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      * (Top)
      * 1Description
        (BUTTON) Toggle Description subsection
           + 1.1Software
           + 1.2Hardware
           + 1.3Data
      * 2Operation
        (BUTTON) Toggle Operation subsection
           + 2.1Comparison with human players
      * 3History
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           + 3.1Development
           + 3.2Jeopardy!
                o 3.2.1Preparation
                o 3.2.2Practice match
                o 3.2.3First match
                o 3.2.4Second match
                o 3.2.5Final outcome
                o 3.2.6Philosophy
                o 3.2.7Match against members of the United States Congress
      * 4Current and future applications
        (BUTTON) Toggle Current and future applications subsection
           + 4.1Healthcare
           + 4.2IBM Watson Group
           + 4.3Chef Watson
           + 4.4Chatbot
           + 4.5Building codes
           + 4.6Teaching assistant
           + 4.7Weather forecasting
           + 4.8Fashion
           + 4.9Tax preparation
           + 4.10Advertising
      * 5See also
      * 6References
      * 7Bibliography
      * 8Further reading
      * 9External links
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           + 9.1J! Archive
           + 9.2Videos

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 IBM Watson

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    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
    Artificial intelligence computer system made by IBM
    For the IBM laboratory, see Thomas J. Watson Research Center.
    [220px-IBM_Watson_Logo_2017.png] Watson's avatar, inspired by the IBM
    "Smarter Planet" logo

    IBM Watson is a question-answering computer system capable of answering
    questions posed in natural language,^[1] developed in IBM's DeepQA
    project by a research team led by principal investigator David
    Ferrucci.^[2] Watson was named after IBM's founder and first CEO,
    industrialist Thomas J. Watson.^[3]^[4]

    The computer system was initially developed to answer questions on the
    quiz show Jeopardy!^[5] and in 2011, the Watson computer system
    competed on Jeopardy! against champions Brad Rutter and Ken
    Jennings,^[3]^[6] winning the first place prize of 1 million USD.^[7]

    In February 2013, IBM announced that Watson's first commercial
    application would be for utilization management decisions in lung
    cancer treatment at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
    City, in conjunction with WellPoint (now Elevance Health).^[8].

 Description[edit]

    [220px-DeepQA.svg.png] The high-level architecture of IBM's DeepQA used
    in Watson^[9]

    Watson was created as a question answering (QA) computing system that
    IBM built to apply advanced natural language processing, information
    retrieval, knowledge representation, automated reasoning, and machine
    learning technologies to the field of open domain question
    answering.^[1]

    IBM stated that Watson uses "more than 100 different techniques to
    analyze natural language, identify sources, find and generate
    hypotheses, find and score evidence, and merge and rank
    hypotheses."^[10]

    In recent years, Watson's capabilities have been extended and the way
    in which Watson works has been changed to take advantage of new
    deployment models (Watson on IBM Cloud), evolved machine learning
    capabilities, and optimized hardware available to developers and
    researchers. It is no longer purely a question answering (QA) computing
    system designed from Q&A pairs but can now 'see', 'hear', 'read',
    'talk', 'taste', 'interpret', 'learn' and 'recommend'.^[citation
    needed]

 Software[edit]

    Watson uses IBM's DeepQA software and the Apache UIMA (Unstructured
    Information Management Architecture) framework implementation. The
    system was written in various languages, including Java, C++, and
    Prolog, and runs on the SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 operating
    system using the Apache Hadoop framework to provide distributed
    computing.^[11]^[12]^[13]

 Hardware[edit]

    The system is workload-optimized, integrating massively parallel POWER7
    processors and built on IBM's DeepQA technology,^[14] which it uses to
    generate hypotheses, gather massive evidence, and analyze data.^[1]
    Watson employs a cluster of ninety IBM Power 750 servers, each of which
    uses a 3.5 GHz POWER7 eight-core processor, with four threads per core.
    In total, the system has 2,880 POWER7 processor threads and 16
    terabytes of RAM.^[14]

    According to John Rennie, Watson can process 500 gigabytes (the
    equivalent of a million books) per second.^[15] IBM master inventor and
    senior consultant Tony Pearson estimated Watson's hardware cost at
    about three million dollars.^[16] Its Linpack performance stands at 80
    TeraFLOPs, which is about half as fast as the cut-off line for the Top
    500 Supercomputers list.^[17] According to Rennie, all content was
    stored in Watson's RAM for the Jeopardy game because data stored on
    hard drives would be too slow to compete with human Jeopardy
    champions.^[15]

 Data[edit]

