src/UserGuide/develop/QuickStart/InterfaceDefinition/InterfaceDefinition-CPP.md - tsfile - Git at Google

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 # Interface Definitions - C++

 ## Data Types, Encoding and Compression

 ```cpp
 // Supported measurement/column data types.
 enum TSDataType : uint8_t {
     BOOLEAN = 0,
     INT32 = 1,
     INT64 = 2,
     FLOAT = 3,
     DOUBLE = 4,
     TEXT = 5,
     VECTOR = 6,
     UNKNOWN = 7,
     TIMESTAMP = 8,
     DATE = 9,
     BLOB = 10,
     STRING = 11,
     NULL_TYPE = 254,
     INVALID_DATATYPE = 255,
 };

 // Value encoding. See the table below for which encodings apply to which types.
 enum TSEncoding : uint8_t {
     PLAIN = 0,
     DICTIONARY = 1,
     RLE = 2,
     DIFF = 3,
     TS_2DIFF = 4,
     BITMAP = 5,
     GORILLA_V1 = 6,
     REGULAR = 7,
     GORILLA = 8,
     ZIGZAG = 9,
     FREQ = 10,
     SPRINTZ = 12,
     INVALID_ENCODING = 255,
 };

 // Compression type. SNAPPY/GZIP/LZO/LZ4 depend on build options; LZ4 is the default.
 enum CompressionType : uint8_t {
     UNCOMPRESSED = 0,
     SNAPPY = 1,
     GZIP = 2,
     LZO = 3,
     SDT = 4,
     PAA = 5,
     PLA = 6,
     LZ4 = 7,
     INVALID_COMPRESSION = 255,
 };

 // Column role within a table schema.
 enum class ColumnCategory { TAG = 0, FIELD = 1, ATTRIBUTE = 2, TIME = 3 };
 ```

 Encodings applicable to each data type:

 | Encoding | Applicable types |
 |---|---|
 | `PLAIN` | all types |
 | `DICTIONARY` | `TEXT`, `STRING` |
 | `RLE` | `INT32`, `INT64`, `TIMESTAMP`, `DATE` |
 | `TS_2DIFF` | `INT32`, `INT64`, `TIMESTAMP`, `DATE`, `FLOAT`, `DOUBLE` |
 | `GORILLA` | `INT32`, `INT64`, `TIMESTAMP`, `DATE`, `FLOAT`, `DOUBLE` |
 | `ZIGZAG` | `INT32`, `INT64` |
 | `SPRINTZ` | `INT32`, `INT64`, `FLOAT`, `DOUBLE` |

 Default value encoding per type: `BOOLEAN → PLAIN`, `INT32 / INT64 → TS_2DIFF`,
 `FLOAT / DOUBLE → GORILLA`, `TEXT / STRING / BLOB → PLAIN`. The default
 compression is `LZ4`. See [Configuring encoding and compression](#configuring-encoding-and-compression)
 for how to override these.

 ## Write Interface

 ### TsFileTableWriter

 Used to write data to tsfile

 ```cpp
 /**
  * @brief Facilitates writing structured table data into a TsFile with a specified schema.
  *
  * The TsFileTableWriter class is designed to write structured data, particularly suitable for time-series data,
  * into a file optimized for efficient storage and retrieval (referred to as TsFile here). It allows users to define
  * the schema of the tables they want to write, add rows of data according to that schema, and serialize this data
  * into a TsFile. Additionally, it provides options to limit memory usage during the writing process.
  */
 class TsFileTableWriter {
    public:
     /**
      * TsFileTableWriter is used to write table data into a target file with the given schema,
      * optionally limiting the memory usage.
      *
      * @param writer_file Target file where the table data will be written. Must not be null.
      * @param table_schema Used to construct table structures. Defines the schema of the table
      *                     being written.
      * @param memory_threshold Optional parameter. When the size of written
      * data exceeds this value, the data will be automatically flushed to the
      * disk. Default value is 128MB.
      */
     TsFileTableWriter(WriteFile* writer_file,
                       TableSchema* table_schema,
                       uint64_t memory_threshold = 128 * 1024 * 1024);
     ~TsFileTableWriter();
     /**
      * Writes the given tablet data into the target file according to the schema.
      *
      * @param tablet The tablet containing the data to be written. Must not be null.
      * @return Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero error code on failure.
      */
     int write_table(const Tablet& tablet);
     /**
      * Flushes any buffered data to the underlying storage medium, ensuring all data is written out.
      * This method ensures that all pending writes are persisted.
      *
      * @return Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero error code on failure.
      */
     int flush();
     /**
      * Closes the writer and releases any resources held by it.
      * After calling this method, no further operations should be performed on this instance.
      *
      * @return Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero error code on failure.
      */
     int close();
 };
 ```

