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     <h1>Multipoint Recommendations

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 <p>As mentioned the <code>initialServers</code> is only used for bootstrapping
 the multipoint network.  Once running, all servers will dynamically
 establish direct connections with each other and there is no single point
 of failure.</p>

 <p>However to ensure that the bootstrapping process can occur successfully,
 the <code>initialServers</code> property of the <code>conf/multipoint.properties</code> file
 must be set carefully and with a specific server start order in mind.  Each
 server consults its <code>initialServers</code> list exactly once in the
 bootstrapping phase at startup, after that time connections are made
 dynamically.</p>

 <p>This means that at least one of the servers listed in <code>initialServers</code>
 must already be running when the server starts or the server might never
 become introduced and connected to all the other servers in the network.</p>

 <h1>Failed scenario <small>background</small></h1>

 <p>As an example of a failed scenario, imagine there are three servers;
 <code>server1</code>, <code>server2</code>, <code>server3</code>.  They are setup only to point to the server in
 front of them making a chain:</p>

 <ul>
 <li>server1; <code>initialServers = server2</code></li>
 <li>server2; <code>initialServers = server3</code></li>
 <li>server3; <code>initialServers = *&amp;lt;blank&gt;*</code></li>
 </ul>

 <p>Which is essentially <code>server1</code> -> <code>server2</code> -> <code>server3</code>.  This scenario could
 work, but they servers would have to be started in exactly the opposite
 order:</p>

 <ol>
 <li><code>server3</code> starts</li>
 <li><code>server2</code> starts
 <ol>
 <li><em>static:</em> connect to <code>server3</code></li>
 </ol></li>
 <li><code>server1</code> starts
 <ol>
 <li><em>static:</em> connect to <code>server2</code></li>
 <li><em>dynamic:</em> connect to <code>server3</code></li>
 </ol></li>
 </ol>

 <p>At this point all servers would be fully connected.  But the above setup is
 flawed and could easily fail.  The first flaw is <code>server3</code> lists nothing in
 its <code>initialServers</code> list, so if it were restarted it would leave the
 multipoint network and not know how to get back in.</p>

 <p>The second flaw is if you started them in any other order, you would also
 not get a fully connected multipoint network.  Say the servers were started
 in "front" order:</p>

 <ol>
 <li><code>server1</code> starts
 <ol>
 <li><em>static:</em> connect to <code>server2</code> - failed, <code>server2</code> not started.</li>
 </ol></li>
 <li><code>server2</code> starts
 <ol>
 <li><em>static:</em> connect to <code>server3</code> - failed, <code>server3</code> not started.</li>
 </ol></li>
 <li><code>server3</code> starts
 <ol>
 <li>no connection attempts, initialServers list is empty.</li>
 </ol></li>
 </ol>

 <p>After startup completes, all servers will be completely isolated and
 failover will not work.  The described setup is weaker than it needs to be.
 Listing just one server means the listed server is a potential point of
 weakness.  As a matter of trivia, it is interesting to point out that you
 could bring a fourth server online temporarily that lists all three
 servers.  Once it makes the introductions and all servers learn of each
 other, you could shut it down again.</p>

 <p>The above setup is easily fixable via better configuration.  If <code>server3</code>
 listed both <code>server1</code> and <code>server2</code> in its initialServers list, rather than
 listing nothing at all, then all servers would fully discover each other
 regardless of startup order; assuming all three servers did eventually
 start.</p>

 <h1>Bootstrapping Three Servers or Less</h1>

 <p>In a three sever scenario, we recommend simply having all three servers
 list all three servers.  </p>

 <ul>
 <li>server1/conf/multipoint.properties
 <ul>
 <li><code>initialServers = server1, server2, server3</code></li>
 </ul></li>
 <li>server2/conf/multipoint.properties
 <ul>
 <li><code>initialServers = server1, server2, server3</code></li>
 </ul></li>
 <li>server3/conf/multipoint.properties
 <ul>
 <li><code>initialServers = server1, server2, server3</code></li>
 </ul></li>
 </ul>

 <p>There's no harm to a server listing itself.  It gives you one clean list to
 maintain and it will work even if you decide not to start one of the three
 servers.</p>

 <h1>Bootstrapping Four Servers or More</h1>

 <p>In a scenario of four or more, we recommend picking at least to servers and
 focus on always keeping at least one of them running.  Lets refer to them
 as "root" servers for simplicity sake.</p>