    The sources of information for Watson include encyclopedias,
    dictionaries, thesauri, newswire articles and literary works. Watson
    also used databases, taxonomies and ontologies including DBPedia,
    WordNet and Yago.^[18] The IBM team provided Watson with millions of
    documents, including dictionaries, encyclopedias and other reference
    material, that it could use to build its knowledge.^[19]

 Operation[edit]

    Watson parses questions into different keywords and sentence fragments
    in order to find statistically related phrases.^[19] Watson's main
    innovation was not in the creation of a new algorithm for this
    operation but rather its ability to quickly execute hundreds of proven
    language analysis algorithms simultaneously.^[19]^[20] The more
    algorithms that find the same answer independently, the more likely
    Watson is to be correct. Once Watson has a small number of potential
    solutions, it is able to check against its database to ascertain
    whether the solution makes sense or not.^[19]

 Comparison with human players[edit]

    [220px-Watson_Jeopardy.jpg] Ken Jennings, Watson, and Brad Rutter in
    their Jeopardy! exhibition match

    Watson's basic working principle is to parse keywords in a clue while
    searching for related terms as responses. This gives Watson some
    advantages and disadvantages compared with human Jeopardy!
    players.^[21] Watson has deficiencies in understanding the contexts of
    the clues. Watson can read, analyze, and learn from natural language
    which gives it the ability to make human-like decisions.^[22] As a
    result, human players usually generate responses faster than Watson,
    especially to short clues.^[19] Watson's programming prevents it from
    using the popular tactic of buzzing before it is sure of its
    response.^[19] However, Watson has consistently better reaction time on
    the buzzer once it has generated a response, and is immune to human
    players' psychological tactics, such as jumping between categories on
    every clue.^[19]^[23]

    In a sequence of 20 mock games of Jeopardy, human participants were
    able to use the six to seven seconds that Watson needed to hear the
    clue and decide whether to signal for responding.^[19] During that
    time, Watson also has to evaluate the response and determine whether it
    is sufficiently confident in the result to signal.^[19] Part of the
    system used to win the Jeopardy! contest was the electronic circuitry
    that receives the "ready" signal and then examined whether Watson's
    confidence level was great enough to activate the buzzer. Given the
    speed of this circuitry compared to the speed of human reaction times,
    Watson's reaction time was faster than the human contestants except
    when the human anticipated (instead of reacted to) the ready
    signal.^[24] After signaling, Watson speaks with an electronic voice
    and gives the responses in Jeopardy!'s question format.^[19] Watson's
    voice was synthesized from recordings that actor Jeff Woodman made for
    an IBM text-to-speech program in 2004.^[25]

    The Jeopardy! staff used different means to notify Watson and the human
    players when to buzz,^[24] which was critical in many rounds.^[23] The
    humans were notified by a light, which took them tenths of a second to
    perceive.^[26]^[27] Watson was notified by an electronic signal and
    could activate the buzzer within about eight milliseconds.^[28] The
    humans tried to compensate for the perception delay by anticipating the
    light,^[29] but the variation in the anticipation time was generally
    too great to fall within Watson's response time.^[23] Watson did not
    attempt to anticipate the notification signal.^[27]^[29]

 History[edit]

 Development[edit]

    Since Deep Blue's victory over Garry Kasparov in chess in 1997, IBM had
    been on the hunt for a new challenge. In 2004, IBM Research manager
    Charles Lickel, over dinner with coworkers, noticed that the restaurant
    they were in had fallen silent. He soon discovered the cause of this
    evening's hiatus: Ken Jennings, who was then in the middle of his
    successful 74-game run on Jeopardy!. Nearly the entire restaurant had
    piled toward the televisions, mid-meal, to watch Jeopardy!. Intrigued
    by the quiz show as a possible challenge for IBM, Lickel passed the
    idea on, and in 2005, IBM Research executive Paul Horn supported
    Lickel, pushing for someone in his department to take up the challenge
    of playing Jeopardy! with an IBM system. Though he initially had
    trouble finding any research staff willing to take on what looked to be
    a much more complex challenge than the wordless game of chess,
    eventually David Ferrucci took him up on the offer.^[30] In
    competitions managed by the United States government, Watson's
    predecessor, a system named Piquant, was usually able to respond
    correctly to only about 35% of clues and often required several minutes
    to respond.^[31]^[32]^[33] To compete successfully on Jeopardy!, Watson
    would need to respond in no more than a few seconds, and at that time,
    the problems posed by the game show were deemed to be impossible to
    solve.^[19]