 ### TableSchema

 Describe the data structure of the table schema

 ```cpp
 /**
 * @brief Represents the schema information for an entire table.
 *
 * This class holds the metadata necessary to describe how a specific table is structured,
 * including its name and the schemas of all its columns.
 */
 class TableSchema {
     public:
     /**
      * Constructs a TableSchema object with the given table name, column schemas, and column categories.
      *
      * @param table_name The name of the table. Must be a non-empty string.
      *                   This name is used to identify the table within the system.
      * @param column_schemas A vector containing ColumnSchema objects.
      *                       Each ColumnSchema defines the schema for one column in the table.
      */
     TableSchema(const std::string& table_name,
                 const std::vector<ColumnSchema>& column_schemas);
 };


 /**
 * @brief Represents the schema information for a single column.
 *
 * This structure holds the metadata necessary to describe how a specific column is stored,
 * including its name, data type, category.
 */
 struct ColumnSchema {
     std::string column_name_;
     common::TSDataType data_type_;
     common::CompressionType compression_;
     common::TSEncoding encoding_;
     ColumnCategory column_category_;

     /**
      * @brief Constructs a ColumnSchema with explicit compression and encoding.
      *
      * @param column_name The name of the column. Must be a non-empty string.
      * @param data_type The data type of the column (INT32, DOUBLE, TEXT, ...).
      * @param compression The compression applied to the column's chunks.
      * @param encoding The encoding applied to the column's values.
      * @param column_category The role of the column (FIELD, TAG, ...). Defaults to FIELD.
      */
     ColumnSchema(std::string column_name, common::TSDataType data_type,
                  common::CompressionType compression, common::TSEncoding encoding,
                  ColumnCategory column_category = ColumnCategory::FIELD);

     /**
      * @brief Constructs a ColumnSchema using the engine's default encoding and
      * compression for the given data type.
      *
      * @param column_name The name of the column. Must be a non-empty string.
      * @param data_type The data type of the column.
      * @param column_category The role of the column. Defaults to FIELD.
      */
     ColumnSchema(std::string column_name, common::TSDataType data_type,
                  ColumnCategory column_category = ColumnCategory::FIELD);
 };
 ```

 > `TAG` columns are the device identifier (joint primary key); their data type is
 > always `STRING`. `FIELD` columns hold the measured values. The encoding and
 > compression you set on a `ColumnSchema` apply to that column when written; the
 > two-argument constructor falls back to the per-type defaults.

 ### Tablet

 Write column memory structure

 ```cpp
 /**
  * @brief Represents a collection of data rows with associated metadata for insertion into a table.
  *
  * This class is used to manage and organize data that will be inserted into a specific target table.
  * It handles the storage of timestamps and values, along with their associated metadata such as column names and types.
  */
 class Tablet {
 public:
     /**
      * @brief Constructs a Tablet object with the given parameters.
      *
      * @param column_names A vector containing the names of the columns in the tablet.
      *                     Each name corresponds to a column in the target table.
      * @param data_types A vector containing the data types of each column.
      *                   These must match the schema of the target table.
      * @param max_rows The maximum number of rows that this tablet can hold. Defaults to DEFAULT_MAX_ROWS.
      */
     Tablet(const std::vector<std::string> &column_names,
            const std::vector<common::TSDataType> &data_types,
            int max_rows = DEFAULT_MAX_ROWS);

     /**
      * @brief Adds a timestamp to the specified row.
      *
      * @param row_index The index of the row to which the timestamp will be added.
      *                  Must be less than the maximum number of rows.
      * @param timestamp The timestamp value to add.
      * @return Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero error code on failure.
      */
     int add_timestamp(uint32_t row_index, int64_t timestamp);

     /**
      * @brief Template function to add a value of type T to the specified row and column.
      *
      * @tparam T The type of the value to add.
      * @param row_index The index of the row to which the value will be added.
      *                  Must be less than the maximum number of rows.
      * @param schema_index The index of the column schema corresponding to the value being added.
      * @param val The value to add.
      * @return Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero error code on failure.
      */
     template <typename T>
     int add_value(uint32_t row_index, uint32_t schema_index, T val);

     /**
      * @brief Template function to add a value of type T to the specified row and column by name.
      *
      * @tparam T The type of the value to add.
      * @param row_index The index of the row to which the value will be added.
      *                  Must be less than the maximum number of rows.
      * @param measurement_name The name of the column to which the value will be added.
      *                         Must match one of the column names provided during construction.
      * @param val The value to add.
      * @return Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero error code on failure.
      */
     template <typename T>
     int add_value(uint32_t row_index, const std::string &measurement_name, T val);
 };
 ```

 ### Configuring encoding and compression

 Encoding and compression are chosen **per data type**: each type has a default
 (see the table above). You can change those defaults, or pass an explicit
 encoding/compression on a schema.

