-level isolation: multi-column updates to a single row have
always been *atomic* (either all will be applied, or none)
thanks to the CommitLog, but until 1.1 they were not *isolated*
-- a reader may see mixed old and new values while the update
happens.
- Finer-grained control over data directories, allowing a ColumnFamily to
be pinned to specfic volume, e.g. one backed by SSD.
- The bulk loader is not longer a fat client; it can be run from an
existing machine in a cluster.
- A new write survey mode has been added, similar to bootstrap (enabled via
-Dcassandra.write_survey=true), but the node will not automatically join
the cluster. This is useful for cases such as testing different
compaction strategies with live traffic without affecting the cluster.
- Key and row caches are now global, similar to the global memtable
threshold. Manual tuning of cache sizes per-columnfamily is no longer
required.
- Off-heap caches no longer require JNA, and will work out of the box
on Windows as well as Unix platforms.
- Streaming is now multithreaded.
- Compactions may now be aborted via JMX or nodetool.
- The stress tool is not new in 1.1, but it is newly included in
binary builds as well as the source tree
- Hadoop: a new BulkOutputFormat is included which will directly write
SSTables locally and then stream them into the cluster.
YOU SHOULD USE BulkOutputFormat BY DEFAULT. ColumnFamilyOutputFormat
is still around in case for some strange reason you want results
trickling out over Thrift, but BulkOutputFormat is significantly
more efficient.
- Hadoop: KeyRange.filter is now supported with ColumnFamilyInputFormat,
allowing index expressions to be evaluated server-side to reduce
the amount of data sent to Hadoop.
- Hadoop: ColumnFamilyRecordReader has a wide-row mode, enabled via
a boolean parameter to setInputColumnFamily, that pages through
data column-at-a-time instead of row-at-a-time.
- Pig: can use the wide-row Hadoop support, by setting PIG_WIDEROW_INPUT
to true. This will produce each row's columns in a bag.
1.0.8
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to 1.0.8
Other
-----
- Allow configuring socket timeout for streaming
1.0.7
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to 1.0.7, please report to instruction for 1.0.6
Other
-----
- Adds new setstreamthroughput to nodetool to configure streaming
throttling
- Adds JMX property to get/set rpc_timeout_in_ms at runtime
- Allow configuring (per-CF) bloom_filter_fp_chance
1.0.6
=====
Upgrading
---------
- This release fixes an issue related to the chunk_length_kb option for
compressed sstables. If you use compression on some column families, it
is recommended after the upgrade to check the value for this option on
these column families (the default value is 64). In case the option would
not be set correctly, you should update the column family definition,
setting the right value and then run scrub on the column family.
- Please report to instruction for 1.0.5 if coming from an older version.
1.0.5
=====
Upgrading
---------
- 1.0.5 comes to fix two important regression of 1.0.4. So all information
concerning 1.0.4 are valid for this release, but please avoids upgrading
to 1.0.4.
1.0.4
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to 1.0.4 but please see the 1.0 upgrading section if
upgrading from a version prior to 1.0.0
Features
--------
- A new upgradesstables command has been added to nodetool. It is very
similar to scrub but without the ability to discard corrupted rows (and
as a consequence it does not snapshot automatically before). This new
command is to be prefered to scrub in all cases where sstables should be
rewritten to the current format for upgrade purposes.
JMX
---
- The path for the data, commit log and saved cache directories exposed
through JMX
- The in-memory bloom filter sizes are now exposed through JMX
1.0.3
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to 1.0.3 but please see the 1.0 upgrading section if
upgrading from a version prior to 1.0.0
Features
--------
- For non compressed sstables (compressed sstable already include more
fine grained checsums), a sha1 for the full sstable is now automatically
created (in a fix with suffix -Digest.sha1). It can be used to check the
sstable integrity with sha1sum.
1.0.2
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to 1.0.2 but please see the 1.0 upgrading section if
upgrading from a version prior to 1.0.0
Features
--------
- Cassandra CLI queries now have timing information
1.0.1
=====
Upgrading
---------
- If upgrading from a version prior to 1.0.0, please see the 1.0 Upgrading
section
- For running on Windows as a Service, procrun is no longer discributed
with Cassandra, see README.txt for more information on how to download
it if necessary.
- The name given to snapshots directories have been improved for human
readability. If you had scripts relying on it, you may need to update
them.