    In initial tests run during 2006 by David Ferrucci, the senior manager
    of IBM's Semantic Analysis and Integration department, Watson was given
    500 clues from past Jeopardy! programs. While the best real-life
    competitors buzzed in half the time and responded correctly to as many
    as 95% of clues, Watson's first pass could get only about 15% correct.
    During 2007, the IBM team was given three to five years and a staff of
    15 people to solve the problems.^[19] John E. Kelly III succeeded Paul
    Horn as head of IBM Research in 2007.^[34] InformationWeek described
    Kelly as "the father of Watson" and credited him for encouraging the
    system to compete against humans on Jeopardy!.^[35] By 2008, the
    developers had advanced Watson such that it could compete with
    Jeopardy! champions.^[19] By February 2010, Watson could beat human
    Jeopardy! contestants on a regular basis.^[36]

    During the game, Watson had access to 200 million pages of structured
    and unstructured content consuming four terabytes of disk storage^[11]
    including the full text of the 2011 edition of Wikipedia,^[37] but was
    not connected to the Internet.^[38]^[19] For each clue, Watson's three
    most probable responses were displayed on the television screen. Watson
    consistently outperformed its human opponents on the game's signaling
    device, but had trouble in a few categories, notably those having short
    clues containing only a few words.

    Although the system is primarily an IBM effort, Watson's development
    involved faculty and graduate students from Rensselaer Polytechnic
    Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, University of Massachusetts
    Amherst, the University of Southern California's Information Sciences
    Institute, the University of Texas at Austin, the Massachusetts
    Institute of Technology, and the University of Trento,^[9] as well as
    students from New York Medical College.^[39] Among the team of IBM
    programmers who worked on Watson was Ed Toutant, who himself had
    appeared on Jeopardy! in 1989 (winning one game).^[40]

 Jeopardy![edit]

 Preparation[edit]

    [220px-IBMWatson.jpg] Watson demo at an IBM booth at a trade show

    In 2008, IBM representatives communicated with Jeopardy! executive
    producer Harry Friedman about the possibility of having Watson compete
    against Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter, two of the most successful
    contestants on the show, and the program's producers agreed.^[19]^[41]
    Watson's differences with human players had generated conflicts between
    IBM and Jeopardy! staff during the planning of the competition.^[21]
    IBM repeatedly expressed concerns that the show's writers would exploit
    Watson's cognitive deficiencies when writing the clues, thereby turning
    the game into a Turing test. To alleviate that claim, a third party
    randomly picked the clues from previously written shows that were never
    broadcast.^[21] Jeopardy! staff also showed concerns over Watson's
    reaction time on the buzzer. Originally Watson signaled electronically,
    but show staff requested that it press a button physically, as the
    human contestants would.^[42] Even with a robotic "finger" pressing the
    buzzer, Watson remained faster than its human competitors. Ken Jennings
    noted, "If you're trying to win on the show, the buzzer is all", and
    that Watson "can knock out a microsecond-precise buzz every single time
    with little or no variation. Human reflexes can't compete with computer
    circuits in this regard."^[23]^[29]^[43] Stephen Baker, a journalist
    who recorded Watson's development in his book Final Jeopardy, reported
    that the conflict between IBM and Jeopardy! became so serious in May
    2010 that the competition was almost cancelled.^[21] As part of the
    preparation, IBM constructed a mock set in a conference room at one of
    its technology sites to model the one used on Jeopardy!. Human players,
    including former Jeopardy! contestants, also participated in mock games
    against Watson with Todd Alan Crain of The Onion playing host.^[19]
    About 100 test matches were conducted with Watson winning 65% of the
    games.^[44]

    To provide a physical presence in the televised games, Watson was
    represented by an "avatar" of a globe, inspired by the IBM "smarter
    planet" symbol. Jennings described the computer's avatar as a "glowing
    blue ball crisscrossed by 'threads' of thought—42 threads, to be
    precise",^[45] and stated that the number of thought threads in the
    avatar was an in-joke referencing the significance of the number 42 in
    Douglas Adams' Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.^[45] Joshua Davis, the
    artist who designed the avatar for the project, explained to Stephen
    Baker that there are 36 trigger-able states that Watson was able to use
    throughout the game to show its confidence in responding to a clue
    correctly; he had hoped to be able to find forty-two, to add another
    level to the Hitchhiker's Guide reference, but he was unable to
    pinpoint enough game states.^[46]

    A practice match was recorded on January 13, 2011, and the official
    matches were recorded on January 14, 2011. All participants maintained
    secrecy about the outcome until the match was broadcast in
    February.^[47]

 Practice match[edit]

    In a practice match before the press on January 13, 2011, Watson won a
    15-question round against Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter with a score of
    $4,400 to Jennings's $3,400 and Rutter's $1,200, though Jennings and
    Watson were tied before the final $1,000 question. None of the three
    players responded incorrectly to a clue.^[48]