 **1. On a schema.** Pass an explicit encoding and compression when you build a
 `ColumnSchema`:

 ```cpp
 // Store column "temperature" as TS_2DIFF + LZ4.
 common::ColumnSchema col("temperature", common::INT64,
                          common::LZ4, common::TS_2DIFF,
                          common::ColumnCategory::FIELD);
 ```

 **2. Per-type defaults.** Change the defaults *before* creating a writer; they then
 apply to any column whose schema does not specify its own encoding/compression.
 These helpers live in `common`/`storage` and validate their arguments (returning
 `E_NOT_SUPPORT` for an unsupported combination):

 ```cpp
 // Default value encoding per data type and default compression.
 int  common::set_datatype_encoding(uint8_t data_type, uint8_t encoding);
 int  common::set_global_compression(uint8_t compression);
 uint8_t common::get_datatype_encoding(uint8_t data_type);
 uint8_t common::get_global_compression();

 // Time-column encoding/compression (the data type is fixed to INT64).
 int  common::set_global_time_encoding(uint8_t encoding);
 int  common::set_global_time_compression(uint8_t compression);
 uint8_t common::get_global_time_encoding();
 uint8_t common::get_global_time_compression();
 ```

 Global compression accepts `UNCOMPRESSED`, `SNAPPY`, `GZIP`, `LZO`, and `LZ4`.
 The codec enum also contains legacy values such as `SDT`, `PAA`, and `PLA`, but
 the global compression setter rejects them.

 ## Read Interface
 ### Tsfile Reader
 ```cpp
 /**
  * @brief TsfileReader provides the ability to query all files with the suffix
  * .tsfile
  *
  * TsfileReader is designed to query .tsfile files. It accepts table-model
  * queries and supports querying metadata such as TableSchema.
  */
 class TsFileReader {
    public:
     TsFileReader();
     ~TsFileReader();
     /**
      * @brief open the tsfile
      *
      * @param file_path the path of the tsfile which will be opened
      * @return Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero error code on failure.
      */
     int open(const std::string &file_path);
     /**
      * @brief close the tsfile, this method should be called after the
      * query is finished
      *
      * @return Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero error code on failure.
      */
     int close();
     /**
      * @brief query the tsfile by the query expression,Users can construct
      * their own query expressions to query tsfile
      *
      * @param [in] qe the query expression
      * @param [out] ret_qds the result set
      * @return Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero error code on failure.
      */
     int query(storage::QueryExpression *qe, ResultSet *&ret_qds);
     /**
      * @brief query the tsfile by the path list, start time and end time.
      * This method is used to query the tree model.
      *
      * @param [in] path_list the full path list
      * @param [in] start_time the start time
      * @param [in] end_time the end time
      * @param [out] result_set the result set
      */
     int query(std::vector<std::string>& path_list, int64_t start_time,
               int64_t end_time, ResultSet*& result_set);
     /**
      * @brief query the tsfile by the table name, columns names, start time
      * and end time.
      *
      * @param [in] table_name the table name
      * @param [in] columns_names the columns names
      * @param [in] start_time the start time
      * @param [in] end_time the end time
      * @param [out] result_set the result set
      */
     int query(const std::string &table_name,
               const std::vector<std::string> &columns_names, int64_t start_time,
               int64_t end_time, ResultSet *&result_set, int batch_size = -1);

     /**
      * @brief query the tsfile by the table name, columns names, start time
      * and end time, tag filter.
      *
      * @param [in] table_name the table name
      * @param [in] columns_names the columns names
      * @param [in] start_time the start time
      * @param [in] end_time the end time
      * @param [in] tag_filter the tag filter
      * @param [out] result_set the result set
      */
     int query(const std::string& table_name,
               const std::vector<std::string>& columns_names, int64_t start_time,
               int64_t end_time, ResultSet*& result_set, Filter* tag_filter,
               int batch_size = 0);

     /**
      * @brief query tree-model time series by row with offset and limit.
      */
     int queryByRow(std::vector<std::string>& path_list, int offset, int limit,
                    ResultSet*& result_set);

     /**
      * @brief query a table by row, with offset/limit pushdown and an optional
      * tag filter.
      *
      * @param [in] table_name the table name
      * @param [in] column_names the column names
      * @param [in] offset leading rows to skip (>= 0)
      * @param [in] limit max rows to return; < 0 means unlimited
      * @param [out] result_set the result set
      * @param [in] tag_filter optional tag filter built with TagFilterBuilder, or nullptr
      * @param [in] batch_size <= 0 returns rows one by one; > 0 returns blocks of that size
      * @return Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero error code on failure.
      */
     int queryByRow(const std::string& table_name,
                    const std::vector<std::string>& column_names, int offset,
                    int limit, ResultSet*& result_set,
                    Filter* tag_filter = nullptr, int batch_size = 0);

     /**
      * @brief query tree-model data by measurement names within a time range.
      */
     int query_table_on_tree(const std::vector<std::string>& measurement_names,
                             int64_t start_time, int64_t end_time,
                             ResultSet*& result_set);

     /**
      * @brief destroy the result set, this method should be called after the
      * query is finished and result_set
      *
      * @param qds the result set
      */
     void destroy_query_data_set(ResultSet *qds);

     ResultSet* read_timeseries(
         const std::shared_ptr<IDeviceID>& device_id,
         const std::vector<std::string>& measurement_name);

     std::vector<std::shared_ptr<IDeviceID>> get_all_devices(
         std::string table_name);

     std::vector<std::shared_ptr<IDeviceID>> get_all_device_ids();

     std::vector<std::shared_ptr<IDeviceID>> get_all_devices();

     int get_timeseries_schema(std::shared_ptr<IDeviceID> device_id,
                               std::vector<MeasurementSchema>& result);

     DeviceTimeseriesMetadataMap get_timeseries_metadata(
         const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<IDeviceID>>& device_ids);

     DeviceTimeseriesMetadataMap get_timeseries_metadata();

     /**
      * @brief get the table schema by the table name
      *
      * @param table_name the table name
      * @return std::shared_ptr<TableSchema> the table schema
      */
     std::shared_ptr<TableSchema> get_table_schema(
         const std::string &table_name);
     /**
      * @brief get all table schemas in the tsfile
      *
      * @return std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TableSchema>> the table schema list
      */
     std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TableSchema>> get_all_table_schemas();
 };
 ```