1.0
===
Upgrading
---------
- Upgrading from version 0.7.1+ or 0.8.2+ can be done with a rolling
restart, one node at a time. (0.8.0 or 0.8.1 are NOT network-compatible
with 1.0: upgrade to the most recent 0.8 release first.)
You do not need to bring down the whole cluster at once.
- After upgrading, run nodetool scrub against each node before running
repair, moving nodes, or adding new ones.
- CQL inserts/updates now generate microsecond resolution timestamps
by default, instead of millisecond. THIS MEANS A ROLLING UPGRADE COULD
MIX milliseconds and microseconds, with clients talking to servers
generating milliseconds unable to overwrite the larger microsecond
timestamps. If you are using CQL and this is important for your
application, you can either perform a non-rolling upgrade to 1.0, or
update your application first to use explicit timestamps with the "USING
timestamp=X" syntax.
- The BinaryMemtable bulk-load interface has been removed (use the
sstableloader tool instead).
- The compaction_thread_priority setting has been removed from
cassandra.yaml (use compaction_throughput_mb_per_sec to throttle
compaction instead).
- CQL types bytea and date were renamed to blob and timestamp, respectively,
to conform with SQL norms. CQL type int is now a 4-byte int, not 8
(which is still available as bigint).
- Cassandra 1.0 uses arena allocation to reduce old generation
fragmentation. This means there is a minimum overhead of 1MB
per ColumnFamily plus 1MB per index.
- The SimpleAuthenticator and SimpleAuthority classes have been moved to
the example directory (and are thus not available from the binary
distribution). They never provided actual security and in their current
state are only meant as examples.
Features
--------
- SSTable compression is supported through the 'compression_options'
parameter when creating/updating a column family. For instance, you can
create a column family Cf using compression (through the Snappy library)
in the CLI with:
create column family Cf with compression_options={sstable_compression: SnappyCompressor}
SSTable compression is not activated by default but can be activated or
deactivated at any time.
- Compressed SSTable blocks are checksummed to protect against bitrot
- New LevelDB-inspired compaction algorithm can be enabled by setting the
Columnfamily compaction_strategy=LeveledCompactionStrategy option.
Leveled compaction means you only need to keep a few MB of space free for
compaction instead of (in the worst case) 50%.
- Ability to use multiple threads during a single compaction. See
multithreaded_compaction in cassandra.yaml for more details.
- Windows Service ("cassandra.bat install" to enable)
- A dead node may be replaced in a single step by starting a new node
with -Dcassandra.replace_token=<token>. More details can be found at
http://wiki.apache.org/cassandra/Operations#Replacing_a_Dead_Node
- It is now possible to repair only the first range returned by the
partitioner for a node with `nodetool repair -pr`. It makes it
easier/possible to repair a full cluster without any work duplication by
running this command on every node of the cluster.
New data types
--------------
- decimal
Other
-----
- Hinted Handoff has two major improvements:
- Hint replay is much more efficient thanks to a change in the data model
- Hints are created for all replicas that do not ack a write. (Formerly,
only replicas known to be down when the write started were hinted.)
This means that running with read repair completely off is much more
viable than before, and the default read_repair_chance is reduced from 1.0
("always repair") to 0.1 ("repair 10% of the time").
- The old per-ColumnFamily memtable thresholds
(memtable_throughput_in_mb, memtable_operations_in_millions,
memtable_flush_after_mins) are ignored, in favor of the global
memtable_total_space_in_mb and commitlog_total_space_in_mb settings.
This does not affect client compatibility -- the old options are
still allowed, but have no effect. These options may be removed
entirely in a future release.
- Backlogged compactions will begin five minutes after startup. The 0.8
behavior of never starting compaction until a flush happens is usually
not what is desired, but a short grace period is useful to allow caches
to warm up first.
- The deletion of compacted data files is not performed during Garbage
Collection anymore. This means compacted files will now be deleted
without delay.
0.8.5
=====
Features
--------
- SSTables copied to a data directory can be loaded by a live node through
nodetool refresh (may be handy to load snapshots).
- The configured compaction throughput is exposed through JMX.
Other
-----
- The sstableloader is now bundled with the debian package.
- Repair detects when a participating node is dead and fails instead of
hanging forever.
0.8.4
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to 0.8.4
Other
-----
- This release comes to fix a bug in counter that could lead to
(important) over-count.
- It also fixes a slight upgrade regression from 0.8.3. It is thus advised
to jump directly to 0.8.4 if upgrading from before 0.8.3.