 First match[edit]

    The first round was broadcast February 14, 2011, and the second round,
    on February 15, 2011. The right to choose the first category had been
    determined by a draw won by Rutter.^[49] Watson, represented by a
    computer monitor display and artificial voice, responded correctly to
    the second clue and then selected the fourth clue of the first
    category, a deliberate strategy to find the Daily Double as quickly as
    possible.^[50] Watson's guess at the Daily Double location was correct.
    At the end of the first round, Watson was tied with Rutter at $5,000;
    Jennings had $2,000.^[49]

    Watson's performance was characterized by some quirks. In one instance,
    Watson repeated a reworded version of an incorrect response offered by
    Jennings. (Jennings said "What are the '20s?" in reference to the
    1920s. Then Watson said "What is 1920s?") Because Watson could not
    recognize other contestants' responses, it did not know that Jennings
    had already given the same response. In another instance, Watson was
    initially given credit for a response of "What is a leg?" after
    Jennings incorrectly responded "What is: he only had one hand?" to a
    clue about George Eyser (the correct response was, "What is: he's
    missing a leg?"). Because Watson, unlike a human, could not have been
    responding to Jennings's mistake, it was decided that this response was
    incorrect. The broadcast version of the episode was edited to omit
    Trebek's original acceptance of Watson's response.^[51] Watson also
    demonstrated complex wagering strategies on the Daily Doubles, with one
    bet at $6,435 and another at $1,246.^[52] Gerald Tesauro, one of the
    IBM researchers who worked on Watson, explained that Watson's wagers
    were based on its confidence level for the category and a complex
    regression model called the Game State Evaluator.^[53]

    Watson took a commanding lead in Double Jeopardy!, correctly responding
    to both Daily Doubles. Watson responded to the second Daily Double
    correctly with a 32% confidence score.^[52]

    However, during the Final Jeopardy! round, Watson was the only
    contestant to miss the clue in the category U.S. Cities ("Its largest
    airport was named for a World War II hero; its second largest, for a
    World War II battle"). Rutter and Jennings gave the correct response of
    Chicago, but Watson's response was "What is Toronto?????" with five
    question marks appended indicating a lack of confidence.^[52]^[54]^[55]
    Ferrucci offered reasons why Watson would appear to have guessed a
    Canadian city: categories only weakly suggest the type of response
    desired, the phrase "U.S. city" did not appear in the question, there
    are cities named Toronto in the U.S., and Toronto in Ontario has an
    American League baseball team.^[56] Chris Welty, who also worked on
    Watson, suggested that it may not have been able to correctly parse the
    second part of the clue, "its second largest, for a World War II
    battle" (which was not a standalone clause despite it following a
    semicolon, and required context to understand that it was referring to
    a second-largest airport).^[57] Eric Nyberg, a professor at Carnegie
    Mellon University and a member of the development team, stated that the
    error occurred because Watson does not possess the comparative
    knowledge to discard that potential response as not viable.^[55]
    Although not displayed to the audience as with non-Final Jeopardy!
    questions, Watson's second choice was Chicago. Both Toronto and Chicago
    were well below Watson's confidence threshold, at 14% and 11%
    respectively. Watson wagered only $947 on the question.

    The game ended with Jennings with $4,800, Rutter with $10,400, and
    Watson with $35,734.^[52]

 Second match[edit]

    During the introduction, Trebek (a Canadian native) joked that he had
    learned Toronto was a U.S. city, and Watson's error in the first match
    prompted an IBM engineer to wear a Toronto Blue Jays jacket to the
    recording of the second match.^[58]

    In the first round, Jennings was finally able to choose a Daily Double
    clue,^[59] while Watson responded to one Daily Double clue incorrectly
    for the first time in the Double Jeopardy! Round.^[60] After the first
    round, Watson placed second for the first time in the competition after
    Rutter and Jennings were briefly successful in increasing their dollar
    values before Watson could respond.^[60]^[61] Nonetheless, the final
    result ended with a victory for Watson with a score of $77,147, besting
    Jennings who scored $24,000 and Rutter who scored $21,600.^[62]

 Final outcome[edit]

    The prizes for the competition were $1 million for first place
    (Watson), $300,000 for second place (Jennings), and $200,000 for third
    place (Rutter). As promised, IBM donated 100% of Watson's winnings to
    charity, with 50% of those winnings going to World Vision and 50% going
    to World Community Grid.^[63] Similarly, Jennings and Rutter donated
    50% of their winnings to their respective charities.^[64]

    In acknowledgement of IBM and Watson's achievements, Jennings made an
    additional remark in his Final Jeopardy! response: "I for one welcome
    our new computer overlords."^[65]^[66] Jennings later wrote an article
    for Slate, in which he stated:

