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| <div class="container"> <h1 id="verifying-apache-software-foundation-releases">Verifying Apache Software Foundation Releases<a class="headerlink" href="#verifying-apache-software-foundation-releases" title="Permalink">¶</a></h1> |
| <p>This page describes how to verify a file you have downloaded from an Apache product releases page, or from the Apache archive, |
| by <a href="#CheckingHashes">checksum</a> or <a href="#CheckingSignatures">signature</a>.</p> |
| <p>All official releases of code distributed by the Apache Software Foundation |
| are signed by the release manager for the release. |
| PGP signatures and SHA/MD5 checksums are available along with the distribution.</p> |
| <p>Signatures and checksums are only available from the official Apache Software Foundation site.</p> |
| <h2 id="CheckingHashes">Checking Hashes<a class="headerlink" href="#CheckingHashes" title="Permalink">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>File hashes are used to check that a file has been downloaded correctly. |
| They do not provide any guarantees as to the authenticity of the file.</p> |
| <p>The <em>checksum</em> of a file is a fixed length string, that (in practice) |
| uniquely identifies the <em>contents</em> of the file. |
| Two files are (only) equal if their checksums are equal. |
| Comparing the checksums of two files is as good as comparing the two files |
| themselves.</p> |
| <p>There are lots of checksum algorithms. We use SHA-256 and SHA-512. MD5 and SHA-1, which may have been used for older releases, are <em>deprecated</em>. |
| <br/> |
| The download page shows which checksum files |
| are available for the <em>original</em> file.</p> |
| <p>To check a hash, you have to <em>compute</em> the proper checksum of the file |
| you just downloaded ; |
| then <em>compare</em> it with the published checksum of the <em>original</em>.</p> |
| <div> |
| <style type="text/css"> |
| td { padding : 5px ; font-family : monospace ; font-size : smaller } |
| th { padding : 5px ; text-align : center ; } |
| </style> |
| <blockquote> |
| <table border="1" class="table"> |
| <tr> |
| <th colspan="4"><i>compute the checksum of your file ...</i></th> |
| <th rowspan="1"><i>compare with</i></th> |
| </tr> |
| <tr><td></td> |
| <th>Windows</th> |
| <th>Linux</th> |
| <th>Mac</th> |
| <td></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr><th>SHA-1 (deprecated)</th><td>certUtil -hashfile <i>file</i> SHA1</td> |
| <td>sha1sum <i>file</i></td> |
| <td>shasum -a 1 <i>file</i></td> |
| <td><i>file</i>.sha1</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr><th>SHA-256</th><td>certUtil -hashfile <i>file</i> SHA256</td> |
| <td>sha256sum <i>file</i></td> |
| <td>shasum -a 256 <i>file</i></td> |
| <td><i>file</i>.sha256</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr><th>SHA-512</th><td>certUtil -hashfile <i>file</i> SHA512</td> |
| <td>sha512sum <i>file</i></td> |
| <td>shasum -a 512 <i>file</i></td> |
| <td><i>file</i>.sha512</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr><th>MD5 (deprecated)</th><td>certUtil -hashfile <i>file</i> MD5</td> |
| <td>md5sum <i>file</i></td> |
| <td>md5 <i>file</i></td> |
| <td><i>file</i>.md5</td> |
| </tr> |
| </table> |
| </blockquote> |
| </div> |
| <p>Only if you check the hash can you be certain that your download hasn't been modified or is otherwise incomplete or faulty.</p> |
| <h2 id="CheckingSignatures">Checking Signatures<a class="headerlink" href="#CheckingSignatures" title="Permalink">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>The following example details how signature interaction works. The example |
| is for the Apache HTTP Server project, but applies equally to other ASF |
| projects.</p> |
| <p>In this example, you are already assumed to have downloaded |
| <code>httpd-2.0.44.tar.gz</code> (the release) and <code>httpd-2.0.44.tar.gz.asc</code> (the |
| detached signature).</p> |
| <p>This example uses <a href="http://www.gnupg.org/">The GNU Privacy Guard</a>. Any |
| <a href="http://www.openpgp.org/">OpenPGP</a>-compliant program should work |
| successfully.</p> |
| <p>First, we will check the detached signature (<code>httpd-2.0.44.tar.gz.asc</code>) |
| against our release (<code>httpd-2.0.44.tar.gz</code>).</p> |
| <p><strong><a name="specify_both"></a>N.B. you must specify both the detached signature and the release file.</strong> |
| <br/>If the release file is omitted, GPG will only check the signature against the release file if the signature is a detached signature. |
| If the .asc file is a self-contained signed file, GPG will only check that, and will not verify the release. |
| (This should not happen if the signature file was downloaded from an ASF server, but it is safer to always specify the release filename)</p> |
| <pre><code>% gpg --verify httpd-2.0.44.tar.gz.asc httpd-2.0.44.tar.gz |
| gpg: Signature made Sat Jan 18 07:21:28 2003 PST using DSA key ID DE885DD3 |
| gpg: Can't check signature: public key not found |
| </code></pre> |
| <p>This means that we don't have the release manager's public key (<code>DE885DD3</code>) |
| in our local system. You now need to retrieve the public key from a key |
| server. One popular server is <code>pgpkeys.mit.edu</code> (which has a <a href="http://pgp.mit.edu/">web |
| interface</a> ). The public key servers are linked |
| together, so you should be able to connect to any key server.</p> |
| <pre><code>% gpg --keyserver pgpkeys.mit.edu --recv-key DE885DD3 |
| gpg: requesting key DE885DD3 from HKP keyserver pgpkeys.mit.edu |
| gpg: trustdb created |
| gpg: key DE885DD3: public key "Sander Striker <striker@apache.org>" imported |