0.8.3
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Token removal has been revamped. Removing tokens in a mixed cluster with
0.8.3 will not work, so the entire cluster will need to be running 0.8.3
first, except for the dead node.
Features
--------
- It is now possible to use thrift asynchronous and
half-synchronous/half-asynchronous servers (see cassandra.yaml for more
details).
- It is now possible to access counter columns through Hadoop.
Other
-----
- This release fix a regression of 0.8 that can make commit log segment to
be deleted even though not all data it contains has been flushed.
Upgrades from 0.8.* is very much encouraged.
0.8.2
=====
Upgrading
---------
- 0.8.0 and 0.8.1 shipped with a bug that was setting the
replicate_on_write option for counter column families to false (this
option has no effect on non-counter column family). This is an unsafe
default and 0.8.2 correct this, the default for replicate_on_write is
now true. It is advised to update your counter column family definitions
if replicate_on_write was uncorrectly set to false (before or after
upgrade).
0.8.1
=====
Upgrading
---------
- 0.8.1 is backwards compatible with 0.8, upgrade can be achieved by a
simple rolling restart.
- If upgrading for earlier version (0.7), please refer to the 0.8 section
for instructions.
Features
--------
- Numerous additions/improvements to CQL (support for counters, TTL, batch
inserts/deletes, index dropping, ...).
- Add two new AbstractTypes (comparator) to support compound keys
(CompositeType and DynamicCompositeType), as well as a ReverseType to
reverse the order of any existing comparator.
- New option to bypass the commit log on some keyspaces (for advanced
users).
Tools
-----
- Add new data bulk loading utility (sstableloader).
0.8
===
Upgrading
---------
- Upgrading from version 0.7.1 or later can be done with a rolling
restart, one node at a time. You do not need to bring down the
whole cluster at once.
- After upgrading, run nodetool scrub against each node before running
repair, moving nodes, or adding new ones.
- Running nodetool drain before shutting down the 0.7 node is
recommended but not required. (Skipping this will result in
replay of entire commitlog, so it will take longer to restart but
is otherwise harmless.)
- 0.8 is fully API-compatible with 0.7. You can continue
to use your 0.7 clients.
- Avro record classes used in map/reduce and Hadoop streaming code have
been removed. Map/reduce can be switched to Thrift by changing
org.apache.cassandra.avro in import statements to
org.apache.cassandra.thrift (no class names change). Streaming support
has been removed for the time being.
- The loadbalance command has been removed from nodetool. For similar
behavior, decommission then rebootstrap with empty initial_token.
- Thrift unframed mode has been removed.
- The addition of key_validation_class means the cli will assume keys
are bytes, instead of strings, in the absence of other information.
See http://wiki.apache.org/cassandra/FAQ#cli_keys for more details.
Features
--------
- added CQL client API and JDBC/DBAPI2-compliant drivers for Java and
Python, respectively (see: drivers/ subdirectory and doc/cql)
- added distributed Counters feature;
see http://wiki.apache.org/cassandra/Counters
- optional intranode encryption; see comments around 'encryption_options'
in cassandra.yaml
- compaction multithreading and rate-limiting; see
'concurrent_compactors' and 'compaction_throughput_mb_per_sec' in
cassandra.yaml
- cassandra will limit total memtable memory usage to 1/3 of the heap
by default. This can be ajusted or disabled with the
memtable_total_space_in_mb option. The old per-ColumnFamily
throughput, operations, and age settings are still respected but
will be removed in a future major release once we are satisfied that
memtable_total_space_in_mb works adequately.
Tools
-----
- stress and py_stress moved from contrib/ to tools/
- clustertool was removed (see
https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-2607 for examples
of how to script nodetool across the cluster instead)
Other
-----
- In the past, sstable2json would write column names and values as
hex strings, and now creates human readable values based on the
comparator/validator. As a result, JSON dumps created with
older versions of sstable2json are no longer compatible with
json2sstable, and imports must be made with a configuration that
is identical to the export.
- manually-forced compactions ("nodetool compact") will do nothing
if only a single SSTable remains for a ColumnFamily. To force it
to compact that anyway (which will free up space if there are
a lot of expired tombstones), use the new forceUserDefinedCompaction
JMX method on CompactionManager.
- most of contrib/ (which was not part of the binary releases)
has been moved either to examples/ or tools/. We plan to move the
rest for 0.8.1.
JMX
---
- By default, JMX now listens on port 7199.
0.7.6
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to 0.7.6, but see 0.7.3 Upgrading if upgrading
from earlier than 0.7.1.