      IBM has bragged to the media that Watson's question-answering skills
      are good for more than annoying Alex Trebek. The company sees a
      future in which fields like medical diagnosis, business analytics,
      and tech support are automated by question-answering software like
      Watson. Just as factory jobs were eliminated in the 20th century by
      new assembly-line robots, Brad and I were the first
      knowledge-industry workers put out of work by the new generation of
      'thinking' machines. 'Quiz show contestant' may be the first job
      made redundant by Watson, but I'm sure it won't be the last.^[45]

 Philosophy[edit]

    Philosopher John Searle argues that Watson—despite impressive
    capabilities—cannot actually think.^[67] Drawing on his Chinese room
    thought experiment, Searle claims that Watson, like other computational
    machines, is capable only of manipulating symbols, but has no ability
    to understand the meaning of those symbols; however, Searle's
    experiment has its detractors.^[68]

 Match against members of the United States Congress[edit]

    On February 28, 2011, Watson played an untelevised exhibition match of
    Jeopardy! against members of the United States House of
    Representatives. In the first round, Rush D. Holt, Jr. (D-NJ, a former
    Jeopardy! contestant), who was challenging the computer with Bill
    Cassidy (R-LA, later Senator from Louisiana), led with Watson in second
    place. However, combining the scores between all matches, the final
    score was $40,300 for Watson and $30,000 for the congressional players
    combined.^[69]

    IBM's Christopher Padilla said of the match, "The technology behind
    Watson represents a major advancement in computing. In the
    data-intensive environment of government, this type of technology can
    help organizations make better decisions and improve how government
    helps its citizens."^[69]

 Current and future applications[edit]

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    According to IBM, "The goal is to have computers start to interact in
    natural human terms across a range of applications and processes,
    understanding the questions that humans ask and providing answers that
    humans can understand and justify."^[36] It has been suggested by
    Robert C. Weber, IBM's general counsel, that Watson may be used for
    legal research.^[70] The company also intends to use Watson in other
    information-intensive fields, such as telecommunications, financial
    services, and government.^[71]

    Watson is based on commercially available IBM Power 750 servers that
    have been marketed since February 2010.^[19]

    Commentator Rick Merritt said that "there's another really important
    reason why it is strategic for IBM to be seen very broadly by the
    American public as a company that can tackle tough computer problems. A
    big slice of [IBM's profit] comes from selling to the U.S. government
    some of the biggest, most expensive systems in the world."^[72]

    In 2013, it was reported that three companies were working with IBM to
    create apps embedded with Watson technology. Fluid is developing an app
    for retailers, one called "The North Face", which is designed to
    provide advice to online shoppers. Welltok is developing an app
    designed to give people advice on ways to engage in activities to
    improve their health. MD Buyline is developing an app for the purpose
    of advising medical institutions on equipment procurement
    decisions.^[73]^[74]

    In November 2013, IBM announced it would make Watson's API available to
    software application providers, enabling them to build apps and
    services that are embedded in Watson's capabilities. To build out its
    base of partners who create applications on the Watson platform, IBM
    consults with a network of venture capital firms, which advise IBM on
    which of their portfolio companies may be a logical fit for what IBM
    calls the Watson Ecosystem. Thus far, roughly 800 organizations and
    individuals have signed up with IBM, with interest in creating
    applications that could use the Watson platform.^[75]

    On January 30, 2013, it was announced that Rensselaer Polytechnic
    Institute would receive a successor version of Watson, which would be
    housed at the Institute's technology park and be available to
    researchers and students.^[76] By summer 2013, Rensselaer had become
    the first university to receive a Watson computer.^[77]

    On February 6, 2014, it was reported that IBM plans to invest $100
    million in a 10-year initiative to use Watson and other IBM
    technologies to help countries in Africa address development problems,
    beginning with healthcare and education.^[78]

    On June 3, 2014, three new Watson Ecosystem partners were chosen from
    more than 400 business concepts submitted by teams spanning 18
    industries from 43 countries. "These bright and enterprising
    organizations have discovered innovative ways to apply Watson that can
    deliver demonstrable business benefits", said Steve Gold, vice
    president, IBM Watson Group. The winners were Majestyk Apps with their
    adaptive educational platform, FANG (Friendly Anthropomorphic Networked
    Genome);^[79]^[80] Red Ant with their retail sales trainer;^[81] and
    GenieMD^[82] with their medical recommendation service.^[83]

    On July 9, 2014, Genesys Telecommunications Laboratories announced
    plans to integrate Watson to improve their customer experience
    platform, citing the sheer volume of customer data to analyze.^[84]

    Watson has been integrated with databases including Bon Appétit
    magazine to perform a recipe generating platform.^[85]

    Watson is being used by Decibel, a music discovery startup, in its app
    MusicGeek which uses the supercomputer to provide music recommendations
    to its users. The use of Watson has also been found in the hospitality
    industry. Go Moment uses Watson for its Rev1 app, which gives hotel
    staff a way to quickly respond to questions from guests.^[86] Arria NLG
    has built an app that helps energy companies stay within regulatory
    guidelines, making it easier for managers to make sense of thousands of
    pages of legal and technical jargon.