 `DeviceTimeseriesMetadataMap` is the metadata map returned by
 `get_timeseries_metadata()`: `std::map<std::shared_ptr<IDeviceID>,
 std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ITimeseriesIndex>>, IDeviceIDComparator>`.

 ### ResultSet
 ```cpp
 /**
  * @brief ResultSet is the query result of the TsfileReader. It provides access
  * to the results.
  *
  * ResultSet is a virtual class. Convert it to the corresponding implementation
  * class when used.
  * @note The concrete type is TableResultSet.
  */
 class ResultSet {
    public:
     ResultSet() {}
     virtual ~ResultSet() {}
     /**
      * @brief Get the next row of the result set
      *
      * @param[out] has_next a boolean value indicating if there is a next row
      * @return Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero error code on failure.
      */
     virtual int next(bool& has_next) = 0;
     /**
      * @brief Check if the value of the column is null by column name
      *
      * @param column_name the name of the column
      * @return true if the value is null, false otherwise
      */
     virtual bool is_null(const std::string& column_name) = 0;
     /**
      * @brief Check if the value of the column is null by column index
      *
      * @param column_index the index of the column starting from 1
      * @return true if the value is null, false otherwise
      */
     virtual bool is_null(uint32_t column_index) = 0;

     /**
      * @brief Get the value of the column by column name
      *
      * @param column_name the name of the column
      * @return the value of the column
      */
     template <typename T>
     T get_value(const std::string& column_name);
     /**
      * @brief Get the value of the column by column index
      *
      * @param column_index the index of the column starting from 1
      * @return the value of the column
      */
     template <typename T>
     T get_value(uint32_t column_index);
     /**
      * @brief Get the row record of the result set
      *
      * @return the row record
      */
     virtual RowRecord* get_row_record() = 0;
     /**
      * @brief Get the metadata of the result set
      *
      * @return std::shared_ptr<ResultSetMetadata> the metadata of the result set
      */
     virtual std::shared_ptr<ResultSetMetadata> get_metadata() = 0;
     /**
      * @brief Close the result set
      *
      * @note this method should be called after the result set is no longer
      * needed.
      */
     virtual void close() = 0;
 };
 ```
 ### ResultMeta
 ```cpp
 /**
  * @brief metadata of result set
  *
  * user can obtain the metadata from ResultSetMetadata, including all column
  * names and data types. When a user uses the table model, the first column
  * defaults to the time column.
  */
 class ResultSetMetadata {
    public:
     /**
      * @brief constructor of ResultSetMetadata
      *
      * @param column_names the column names
      * @param column_types the column types
      */
     ResultSetMetadata(const std::vector<std::string>& column_names,
                       const std::vector<common::TSDataType>& column_types);
     /**
      * @brief get the column type
      *
      * @param column_index the column index starting from 1
      * @return the column type
      */
     common::TSDataType get_column_type(uint32_t column_index);
     /**
      * @brief get the column name
      *
      * @param column_index the column index starting from 1
      * @return the column name
      */
     std::string get_column_name(uint32_t column_index);
     /**
      * @brief get the column count
      *
      * @return the column count by uint32_t
      */
     uint32_t get_column_count();
 };
 ```
 ### Filter
 #### TagFilterBuilder
 Used to construct tag-based filters for querying data
 ```cpp
 class TagFilterBuilder {
    public:
     explicit TagFilterBuilder(TableSchema* schema);

     Filter* eq(const std::string& columnName, const std::string& value);
     Filter* neq(const std::string& columnName, const std::string& value);
     Filter* lt(const std::string& columnName, const std::string& value);
     Filter* lteq(const std::string& columnName, const std::string& value);
     Filter* gt(const std::string& columnName, const std::string& value);
     Filter* gteq(const std::string& columnName, const std::string& value);
     Filter* reg_exp(const std::string& columnName, const std::string& value);
     Filter* not_reg_exp(const std::string& columnName,
                         const std::string& value);
     Filter* is_null(const std::string& columnName);
     Filter* is_not_null(const std::string& columnName);
     Filter* between_and(const std::string& columnName, const std::string& lower,
                         const std::string& upper);
     Filter* not_between_and(const std::string& columnName,
                             const std::string& lower, const std::string& upper);

     // Logical operations
     static Filter* and_filter(Filter* left, Filter* right);
     static Filter* or_filter(Filter* left, Filter* right);
     static Filter* not_filter(Filter* filter);
 };
 ```
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	# Interface Definitions - C++