 <ul>
 <li>server1/conf/multipoint.properties
 <ul>
 <li><code>initialServers = server2</code></li>
 </ul></li>
 <li>server2/conf/multipoint.properties
 <ul>
 <li><code>initialServers = server1</code></li>
 </ul></li>
 </ul>

 <p>Root <code>server1</code> would list root <code>server2</code> so they would always be linked to each
 other regardless of start order or if one of them went down.  <code>Server1</code> could
 be shutdown and reconnect on startup to the full multipoint network through
 <code>server2</code>, and vice versa.</p>

 <p>All other servers would simply list the root servers (<code>server1</code>, <code>server2</code>) in
 their initialServers list.</p>

 <ul>
 <li>server3/conf/multipoint.properties
 <ul>
 <li><code>initialServers = server1, server2</code></li>
 </ul></li>
 <li>server4/conf/multipoint.properties
 <ul>
 <li><code>initialServers = server1, server2</code></li>
 </ul></li>
 <li>serverN/conf/multipoint.properties
 <ul>
 <li><code>initialServers = server1, server2</code></li>
 </ul></li>
 </ul>

 <p>As long as at least one root server (<code>server1</code> or <code>server2</code>) was running, you
 can bring other servers on and offline at will and always have a fully
 connected graph.</p>

 <p>Of course all servers once running and connected will have a full list of
 all other servers in the network, so if at any time the "root" servers
 weren't around to make initial introductions to new servers it would be no
 trouble.  It's possible to reconfigure new servers to point at any other
 server in the network as all servers will have the full list.  So these
 "root" servers are no real point of failure in function, but only of
 convenience.</p>

 <h1>Setting initialServers <small>overrides</small></h1>

 <p>Always remember that any property in a <code>conf/&lt;server-service&gt;.properties</code>
 file can be overridden on the command line or via system properties.  So it
 is possible easily set the <code>initialServers</code> list in startup scripts.</p>

 <p>A bash example might look something like:</p>

 <pre><code>!/bin/bash

 OPENEJB_HOME=/opt/openejb-3.1.3
 INITIAL_LIST=$(cat /some/shared/directory/our_initial_servers.txt)

 $OPENEJB_HOME/bin/openejb start -Dmultipoint.initialServers=$INITIAL_LIST
 </code></pre>


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	<h1>Multipoint Recommendations

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	<p>As mentioned the <code>initialServers</code> is only used for bootstrapping
	the multipoint network. Once running, all servers will dynamically
	establish direct connections with each other and there is no single point
	of failure.</p>

	<p>However to ensure that the bootstrapping process can occur successfully,
	the <code>initialServers</code> property of the <code>conf/multipoint.properties</code> file
	must be set carefully and with a specific server start order in mind. Each
	server consults its <code>initialServers</code> list exactly once in the
	bootstrapping phase at startup, after that time connections are made
	dynamically.</p>

	<p>This means that at least one of the servers listed in <code>initialServers</code>
	must already be running when the server starts or the server might never
	become introduced and connected to all the other servers in the network.</p>

	<h1>Failed scenario <small>background</small></h1>

	<p>As an example of a failed scenario, imagine there are three servers;
	<code>server1</code>, <code>server2</code>, <code>server3</code>. They are setup only to point to the server in
	front of them making a chain:</p>

	<ul>
	<li>server1; <code>initialServers = server2</code></li>
	<li>server2; <code>initialServers = server3</code></li>
	<li>server3; <code>initialServers = &lt;blank></code></li>
	</ul>

	<p>Which is essentially <code>server1</code> -> <code>server2</code> -> <code>server3</code>. This scenario could
	work, but they servers would have to be started in exactly the opposite
	order:</p>

	<ol>
	<li><code>server3</code> starts</li>
	<li><code>server2</code> starts
	<ol>
	<li><em>static:</em> connect to <code>server3</code></li>
	</ol></li>
	<li><code>server1</code> starts
	<ol>
	<li><em>static:</em> connect to <code>server2</code></li>
	<li><em>dynamic:</em> connect to <code>server3</code></li>
	</ol></li>
	</ol>

	<p>At this point all servers would be fully connected. But the above setup is
	flawed and could easily fail. The first flaw is <code>server3</code> lists nothing in
	its <code>initialServers</code> list, so if it were restarted it would leave the
	multipoint network and not know how to get back in.</p>