    OmniEarth, Inc. uses Watson computer vision services to analyze
    satellite and aerial imagery, along with other municipal data, to infer
    water usage on a property-by-property basis, helping districts in
    California improve water conservation efforts.^[87]

    In September 2016, Condé Nast started using Watson to help build and
    strategize social influencer campaigns for brands. Using software built
    by IBM and Influential, Condé Nast's clients will be able to know which
    influencer's demographics, personality traits and more best align with
    a marketer and the audience it is targeting.^[88]

    In February 2017, Rare Carat, a New York City-based startup and
    e-commerce platform for buying diamonds and diamond rings, introduced
    an IBM Watson-powered artificial intelligence chatbot called "Rocky" to
    assist novice diamond buyers through the daunting process of purchasing
    a diamond. As part of the IBM Global Entrepreneur Program, Rare Carat
    received the assistance of IBM in the development of the Rocky Chat
    Bot.^[89]^[90]^[91] In May 2017, IBM partnered with the Pebble Beach
    Company to use Watson as a concierge.^[92] Watson's artificial
    intelligence was added to an app developed by Pebble Beach and was used
    to guide visitors around the resort. The mobile app was designed by IBM
    iX and hosted on the IBM Cloud. It uses Watson's Conversation
    applications programming interface.

    In November 2017, in Mexico City, the Experience Voices of Another Time
    was opened at the National Museum of Anthropology using IBM Watson as
    an alternative to visiting a museum.^[93]

 Healthcare[edit]

    See also: IBM Watson Health

    In healthcare, Watson has been used to analyze medical data and assist
    doctors in making diagnoses and treatment decisions, including in areas
    such as oncology and radiology.^[94] Watson's natural language,
    hypothesis generation, and evidence-based learning capabilities are
    being investigated to see how Watson may contribute to clinical
    decision support systems and the increase in artificial intelligence in
    healthcare for use by medical professionals.^[95] To aid physicians in
    the treatment of their patients, once a physician has posed a query to
    the system describing symptoms and other related factors, Watson first
    parses the input to identify the most important pieces of information;
    then mines patient data to find facts relevant to the patient's medical
    and hereditary history; then examines available data sources to form
    and test hypotheses;^[95] and finally provides a list of
    individualized, confidence-scored recommendations.^[96] The sources of
    data that Watson uses for analysis can include treatment guidelines,
    electronic medical record data, notes from healthcare providers,
    research materials, clinical studies, journal articles and patient
    information.^[95] Despite being developed and marketed as a "diagnosis
    and treatment advisor", Watson has never been actually involved in the
    medical diagnosis process, only in assisting with identifying treatment
    options for patients who have already been diagnosed.^[97]

    In February 2011, it was announced that IBM would be partnering with
    Nuance Communications for a research project to develop a commercial
    product during the next 18 to 24 months, designed to exploit Watson's
    clinical decision support capabilities. Physicians at Columbia
    University would help to identify critical issues in the practice of
    medicine where the system's technology may be able to contribute, and
    physicians at the University of Maryland would work to identify the
    best way that a technology like Watson could interact with medical
    practitioners to provide the maximum assistance.^[98]

    In September 2011, IBM and WellPoint (now Anthem) announced a
    partnership to utilize Watson to help suggest treatment options to
    physicians.^[99] Then, in February 2013, IBM and WellPoint gave Watson
    its first commercial application, for utilization management decisions
    in lung cancer treatment at Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center.^[8]

    IBM announced a partnership with Cleveland Clinic in October 2012. The
    company has sent Watson to the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of
    Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, where it will increase its
    health expertise and assist medical professionals in treating patients.
    The medical facility will utilize Watson's ability to store and process
    large quantities of information to help speed up and increase the
    accuracy of the treatment process. "Cleveland Clinic's collaboration
    with IBM is exciting because it offers us the opportunity to teach
    Watson to 'think' in ways that have the potential to make it a powerful
    tool in medicine", said C. Martin Harris, MD, chief information officer
    of Cleveland Clinic.^[100]

