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               <h1>JPA and Enums via @Enumerated</h1>
             </div>
           </div>
         </div>
         <div class="row">

             <div class="col-md-12">
                 <p>It can sometimes be desirable to have a Java <code>enum</code> type to represent a particular column in a database. JPA supports converting database data to and from Java <code>enum</code> types via the <code>@javax.persistence.Enumerated</code> annotation.</p>
 <p>This example will show basic <code>@Enumerated</code> usage in a field of an <code>@Entity</code> as well as <code>enum</code>s as the parameter of a <code>Query</code>. We'll also see that the actual database representation can be effectively <code>String</code> or <code>int</code>.</p>
 <h2>Enum</h2>
 <p>For our example we will leverage the familiar <code>Movie</code> entity and add a new field to represent the MPAA.org rating of the movie. This is defined via a simple <code>enum</code> that requires no JPA specific annotations.</p>
 <pre><code>public enum Rating {
     UNRATED,
     G,
     PG,
     PG13,
     R,
     NC17
 }
 </code></pre>
 <h2>@Enumerated</h2>
 <p>In our <code>Movie</code> entity, we add a <code>rating</code> field of the enum type <code>Rating</code> and annotate it with <code>@Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)</code> to declare that its value should be converted from what is effectively a <code>String</code> in the database to the <code>Rating</code> type.</p>
 <pre><code>@Entity
 public class Movie {

     @Id
     @GeneratedValue
     private int id;
     private String director;
     private String title;
     private int year;

     @Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)
     private Rating rating;

     public Movie() {
     }

     public Movie(String director, String title, int year, Rating rating) {
         this.director = director;
         this.title = title;
         this.year = year;
         this.rating = rating;
     }

     public String getDirector() {
         return director;
     }

     public void setDirector(String director) {
         this.director = director;
     }

     public String getTitle() {
         return title;
     }

     public void setTitle(String title) {
         this.title = title;
     }

     public int getYear() {
         return year;
     }

     public void setYear(int year) {
         this.year = year;
     }

     public Rating getRating() {
         return rating;
     }

     public void setRating(Rating rating) {
         this.rating = rating;
     }
 }
 </code></pre>
 <p>The above is enough and we are effectively done. For the sake of completeness we'll show a sample <code>Query</code></p>
 <h2>Enum in JPQL Query</h2>
 <p>Note the <code>findByRating</code> method which creates a <code>Query</code> with a <code>rating</code> named parameter. The key thing to notice is that the <code>rating</code> enum instance itself is passed into the<br/> <code>query.setParameter</code> method, <strong>not</strong> <code>rating.name()</code> or <code>rating.ordinal()</code>.</p>
 <p>Regardless if you use <code>EnumType.STRING</code> or <code>EnumType.ORDINAL</code>, you still always pass the enum itself in calls to <code>query.setParameter</code>.</p>
 <pre><code>@Stateful
 public class Movies {

     @PersistenceContext(unitName = &quot;movie-unit&quot;, type = PersistenceContextType.EXTENDED)
     private EntityManager entityManager;

     public void addMovie(Movie movie) {
         entityManager.persist(movie);
     }

     public void deleteMovie(Movie movie) {
         entityManager.remove(movie);
     }

     public List&lt;Movie&gt; findByRating(Rating rating) {
         final Query query = entityManager.createQuery(&quot;SELECT m FROM Movie as m WHERE m.rating = :rating&quot;);
         query.setParameter(&quot;rating&quot;, rating);
         return query.getResultList();
     }

     public List&lt;Movie&gt; getMovies() throws Exception {
         Query query = entityManager.createQuery(&quot;SELECT m from Movie as m&quot;);
         return query.getResultList();
     }