	## Data Types, Encoding and Compression

	```cpp
	// Supported measurement/column data types.
	enum TSDataType : uint8_t {
	BOOLEAN = 0,
	INT32 = 1,
	INT64 = 2,
	FLOAT = 3,
	DOUBLE = 4,
	TEXT = 5,
	VECTOR = 6,
	UNKNOWN = 7,
	TIMESTAMP = 8,
	DATE = 9,
	BLOB = 10,
	STRING = 11,
	NULL_TYPE = 254,
	INVALID_DATATYPE = 255,
	};

	// Value encoding. See the table below for which encodings apply to which types.
	enum TSEncoding : uint8_t {
	PLAIN = 0,
	DICTIONARY = 1,
	RLE = 2,
	DIFF = 3,
	TS_2DIFF = 4,
	BITMAP = 5,
	GORILLA_V1 = 6,
	REGULAR = 7,
	GORILLA = 8,
	ZIGZAG = 9,
	FREQ = 10,
	SPRINTZ = 12,
	INVALID_ENCODING = 255,
	};

	// Compression type. SNAPPY/GZIP/LZO/LZ4 depend on build options; LZ4 is the default.
	enum CompressionType : uint8_t {
	UNCOMPRESSED = 0,
	SNAPPY = 1,
	GZIP = 2,
	LZO = 3,
	SDT = 4,
	PAA = 5,
	PLA = 6,
	LZ4 = 7,
	INVALID_COMPRESSION = 255,
	};

	// Column role within a table schema.
	enum class ColumnCategory { TAG = 0, FIELD = 1, ATTRIBUTE = 2, TIME = 3 };
	```

	Encodings applicable to each data type:

	\| Encoding \| Applicable types \|
	\|---\|---\|
	\| `PLAIN` \| all types \|
	\| `DICTIONARY` \| `TEXT`, `STRING` \|
	\| `RLE` \| `INT32`, `INT64`, `TIMESTAMP`, `DATE` \|
	\| `TS_2DIFF` \| `INT32`, `INT64`, `TIMESTAMP`, `DATE`, `FLOAT`, `DOUBLE` \|
	\| `GORILLA` \| `INT32`, `INT64`, `TIMESTAMP`, `DATE`, `FLOAT`, `DOUBLE` \|
	\| `ZIGZAG` \| `INT32`, `INT64` \|
	\| `SPRINTZ` \| `INT32`, `INT64`, `FLOAT`, `DOUBLE` \|

	Default value encoding per type: `BOOLEAN → PLAIN`, `INT32 / INT64 → TS_2DIFF`,
	`FLOAT / DOUBLE → GORILLA`, `TEXT / STRING / BLOB → PLAIN`. The default
	compression is `LZ4`. See [Configuring encoding and compression](#configuring-encoding-and-compression)
	for how to override these.

	## Write Interface

	### TsFileTableWriter

	Used to write data to tsfile

	```cpp
	/**
	* @brief Facilitates writing structured table data into a TsFile with a specified schema.
	*
	* The TsFileTableWriter class is designed to write structured data, particularly suitable for time-series data,
	* into a file optimized for efficient storage and retrieval (referred to as TsFile here). It allows users to define
	* the schema of the tables they want to write, add rows of data according to that schema, and serialize this data
	* into a TsFile. Additionally, it provides options to limit memory usage during the writing process.
	*/
	class TsFileTableWriter {
	public:
	/**
	* TsFileTableWriter is used to write table data into a target file with the given schema,
	* optionally limiting the memory usage.
	*
	* @param writer_file Target file where the table data will be written. Must not be null.
	* @param table_schema Used to construct table structures. Defines the schema of the table
	* being written.
	* @param memory_threshold Optional parameter. When the size of written
	* data exceeds this value, the data will be automatically flushed to the
	* disk. Default value is 128MB.
	*/
	TsFileTableWriter(WriteFile* writer_file,
	TableSchema* table_schema,
	uint64_t memory_threshold = 128 * 1024 * 1024);
	~TsFileTableWriter();
	/**
	* Writes the given tablet data into the target file according to the schema.
	*
	* @param tablet The tablet containing the data to be written. Must not be null.
	* @return Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero error code on failure.
	*/
	int write_table(const Tablet& tablet);
	/**
	* Flushes any buffered data to the underlying storage medium, ensuring all data is written out.
	* This method ensures that all pending writes are persisted.
	*
	* @return Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero error code on failure.
	*/
	int flush();
	/**
	* Closes the writer and releases any resources held by it.
	* After calling this method, no further operations should be performed on this instance.
	*
	* @return Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero error code on failure.
	*/
	int close();
	};
	```