    In 2013, IBM and MD Anderson Cancer Center began a pilot program to
    further the center's "mission to eradicate cancer".^[101]^[102]
    However, after spending $62 million, the project did not meet its goals
    and it has been stopped.^[103]

    On February 8, 2013, IBM announced that oncologists at the Maine Center
    for Cancer Medicine and Westmed Medical Group in New York have started
    to test Watson in an effort to recommend treatment for lung
    cancer.^[104]

    On July 29, 2016, IBM and Manipal Hospitals^[105]^[106]^[107] (a
    leading hospital chain in India) announced the launch of IBM Watson for
    Oncology, for cancer patients. This product provides information and
    insights to physicians and cancer patients to help them identify
    personalized, evidence-based cancer care options. Manipal Hospitals is
    the second hospital^[108] in the world to adopt this technology and
    first in the world to offer it to patients online as an expert second
    opinion through their website.^[105]^[109] Manipal discontinued this
    contract in December 2018.

    On January 7, 2017, IBM and Fukoku Mutual Life Insurance entered into a
    contract for IBM to deliver analysis to compensation payouts via its
    IBM Watson Explorer AI, which resulted in the loss of 34 jobs. The
    company said it would speed up compensation payout analysis via
    analyzing claims and medical records, and increase productivity by 30%.
    The company also said it would save ¥140m in running costs.^[110]

    Several startups in the healthcare space have been effectively using
    seven business model archetypes to take solutions based on IBM Watson
    to the marketplace. These archetypes depends on the value generate for
    the target user (e.g. patient focus vs. healthcare provider and payer
    focus) and value capturing mechanisms (e.g. providing information or
    connecting stakeholders).^[111]

    By 2022, IBM Watson Health was generating about a billion dollars in
    annual gross revenue,^[112] but was facing a lack of profitability and
    increased competition. One expert assessed to CNN that "IBM was clearly
    not gaining much traction in the healthcare market". A 2021 post from
    the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) titled "What Happened To
    Watson Health?" described the portfolio management challenges of IBM
    Watson Health given the number of acquisitions involved in the Watson
    Health division creation in 2015, as well as technical limitations that
    existed at the time regarding where the Watson AI framework could be
    deployed.^[113] In February 2021, the Wall Street Journal reported that
    Watson Health was exploring a sale.^[114] On January 21, 2022, IBM
    announced the sell-off of its Watson Health unit to Francisco
    Partners.^[115]

 IBM Watson Group[edit]

    On January 9, 2014, IBM announced it was creating a business unit
    around Watson, led by senior vice president Michael Rhodin.^[116] IBM
    Watson Group will have headquarters in New York's Silicon Alley and
    will employ 2,000 people. IBM has invested $1 billion to get the
    division going. Watson Group will develop three new cloud-delivered
    services: Watson Discovery Advisor, Watson Engagement Advisor, and
    Watson Explorer. Watson Discovery Advisor will focus on research and
    development projects in pharmaceutical industry, publishing, and
    biotechnology, Watson Engagement Advisor will focus on self-service
    applications using insights on the basis of natural language questions
    posed by business users, and Watson Explorer will focus on helping
    enterprise users uncover and share data-driven insights based on
    federated search more easily.^[116] The company is also launching a
    $100 million venture fund to spur application development for
    "cognitive" applications. According to IBM, the cloud-delivered
    enterprise-ready Watson has seen its speed increase 24 times over—a
    2,300 percent improvement in performance and its physical size shrank
    by 90 percent—from the size of a master bedroom to three stacked pizza
    boxes.^[116] IBM CEO Virginia Rometty said she wants Watson to generate
    $10 billion in annual revenue within ten years.^[117] In 2017, IBM and
    MIT established a new joint research venture in artificial
    intelligence. IBM invested $240 million to create the MIT–IBM Watson AI
    Lab in partnership with MIT, which brings together researchers in
    academia and industry to advance AI research, with projects ranging
    from computer vision and NLP to devising new ways to ensure that AI
    systems are fair, reliable and secure.^[118] In March 2018, IBM's CEO
    Ginni Rometty proposed "Watson's Law," the "use of and application of
    business, smart cities, consumer applications and life in
    general."^[119]

 Chef Watson[edit]

    Watson helped a team of chefs create five new poutines for the 2015 La
    Poutine Week food festival in Toronto and Montreal. It analyzed the
    demographics and popular cuisines of the cities and drew from a
    database of tens of thousands of recipes to create fusion pairings for
    each city.^[120] IBM and Bon Appétit magazine co-created an AI cooking
    app known as Chef Watson.^[121]

 Chatbot[edit]

    Watson is being used via IBM partner program as a chatbot to provide
    the conversation for children's toys.^[122]