0.7.5
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to 0.7.5, but see 0.7.3 Upgrading if upgrading
from earlier than 0.7.1.
Changes
-------
- system_update_column_family no longer snapshots before applying
the schema change. (_update_keyspace never did. _drop_keyspace
and _drop_column_family continue to snapshot.)
- added memtable_flush_queue_size option to cassandra.yaml to
avoid blocking writes when multiple column families (or a colum
family with indexes) are flushed at the same time.
- allow overriding initial_token, storage_port and rpc_port using
system properties
0.7.4
=====
Upgrading
---------
- Nothing specific to 0.7.4, but see 0.7.3 Upgrading if upgrading
from earlier than 0.7.1.
Features
--------
- Output to Pig is now supported as well as input
0.7.3
=====
Upgrading
---------
- 0.7.1 and 0.7.2 shipped with a bug that caused incorrect row-level
bloom filters to be generated when compacting sstables generated
with earlier versions. This would manifest in IOExceptions during
column name-based queries. 0.7.3 provides "nodetool scrub" to
rebuild sstables with correct bloom filters, with no data lost.
(If your cluster was never on 0.7.0 or earlier, you don't have to
worry about this.) Note that nodetool scrub will snapshot your
data files before rebuilding, just in case.
0.7.1
=====
Upgrading
---------
- 0.7.1 is completely backwards compatible with 0.7.0. Just restart
each node with the new version, one at a time. (The cluster does
not all need to be upgraded simultaneously.)
Features
--------
- added flush_largest_memtables_at and reduce_cache_sizes_at options
to cassandra.yaml as an escape valve for memory pressure
- added option to specify -Dcassandra.join_ring=false on startup
to allow "warm spare" nodes or performing JMX maintenance before
joining the ring
Performance
-----------
- Disk writes and sequential scans avoid polluting page cache
(requires JNA to be enabled)
- Cassandra performs writes efficiently across datacenters by
sending a single copy of the mutation and having the recipient
forward that to other replicas in its datacenter.
- Improved network buffering
- Reduced lock contention on memtable flush
- Optimized supercolumn deserialization
- Zero-copy reads from mmapped sstable files
- Explicitly set higher JVM new generation size
- Reduced i/o contention during saving of caches
0.7.0
=====
Features
--------
- Secondary indexes (indexes on column values) are now supported
- Row size limit increased from 2GB to 2 billion columns. rows
are no longer read into memory during compaction.
- Keyspace and ColumnFamily definitions may be added and modified live
- Streaming data for repair or node movement no longer requires
anticompaction step first
- NetworkTopologyStrategy (formerly DatacenterShardStrategy) is ready for
use, enabling ConsistencyLevel.DCQUORUM and DCQUORUMSYNC. See comments
in `cassandra.yaml.`
- Optional per-Column time-to-live field allows expiring data without
have to issue explicit remove commands
- `truncate` thrift method allows clearing an entire ColumnFamily at once
- Hadoop OutputFormat and Streaming [non-jvm map/reduce via stdin/out]
support
- Up to 8x faster reads from row cache
- A new ByteOrderedPartitioner supports bytes keys with arbitrary content,
and orders keys by their byte value. This should be used in new
deployments instead of OrderPreservingPartitioner.
- Optional round-robin scheduling between keyspaces for multitenant
clusters
- Dynamic endpoint snitch mitigates the impact of impaired nodes
- New `IntegerType`, faster than LongType and allows integers of
both less and more bits than Long's 64
- A revamped authentication system that decouples authorization and
allows finer-grained control of resources.
Upgrading
---------
The Thrift API has changed in incompatible ways; see below, and refer
to http://wiki.apache.org/cassandra/ClientOptions for a list of
higher-level clients that have been updated to support the 0.7 API.
The Cassandra inter-node protocol is incompatible with 0.6.x
releases (and with 0.7 beta1), meaning you will have to bring your
cluster down prior to upgrading: you cannot mix 0.6 and 0.7 nodes.
The hints schema was changed from 0.6 to 0.7. Cassandra automatically
snapshots and then truncates the hints column family as part of
starting up 0.7 for the first time.
Keyspace and ColumnFamily definitions are stored in the system
keyspace, rather than the configuration file.
The process to upgrade is:
1) run "nodetool drain" on _each_ 0.6 node. When drain finishes (log
message "Node is drained" appears), stop the process.
2) Convert your storage-conf.xml to the new cassandra.yaml using
"bin/config-converter".