	### TableSchema

	Describe the data structure of the table schema

	```cpp
	/**
	* @brief Represents the schema information for an entire table.
	*
	* This class holds the metadata necessary to describe how a specific table is structured,
	* including its name and the schemas of all its columns.
	*/
	class TableSchema {
	public:
	/**
	* Constructs a TableSchema object with the given table name, column schemas, and column categories.
	*
	* @param table_name The name of the table. Must be a non-empty string.
	* This name is used to identify the table within the system.
	* @param column_schemas A vector containing ColumnSchema objects.
	* Each ColumnSchema defines the schema for one column in the table.
	*/
	TableSchema(const std::string& table_name,
	const std::vector<ColumnSchema>& column_schemas);
	};


	/**
	* @brief Represents the schema information for a single column.
	*
	* This structure holds the metadata necessary to describe how a specific column is stored,
	* including its name, data type, category.
	*/
	struct ColumnSchema {
	std::string column_name_;
	common::TSDataType data_type_;
	common::CompressionType compression_;
	common::TSEncoding encoding_;
	ColumnCategory column_category_;

	/**
	* @brief Constructs a ColumnSchema with explicit compression and encoding.
	*
	* @param column_name The name of the column. Must be a non-empty string.
	* @param data_type The data type of the column (INT32, DOUBLE, TEXT, ...).
	* @param compression The compression applied to the column's chunks.
	* @param encoding The encoding applied to the column's values.
	* @param column_category The role of the column (FIELD, TAG, ...). Defaults to FIELD.
	*/
	ColumnSchema(std::string column_name, common::TSDataType data_type,
	common::CompressionType compression, common::TSEncoding encoding,
	ColumnCategory column_category = ColumnCategory::FIELD);

	/**
	* @brief Constructs a ColumnSchema using the engine's default encoding and
	* compression for the given data type.
	*
	* @param column_name The name of the column. Must be a non-empty string.
	* @param data_type The data type of the column.
	* @param column_category The role of the column. Defaults to FIELD.
	*/
	ColumnSchema(std::string column_name, common::TSDataType data_type,
	ColumnCategory column_category = ColumnCategory::FIELD);
	};
	```

	> `TAG` columns are the device identifier (joint primary key); their data type is
	> always `STRING`. `FIELD` columns hold the measured values. The encoding and
	> compression you set on a `ColumnSchema` apply to that column when written; the
	> two-argument constructor falls back to the per-type defaults.

	### Tablet

	Write column memory structure

	```cpp
	/**
	* @brief Represents a collection of data rows with associated metadata for insertion into a table.
	*
	* This class is used to manage and organize data that will be inserted into a specific target table.
	* It handles the storage of timestamps and values, along with their associated metadata such as column names and types.
	*/
	class Tablet {
	public:
	/**
	* @brief Constructs a Tablet object with the given parameters.
	*
	* @param column_names A vector containing the names of the columns in the tablet.
	* Each name corresponds to a column in the target table.
	* @param data_types A vector containing the data types of each column.
	* These must match the schema of the target table.
	* @param max_rows The maximum number of rows that this tablet can hold. Defaults to DEFAULT_MAX_ROWS.
	*/
	Tablet(const std::vector<std::string> &column_names,
	const std::vector<common::TSDataType> &data_types,
	int max_rows = DEFAULT_MAX_ROWS);

	/**
	* @brief Adds a timestamp to the specified row.
	*
	* @param row_index The index of the row to which the timestamp will be added.
	* Must be less than the maximum number of rows.
	* @param timestamp The timestamp value to add.
	* @return Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero error code on failure.
	*/
	int add_timestamp(uint32_t row_index, int64_t timestamp);

	/**
	* @brief Template function to add a value of type T to the specified row and column.
	*
	* @tparam T The type of the value to add.
	* @param row_index The index of the row to which the value will be added.
	* Must be less than the maximum number of rows.
	* @param schema_index The index of the column schema corresponding to the value being added.
	* @param val The value to add.
	* @return Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero error code on failure.
	*/
	template <typename T>
	int add_value(uint32_t row_index, uint32_t schema_index, T val);

	/**
	* @brief Template function to add a value of type T to the specified row and column by name.
	*
	* @tparam T The type of the value to add.
	* @param row_index The index of the row to which the value will be added.
	* Must be less than the maximum number of rows.
	* @param measurement_name The name of the column to which the value will be added.
	* Must match one of the column names provided during construction.
	* @param val The value to add.
	* @return Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero error code on failure.
	*/
	template <typename T>
	int add_value(uint32_t row_index, const std::string &measurement_name, T val);
	};
	```

	### Configuring encoding and compression

	Encoding and compression are chosen per data type: each type has a default
	(see the table above). You can change those defaults, or pass an explicit
	encoding/compression on a schema.