 Building codes[edit]

    In 2015, the engineering firm ENGEO created an online service via the
    IBM partner program named GoFetchCode. GoFetchCode applies Watson's
    natural language processing and question-answering capabilities to the
    International Code Council's model building codes.^[123]

 Teaching assistant[edit]

    IBM Watson is being used for several projects relating to education,
    and has entered partnerships with Pearson Education, Blackboard, Sesame
    Workshop and Apple.^[124]^[125]

    In its partnership with Pearson, Watson is being made available inside
    electronic text books to provide natural language, one-on-one tutoring
    to students on the reading material.^[126]

    As an individual using the free Watson APIs available to the public,
    Ashok Goel, a professor at Georgia Tech, used Watson to create a
    virtual teaching assistant to assist students in his class.^[127]
    Initially, Goel did not reveal the nature of "Jill", which was created
    with the help of a few students and IBM. Jill answered questions where
    it had a 97% certainty of an accurate answer, with the remainder being
    answered by human assistants.^[128]

    The research group of Sabri Pllana developed an assistant for learning
    parallel programming using the IBM Watson.^[129] A survey with a number
    of novice parallel programmers at the Linnaeus University indicated
    that such assistants will be welcomed by students that learn parallel
    programming.

 Weather forecasting[edit]

    In August 2016, IBM announced it would be using Watson for weather
    forecasting.^[130] Specifically, the company announced they would use
    Watson to analyze data from over 200,000 Weather Underground personal
    weather stations, as well as data from other sources, as a part of
    Project Deep Thunder.^[131]

 Fashion[edit]

    IBM Watson together with Marchesa designed a dress that changed the
    colour of the fabric depending on the mood of the audience. The dress
    lit up in different colours based on the sentiment of Tweets about the
    dress. Tweets were passed through a Watson tone analyzer and then sent
    back to a small computer inside the waist of the dress.^[132]

 Tax preparation[edit]

    On February 5–6, 2017, tax preparation company H&R Block began
    nationwide use of a Watson-based program.^[133]

 Advertising[edit]

    In September 2017, IBM announced that with its acquisition of The
    Weather Company's advertising sales division, and a partnership with
    advertising neural network Cognitiv, Watson will provide AI-powered
    advertising solutions.^[134]^[135]^[136]

 See also[edit]

      * Artificial intelligence
      * Blue Gene
      * Commonsense knowledge (artificial intelligence)
      * Glossary of artificial intelligence
      * Artificial general intelligence
      * Tech companies in the New York metropolitan area
      * Wolfram Alpha

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 Bibliography[edit]

      *

    Baker, Stephen (2011). Final Jeopardy: Man vs. Machine and the Quest to
    Know Everything. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
    ISBN 978-0-547-48316-0.

 Further reading[edit]

      * Baker, Stephen (2012) Final Jeopardy: The Story of Watson, the
        Computer That Will Transform Our World, Mariner Books.
      * Jackson, Joab (2014). IBM bets big on Watson-branded cognitive
        computing PCWorld: Jan 9, 2014 2:30 PM
      * Greenemeier, Larry. (2013). Will IBM's Watson Usher in a New Era of
        Cognitive Computing? Scientific American. Nov 13, 2013 |* Lazarus,
        R. S. (1982).
      * Kelly, J.E. and Hamm, S. ( 2013). Smart Machines: IBM's Watson and
        the Era of Cognitive Computing. Columbia Business School Publishing

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    Wikimedia Commons has media related to IBM Watson.
      * Watson homepage
      * DeepQA homepage
      * About Watson on Jeopardy.com
      * Smartest Machine on Earth (PBS NOVA documentary about the making of
        Watson)
      * Power Systems
      * The Watson Trivia Challenge. The New York Times. June 16, 2010.
      * This is Watson – IBM Journal of Research and Development (published
        by the IEEE)

 J! Archive[edit]

      * Jeopardy! Show #6086 – Game 1, Part 1
      * Jeopardy! Show #6087 – Game 1, Part 2
      * Jeopardy! Show #6088 – Game 2

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      * PBS NOVA documentary on the making of Watson
      * Building Watson – A Brief Overview of the DeepQA Project on YouTube
        (21:42), IBMLabs
      * How Watson Answers a Question on YouTube
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      * A Computer Called Watson on YouTube – November 15, 2011, David
        Ferrucci at Computer History Museum, alternate
      * IBM Watson and the Future of Healthcare on YouTube – 2012
      * IBM Watson-Introduction and Future Applications on YouTube – IBM at
        EDGE 2012
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      * IBM Watson playlist, IBMLabs Watson playlist

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