3) Rename any of your keyspace or column family names that do not adhere
to the '^\w+' regex convention.
4) Start up your cluster with the 0.7 version.
5) Initialize your Keyspace and ColumnFamily definitions using
"bin/schematool <host> <jmxport> import". _You only need to do
this to one node_.
Thrift API
----------
- The Cassandra server now defaults to framed mode, rather than
unframed. Unframed is obsolete and will be removed in the next
major release.
- The Cassandra Thrift interface file has been updated for Thrift 0.5.
If you are compiling your own client code from the interface, you
will need to upgrade the Thrift compiler to match.
- Row keys are now bytes: keys stored by versions prior to 0.7.0 will be
returned as UTF-8 encoded bytes. OrderPreservingPartitioner and
CollatingOrderPreservingPartitioner continue to expect that keys contain
UTF-8 encoded strings, but RandomPartitioner now works on any key data.
- keyspace parameters have been replaced with the per-connection
set_keyspace method.
- The return type for login() is now AccessLevel.
- The get_string_property() method has been removed.
- The get_string_list_property() method has been removed.
Configuraton
------------
- Configuration file renamed to cassandra.yaml and log4j.properties to
log4j-server.properties
- PropertyFileSnitch configuration file renamed to
cassandra-topology.properties
- The ThriftAddress and ThriftPort directives have been renamed to
RPCAddress and RPCPort respectively.
- EndPointSnitch was renamed to RackInferringSnitch. A new SimpleSnitch
has been added.
- RackUnawareStrategy and RackAwareStrategy have been renamed to
SimpleStrategy and OldNetworkTopologyStrategy, respectively.
- RowWarningThresholdInMB replaced with in_memory_compaction_limit_in_mb
- GCGraceSeconds is now per-ColumnFamily instead of global
- Keyspace and column family names that do not confirm to a '^\w+' regex
are considered illegal.
- Keyspace and column family definitions will need to be loaded via
"bin/schematool <host> <jmxport> import". _You only need to do this to
one node_.
- In addition to an authenticator, an authority must be configured as
well. Users of SimpleAuthenticator should use SimpleAuthority for this
value (the default is AllowAllAuthority, which corresponds with
AllowAllAuthenticator).
- The format of access.properties has changed, see the sample configuration
conf/access.properties for documentation on the new format.
JMX
---
- StreamingService moved from o.a.c.streaming to o.a.c.service
- GMFD renamed to GOSSIP_STAGE
- {Min,Mean,Max}RowCompactedSize renamed to {Min,Mean,Max}RowSize
since it no longer has to wait til compaction to be computed
Other
-----
- If extending AbstractType, make sure you follow the singleton pattern
followed by Cassandra core AbstractType classes: provide a public
static final variable called 'instance'.
0.6.6
=====
Upgrading
---------
- As part of the cache-saving feature, a third directory
(along with data and commitlog) has been added to the config
file. You will need to set and create this directory
when restarting your node into 0.6.6.
0.6.1
=====
Upgrading
---------
- We try to keep minor versions 100% compatible (data format,
commitlog format, network format) within the major series, but
we introduced a network-level incompatibility in 0.6.1.
Thus, if you are upgrading from 0.6.0 to any higher version
(0.6.1, 0.6.2, etc.) then you will need to restart your entire
cluster with the new version, instead of being able to do a
rolling restart.
0.6.0
=====
Features
--------
- row caching: configure with the RowsCached attribute in
ColumnFamily definition
- Hadoop map/reduce support: see contrib/word_count for an example
- experimental authentication support, described under
Authenticator in storage.conf
Configuraton
------------
- MemtableSizeInMB has been replaced by MemtableThroughputInMB which
triggers a memtable flush when the specified amount of data has
been written, including overwrites.
- MemtableObjectCountInMillions has been replaced by the
MemtableOperationsInMillions directive which causes a memtable flush
to occur after the specified number of operations.
- Like MemtableSizeInMB, BinaryMemtableSizeInMB has been replaced by
BinaryMemtableThroughputInMB.
- Replication factor is now per-keyspace, rather than global.
- KeysCachedFraction is deprecated in favor of KeysCached
- RowWarningThresholdInMB added, to warn before very large rows
get big enough to threaten node stability
Thrift API
----------
- removed deprecated get_key_range method
- added batch_mutate meethod
- deprecated multiget and batch_insert methods in favor of
multiget_slice and batch_mutate, respectively
- added ConsistencyLevel.ANY, for when you want write
availability even when it may not be readable immediately.