	<p>The second flaw is if you started them in any other order, you would also
	not get a fully connected multipoint network. Say the servers were started
	in "front" order:</p>

	<ol>
	<li><code>server1</code> starts
	<ol>
	<li><em>static:</em> connect to <code>server2</code> - failed, <code>server2</code> not started.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li><code>server2</code> starts
	<ol>
	<li><em>static:</em> connect to <code>server3</code> - failed, <code>server3</code> not started.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li><code>server3</code> starts
	<ol>
	<li>no connection attempts, initialServers list is empty.</li>
	</ol></li>
	</ol>

	<p>After startup completes, all servers will be completely isolated and
	failover will not work. The described setup is weaker than it needs to be.
	Listing just one server means the listed server is a potential point of
	weakness. As a matter of trivia, it is interesting to point out that you
	could bring a fourth server online temporarily that lists all three
	servers. Once it makes the introductions and all servers learn of each
	other, you could shut it down again.</p>

	<p>The above setup is easily fixable via better configuration. If <code>server3</code>
	listed both <code>server1</code> and <code>server2</code> in its initialServers list, rather than
	listing nothing at all, then all servers would fully discover each other
	regardless of startup order; assuming all three servers did eventually
	start.</p>

	<h1>Bootstrapping Three Servers or Less</h1>

	<p>In a three sever scenario, we recommend simply having all three servers
	list all three servers. </p>

	<ul>
	<li>server1/conf/multipoint.properties
	<ul>
	<li><code>initialServers = server1, server2, server3</code></li>
	</ul></li>
	<li>server2/conf/multipoint.properties
	<ul>
	<li><code>initialServers = server1, server2, server3</code></li>
	</ul></li>
	<li>server3/conf/multipoint.properties
	<ul>
	<li><code>initialServers = server1, server2, server3</code></li>
	</ul></li>
	</ul>

	<p>There's no harm to a server listing itself. It gives you one clean list to
	maintain and it will work even if you decide not to start one of the three
	servers.</p>

	<h1>Bootstrapping Four Servers or More</h1>

	<p>In a scenario of four or more, we recommend picking at least to servers and
	focus on always keeping at least one of them running. Lets refer to them
	as "root" servers for simplicity sake.</p>

	<ul>
	<li>server1/conf/multipoint.properties
	<ul>
	<li><code>initialServers = server2</code></li>
	</ul></li>
	<li>server2/conf/multipoint.properties
	<ul>
	<li><code>initialServers = server1</code></li>
	</ul></li>
	</ul>

	<p>Root <code>server1</code> would list root <code>server2</code> so they would always be linked to each
	other regardless of start order or if one of them went down. <code>Server1</code> could
	be shutdown and reconnect on startup to the full multipoint network through
	<code>server2</code>, and vice versa.</p>

	<p>All other servers would simply list the root servers (<code>server1</code>, <code>server2</code>) in
	their initialServers list.</p>

	<ul>
	<li>server3/conf/multipoint.properties
	<ul>
	<li><code>initialServers = server1, server2</code></li>
	</ul></li>
	<li>server4/conf/multipoint.properties
	<ul>
	<li><code>initialServers = server1, server2</code></li>
	</ul></li>
	<li>serverN/conf/multipoint.properties
	<ul>
	<li><code>initialServers = server1, server2</code></li>
	</ul></li>
	</ul>

	<p>As long as at least one root server (<code>server1</code> or <code>server2</code>) was running, you
	can bring other servers on and offline at will and always have a fully
	connected graph.</p>

	<p>Of course all servers once running and connected will have a full list of
	all other servers in the network, so if at any time the "root" servers
	weren't around to make initial introductions to new servers it would be no
	trouble. It's possible to reconfigure new servers to point at any other
	server in the network as all servers will have the full list. So these
	"root" servers are no real point of failure in function, but only of
	convenience.</p>

	<h1>Setting initialServers <small>overrides</small></h1>

	<p>Always remember that any property in a <code>conf/<server-service>.properties</code>
	file can be overridden on the command line or via system properties. So it
	is possible easily set the <code>initialServers</code> list in startup scripts.</p>

	<p>A bash example might look something like:</p>

	<pre><code>!/bin/bash

	OPENEJB_HOME=/opt/openejb-3.1.3
	INITIAL_LIST=$(cat /some/shared/directory/our_initial_servers.txt)

	$OPENEJB_HOME/bin/openejb start -Dmultipoint.initialServers=$INITIAL_LIST
	</code></pre>




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