	1. On a schema. Pass an explicit encoding and compression when you build a
	`ColumnSchema`:

	```cpp
	// Store column "temperature" as TS_2DIFF + LZ4.
	common::ColumnSchema col("temperature", common::INT64,
	common::LZ4, common::TS_2DIFF,
	common::ColumnCategory::FIELD);
	```

	2. Per-type defaults. Change the defaults before creating a writer; they then
	apply to any column whose schema does not specify its own encoding/compression.
	These helpers live in `common`/`storage` and validate their arguments (returning
	`E_NOT_SUPPORT` for an unsupported combination):

	```cpp
	// Default value encoding per data type and default compression.
	int common::set_datatype_encoding(uint8_t data_type, uint8_t encoding);
	int common::set_global_compression(uint8_t compression);
	uint8_t common::get_datatype_encoding(uint8_t data_type);
	uint8_t common::get_global_compression();

	// Time-column encoding/compression (the data type is fixed to INT64).
	int common::set_global_time_encoding(uint8_t encoding);
	int common::set_global_time_compression(uint8_t compression);
	uint8_t common::get_global_time_encoding();
	uint8_t common::get_global_time_compression();
	```

	Global compression accepts `UNCOMPRESSED`, `SNAPPY`, `GZIP`, `LZO`, and `LZ4`.
	The codec enum also contains legacy values such as `SDT`, `PAA`, and `PLA`, but
	the global compression setter rejects them.

	## Read Interface
	### Tsfile Reader
	```cpp
	/**
	* @brief TsfileReader provides the ability to query all files with the suffix
	* .tsfile
	*
	* TsfileReader is designed to query .tsfile files. It accepts table-model
	* queries and supports querying metadata such as TableSchema.
	*/
	class TsFileReader {
	public:
	TsFileReader();
	~TsFileReader();
	/**
	* @brief open the tsfile
	*
	* @param file_path the path of the tsfile which will be opened
	* @return Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero error code on failure.
	*/
	int open(const std::string &file_path);
	/**
	* @brief close the tsfile, this method should be called after the
	* query is finished
	*
	* @return Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero error code on failure.
	*/
	int close();
	/**
	* @brief query the tsfile by the query expression,Users can construct
	* their own query expressions to query tsfile
	*
	* @param [in] qe the query expression
	* @param [out] ret_qds the result set
	* @return Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero error code on failure.
	*/
	int query(storage::QueryExpression qe, ResultSet &ret_qds);
	/**
	* @brief query the tsfile by the path list, start time and end time.
	* This method is used to query the tree model.
	*
	* @param [in] path_list the full path list
	* @param [in] start_time the start time
	* @param [in] end_time the end time
	* @param [out] result_set the result set
	*/
	int query(std::vector<std::string>& path_list, int64_t start_time,
	int64_t end_time, ResultSet*& result_set);
	/**
	* @brief query the tsfile by the table name, columns names, start time
	* and end time.
	*
	* @param [in] table_name the table name
	* @param [in] columns_names the columns names
	* @param [in] start_time the start time
	* @param [in] end_time the end time
	* @param [out] result_set the result set
	*/
	int query(const std::string &table_name,
	const std::vector<std::string> &columns_names, int64_t start_time,
	int64_t end_time, ResultSet *&result_set, int batch_size = -1);

	/**
	* @brief query the tsfile by the table name, columns names, start time
	* and end time, tag filter.
	*
	* @param [in] table_name the table name
	* @param [in] columns_names the columns names
	* @param [in] start_time the start time
	* @param [in] end_time the end time
	* @param [in] tag_filter the tag filter
	* @param [out] result_set the result set
	*/
	int query(const std::string& table_name,
	const std::vector<std::string>& columns_names, int64_t start_time,
	int64_t end_time, ResultSet& result_set, Filter tag_filter,
	int batch_size = 0);

	/**
	* @brief query tree-model time series by row with offset and limit.
	*/
	int queryByRow(std::vector<std::string>& path_list, int offset, int limit,
	ResultSet*& result_set);

	/**
	* @brief query a table by row, with offset/limit pushdown and an optional
	* tag filter.
	*
	* @param [in] table_name the table name
	* @param [in] column_names the column names
	* @param [in] offset leading rows to skip (>= 0)
	* @param [in] limit max rows to return; < 0 means unlimited
	* @param [out] result_set the result set
	* @param [in] tag_filter optional tag filter built with TagFilterBuilder, or nullptr
	* @param [in] batch_size <= 0 returns rows one by one; > 0 returns blocks of that size
	* @return Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero error code on failure.
	*/
	int queryByRow(const std::string& table_name,
	const std::vector<std::string>& column_names, int offset,
	int limit, ResultSet*& result_set,
	Filter* tag_filter = nullptr, int batch_size = 0);

	/**
	* @brief query tree-model data by measurement names within a time range.
	*/
	int query_table_on_tree(const std::vector<std::string>& measurement_names,
	int64_t start_time, int64_t end_time,
	ResultSet*& result_set);

	/**
	* @brief destroy the result set, this method should be called after the
	* query is finished and result_set
	*
	* @param qds the result set
	*/
	void destroy_query_data_set(ResultSet *qds);

	ResultSet* read_timeseries(
	const std::shared_ptr<IDeviceID>& device_id,
	const std::vector<std::string>& measurement_name);

	std::vector<std::shared_ptr<IDeviceID>> get_all_devices(
	std::string table_name);

	std::vector<std::shared_ptr<IDeviceID>> get_all_device_ids();

	std::vector<std::shared_ptr<IDeviceID>> get_all_devices();

	int get_timeseries_schema(std::shared_ptr<IDeviceID> device_id,
	std::vector<MeasurementSchema>& result);

	DeviceTimeseriesMetadataMap get_timeseries_metadata(
	const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<IDeviceID>>& device_ids);

	DeviceTimeseriesMetadataMap get_timeseries_metadata();

	/**
	* @brief get the table schema by the table name
	*
	* @param table_name the table name
	* @return std::shared_ptr<TableSchema> the table schema
	*/
	std::shared_ptr<TableSchema> get_table_schema(
	const std::string &table_name);
	/**
	* @brief get all table schemas in the tsfile
	*
	* @return std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TableSchema>> the table schema list
	*/
	std::vector<std::shared_ptr<TableSchema>> get_all_table_schemas();
	};
	```