Unlike CL.ZERO, though, it will throw an exception if
it cannot be written *somewhere*.
JMX metrics
-----------
- read and write statistics are reported as lifetime totals,
instead of averages over the last minute. average-since-last
requested are also available for convenience.
- cache hit rate statistics are now available from JMX under
org.apache.cassandra.db.Caches
- compaction JMX metrics are moved to
org.apache.cassandra.db.CompactionManager. PendingTasks is now
a much better estimate of compactions remaining, and the
progress of the current compaction has been added.
- commitlog JMX metrics are moved to org.apache.cassandra.db.Commitlog
- progress of data streaming during bootstrap, loadbalance, or other
data migration, is available under
org.apache.cassandra.streaming.StreamingService.
See http://wiki.apache.org/cassandra/Streaming for details.
Installation/Upgrade
--------------------
- 0.6 network traffic is not compatible with earlier versions. You
will need to shut down all your nodes at once, upgrade, then restart.
0.5.0
=====
0. The commitlog format has changed (but sstable format has not).
When upgrading from 0.4, empty the commitlog either by running
bin/nodeprobe flush on each machine and waiting for the flush to finish,
or simply remove the commitlog directory if you only have test data.
(If more writes come in after the flush command, starting 0.5 will error
out; if that happens, just go back to 0.4 and flush again.)
The format changed twice: from 0.4 to beta1, and from beta2 to RC1.
.5 The gossip protocol has changed, meaning 0.5 nodes cannot coexist
in a cluster of 0.4 nodes or vice versa; you must upgrade your
whole cluster at the same time.
1. Bootstrap, move, load balancing, and active repair have been added.
See http://wiki.apache.org/cassandra/Operations. When upgrading
from 0.4, leave autobootstrap set to false for the first restart
of your old nodes.
2. Performance improvements across the board, especially on the write
path (over 100% improvement in stress.py throughput).
3. Configuration:
- Added "comment" field to ColumnFamily definition.
- Added MemtableFlushAfterMinutes, a global replacement for the
old per-CF FlushPeriodInMinutes setting
- Key cache settings
4. Thrift:
- Added get_range_slice, deprecating get_key_range
0.4.2
=====
1. Improve default garbage collector options significantly --
throughput will be 30% higher or more.
0.4.1
=====
1. SnapshotBeforeCompaction configuration option allows snapshotting
before each compaction, which allows rolling back to any version
of the data.
0.4.0
=====
1. On-disk data format has changed to allow billions of keys/rows per
node instead of only millions. The new format is incompatible with 0.3;
see 0.3 notes below for how to import data from a 0.3 install.
2. Cassandra now supports multiple keyspaces. Typically you will have
one keyspace per application, allowing applications to be able to
create and modify ColumnFamilies at will without worrying about
collisions with others in the same cluster.
3. Many Thrift API changes and documentation. See
http://wiki.apache.org/cassandra/API
4. Removed the web interface in favor of JMX and bin/nodeprobe, which
has significantly enhanced functionality.
5. Renamed configuration "<Table>" to "<Keyspace>".
6. Added commitlog fsync; see "<CommitLogSync>" in configuration.
0.3.0
=====
1. With enough and large enough keys in a ColumnFamily, Cassandra will
run out of memory trying to perform compactions (data file merges).
The size of what is stored in memory is (S + 16) * (N + M) where S
is the size of the key (usually 2 bytes per character), N is the
number of keys and M, is the map overhead (which can be guestimated
at around 32 bytes per key).
So, if you have 10-character keys and 1GB of headroom in your heap
space for compaction, you can expect to store about 17M keys
before running into problems.
See https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-208
2. Because fixing #1 requires a data file format change, 0.4 will not
be binary-compatible with 0.3 data files. A client-side upgrade
can be done relatively easily with the following algorithm:
for key in old_client.get_key_range(everything):
columns = old_client.get_slice or get_slice_super(key, all columns)
new_client.batch_insert or batch_insert_super(key, columns)
The inner loop can be trivially parallelized for speed.
3. Commitlog does not fsync before reporting a write successful.
Using blocking writes mitigates this to some degree, since all
nodes that were part of the write quorum would have to fail
before sync for data to be lost.
See https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-182
Additionally, row size (that is, all the data associated with a single
key in a given ColumnFamily) is limited by available memory, because
compaction deserializes each row before merging.
See https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-16