| gpg: Total number processed: 1 |
| gpg: imported: 1 |
| </code></pre> |
| <p>In this example, you have now received a public key for an entity known as |
| <code>Sander Striker <striker@apache.org></code>. However, you have no way of |
| verifying this key was created by the person known as Sander Striker. But, |
| let's try to verify the release signature again.</p> |
| <pre><code>% gpg --verify httpd-2.0.44.tar.gz.asc httpd-2.0.44.tar.gz |
| gpg: Signature made Sat Jan 18 07:21:28 2003 PST using DSA key ID DE885DD3 |
| gpg: Good signature from "Sander Striker <striker@apache.org>" |
| gpg: aka "Sander Striker <striker@striker.nl>" |
| gpg: checking the trustdb |
| gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found |
| gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature! |
| gpg: There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner. |
| Fingerprint: 4C1E ADAD B4EF 5007 579C 919C 6635 B6C0 DE88 5DD3 |
| </code></pre> |
| <p>At this point, the signature is good, but we don't trust this key. A good |
| signature means that the file has not been tampered with. However, due to |
| the nature of public key cryptography, you need to additionally verify that |
| key <code>DE885DD3</code> was created by the <strong>real</strong> Sander Striker.</p> |
| <p>Any attacker can create a public key and upload it to the public key |
| servers. They can then create a malicious release signed by this fake key. |
| Then, if you tried to verify the signature of this corrupt release, it |
| would succeed because the key was not the 'real' key. Therefore, you need |
| to validate the authenticity of this key.</p> |
| <h3 id="Validating">Validating Authenticity of a Key<a class="headerlink" href="#Validating" title="Permalink">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>You may download public keys for the Apache project developers from our |
| website or retrieve them from the public PGP keyservers (see above). |
| However, importing these keys is not enough to verify the integrity of the |
| signatures. If a release verifies as good, you need to validate that the |
| key was created by an official representative of the Apache HTTP Server |
| Project.</p> |
| <p>The crucial step to validation is to confirm the key fingerprint of the |
| public key.</p> |
| <pre><code>% gpg --fingerprint DE885DD3 |
| pub 1024D/DE885DD3 2002-04-10 Sander Striker <striker@apache.org> |
| Key fingerprint = 4C1E ADAD B4EF 5007 579C 919C 6635 B6C0 DE88 5DD3 |
| uid Sander Striker <striker@striker.nl> |
| sub 2048g/532D14CA 2002-04-10 |
| </code></pre> |
| <p>A good start to validating a key is by face-to-face communication with |
| multiple government-issued photo identification confirmations. However, |
| each person is free to have their own standards for determining the |
| authenticity of a key. Some people are satisfied by reading the key |
| signature over a telephone (voice verification). For more information on |
| determining what level of trust works best for you, please read the GNU |
| Privacy Handbook section on <a href="http://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/manual.html#AEN335">Validating other keys on your public |
| keyring</a>.</p> |
| <p>Most of the Apache HTTP Server developers have attempted to sign each |
| others' keys (usually with face-to-face validation). Therefore, in order to |
| enter the web of trust, you should only need to validate one person in our |
| web of trust. (Hint: all of our developers' keys are in the KEYS file.)</p> |
| <p>For example, the following people have signed the public key for Sander |
| Striker. If you verify any key on this list, you will have a trust path to |
| the <code>DE885DD3</code> key. If you verify a key that verifies one of the signatories |
| for <code>DE885DD3</code>, then you will have a trust path. (So on, and so on.)</p> |
| <pre><code>pub 1024D/DE885DD3 2002-04-10 Sander Striker <striker@apache.org> |
| sig E2226795 2002-05-01 Justin R. Erenkrantz |
| sig 3 DE885DD3 2002-04-10 Sander Striker |
| sig CD4DF205 2002-05-28 Wolfram Schlich |
| sig E005C9CB 2002-11-17 Greg Stein |
| sig CC8B0F7E 2002-11-18 Aaron Bannert |
| sig DFEAC4B9 2002-11-19 David N. Welton |
| sig 2 82AB7BD1 2002-11-17 Cliff Woolley |
| sig 2 13046155 2002-11-28 Thom May |
| sig 3 19311B00 2002-11-17 Chuck Murcko |
| sig 3 F894BE12 2002-11-17 Brian William Fitzpatrick |
| sig 3 5C1C3AD7 2002-11-18 David Reid |
| sig 3 E04F9A89 2002-11-18 Roy T. Fielding |
| sig 3 CC78C893 2002-11-19 Rich Bowen |
| sig 3 08C975E5 2002-11-21 Jim Jagielski |
| sig 3 F88341D9 2002-11-18 Lars Eilebrecht |
| sig 3 187BD68D 2002-11-21 Ben Hyde |
| sig 3 49A563D9 2002-11-23 Mark Cox |
| ...more signatures redacted... |
| </code></pre> |
| <p>Since the developers are usually quite busy, you may not immediately find |
| success in someone who is willing to meet face-to-face (they may not even |
| respond to your emails because they are so busy!). If you do not have a |
| developer nearby or have trouble locating a suitable person, please send an |
| email to the address of the key you are attempting to verify. They may be |
| able to find someone who will be willing to validate their key or arrange |
| alternate mechanisms for validation.</p> |
| <p>Once you have entered the web of trust, you should see the following upon |
| verifying the signature of a release.</p> |
| <pre><code>% gpg --verify httpd-2.0.44.tar.gz.asc httpd-2.0.44.tar.gz |
| gpg: Signature made Sat Jan 18 07:21:28 2003 PST using DSA key ID DE885DD3 |
| gpg: Good signature from "Sander Striker <striker@apache.org>" |
| gpg: aka "Sander Striker <striker@striker.nl>" |
| </code></pre> |
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