	`DeviceTimeseriesMetadataMap` is the metadata map returned by
	`get_timeseries_metadata()`: `std::map<std::shared_ptr<IDeviceID>,
	std::vector<std::shared_ptr<ITimeseriesIndex>>, IDeviceIDComparator>`.

	### ResultSet
	```cpp
	/**
	* @brief ResultSet is the query result of the TsfileReader. It provides access
	* to the results.
	*
	* ResultSet is a virtual class. Convert it to the corresponding implementation
	* class when used.
	* @note The concrete type is TableResultSet.
	*/
	class ResultSet {
	public:
	ResultSet() {}
	virtual ~ResultSet() {}
	/**
	* @brief Get the next row of the result set
	*
	* @param[out] has_next a boolean value indicating if there is a next row
	* @return Returns 0 on success, or a non-zero error code on failure.
	*/
	virtual int next(bool& has_next) = 0;
	/**
	* @brief Check if the value of the column is null by column name
	*
	* @param column_name the name of the column
	* @return true if the value is null, false otherwise
	*/
	virtual bool is_null(const std::string& column_name) = 0;
	/**
	* @brief Check if the value of the column is null by column index
	*
	* @param column_index the index of the column starting from 1
	* @return true if the value is null, false otherwise
	*/
	virtual bool is_null(uint32_t column_index) = 0;

	/**
	* @brief Get the value of the column by column name
	*
	* @param column_name the name of the column
	* @return the value of the column
	*/
	template <typename T>
	T get_value(const std::string& column_name);
	/**
	* @brief Get the value of the column by column index
	*
	* @param column_index the index of the column starting from 1
	* @return the value of the column
	*/
	template <typename T>
	T get_value(uint32_t column_index);
	/**
	* @brief Get the row record of the result set
	*
	* @return the row record
	*/
	virtual RowRecord* get_row_record() = 0;
	/**
	* @brief Get the metadata of the result set
	*
	* @return std::shared_ptr<ResultSetMetadata> the metadata of the result set
	*/
	virtual std::shared_ptr<ResultSetMetadata> get_metadata() = 0;
	/**
	* @brief Close the result set
	*
	* @note this method should be called after the result set is no longer
	* needed.
	*/
	virtual void close() = 0;
	};
	```
	### ResultMeta
	```cpp
	/**
	* @brief metadata of result set
	*
	* user can obtain the metadata from ResultSetMetadata, including all column
	* names and data types. When a user uses the table model, the first column
	* defaults to the time column.
	*/
	class ResultSetMetadata {
	public:
	/**
	* @brief constructor of ResultSetMetadata
	*
	* @param column_names the column names
	* @param column_types the column types
	*/
	ResultSetMetadata(const std::vector<std::string>& column_names,
	const std::vector<common::TSDataType>& column_types);
	/**
	* @brief get the column type
	*
	* @param column_index the column index starting from 1
	* @return the column type
	*/
	common::TSDataType get_column_type(uint32_t column_index);
	/**
	* @brief get the column name
	*
	* @param column_index the column index starting from 1
	* @return the column name
	*/
	std::string get_column_name(uint32_t column_index);
	/**
	* @brief get the column count
	*
	* @return the column count by uint32_t
	*/
	uint32_t get_column_count();
	};
	```
	### Filter
	#### TagFilterBuilder
	Used to construct tag-based filters for querying data
	```cpp
	class TagFilterBuilder {
	public:
	explicit TagFilterBuilder(TableSchema* schema);

	Filter* eq(const std::string& columnName, const std::string& value);
	Filter* neq(const std::string& columnName, const std::string& value);
	Filter* lt(const std::string& columnName, const std::string& value);
	Filter* lteq(const std::string& columnName, const std::string& value);
	Filter* gt(const std::string& columnName, const std::string& value);
	Filter* gteq(const std::string& columnName, const std::string& value);
	Filter* reg_exp(const std::string& columnName, const std::string& value);
	Filter* not_reg_exp(const std::string& columnName,
	const std::string& value);
	Filter* is_null(const std::string& columnName);
	Filter* is_not_null(const std::string& columnName);
	Filter* between_and(const std::string& columnName, const std::string& lower,
	const std::string& upper);
	Filter* not_between_and(const std::string& columnName,
	const std::string& lower, const std::string& upper);

	// Logical operations
	static Filter* and_filter(Filter* left, Filter* right);
	static Filter* or_filter(Filter* left, Filter* right);
	static Filter* not_filter(Filter* filter);
	};
	```