 }
 </code></pre>
 <h2>EnumType.STRING vs EnumType.ORDINAL</h2>
 <p>It is a matter of style how you would like your <code>enum</code> data represented in the database. Either <code>name()</code> or <code>ordinal()</code> are supported:</p>
 <ul>
   <li><code>@Enumerated(EnumType.STRING) Rating rating</code> the value of <code>rating.name()</code> is written and read from the corresponding database column; e.g. <code>G</code>, <code>PG</code>, <code>PG13</code></li>
   <li><code>@Enumerated(EnumType.ORDINAL) Rating rating</code> the value of <code>rating.ordinal()</code> is written and read from the corresponding database column; e.g. <code>0</code>, <code>1</code>, <code>2</code></li>
 </ul>
 <p>The default is <code>EnumType.ORDINAL</code></p>
 <p>There are advantages and disadvantages to each.</p>
 <h3>Disadvantage of EnumType.ORDINAL</h3>
 <p>A disadvantage of <code>EnumType.ORDINAL</code> is the effect of time and the desire to keep <code>enums</code> in a logical order. With <code>EnumType.ORDINAL</code> any new enum elements must be added to the<br/><strong>end</strong> of the list or you will accidentally change the meaning of all your records.</p>
 <p>Let's use our <code>Rating</code> enum and see how it would have had to evolve over time to keep up with changes in the MPAA.org ratings system.</p>
 <p><strong>1980</strong></p>
 <pre><code>public enum Rating {
     G,
     PG,
     R,
     UNRATED
 }
 </code></pre>
 <p><strong>1984</strong> PG-13 is added</p>
 <pre><code>public enum Rating {
     G,
     PG,
     R,
     UNRATED,
     PG13
 }
 </code></pre>
 <p><strong>1990</strong> NC-17 is added</p>
 <pre><code>public enum Rating {
     G,
     PG,
     R,
     UNRATED,
     PG13,
     NC17
 }
 </code></pre>
 <p>If <code>EnumType.STRING</code> was used, then the enum could be reordered at anytime and would instead look as we have defined it originally with ratings starting at <code>G</code> and increasing in severity to <code>NC17</code> and eventually <code>UNRATED</code>. With <code>EnumType.ORDINAL</code> the logical ordering would not have withstood the test of time as new values were added.</p>
 <p>If the order of the enum values is significant to your code, avoid <code>EnumType.ORDINAL</code></p>
 <h2>Unit Testing the JPA @Enumerated</h2>
 <pre><code>public class MoviesTest extends TestCase {

     public void test() throws Exception {

         final Properties p = new Properties();
         p.put(&quot;movieDatabase&quot;, &quot;new://Resource?type=DataSource&quot;);
         p.put(&quot;movieDatabase.JdbcDriver&quot;, &quot;org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver&quot;);
         p.put(&quot;movieDatabase.JdbcUrl&quot;, &quot;jdbc:hsqldb:mem:moviedb&quot;);

         EJBContainer container = EJBContainer.createEJBContainer(p);
         final Context context = container.getContext();

         final Movies movies = (Movies) context.lookup(&quot;java:global/jpa-scratch/Movies&quot;);

         movies.addMovie(new Movie(&quot;James Frawley&quot;, &quot;The Muppet Movie&quot;, 1979, Rating.G));
         movies.addMovie(new Movie(&quot;Jim Henson&quot;, &quot;The Great Muppet Caper&quot;, 1981, Rating.G));
         movies.addMovie(new Movie(&quot;Frank Oz&quot;, &quot;The Muppets Take Manhattan&quot;, 1984, Rating.G));
         movies.addMovie(new Movie(&quot;James Bobin&quot;, &quot;The Muppets&quot;, 2011, Rating.PG));

         assertEquals(&quot;List.size()&quot;, 4, movies.getMovies().size());

         assertEquals(&quot;List.size()&quot;, 3, movies.findByRating(Rating.G).size());

         assertEquals(&quot;List.size()&quot;, 1, movies.findByRating(Rating.PG).size());

         assertEquals(&quot;List.size()&quot;, 0, movies.findByRating(Rating.R).size());

         container.close();
     }
 }
 </code></pre>
 <h1>Running</h1>
 <p>To run the example via maven:</p>
 <pre><code>cd jpa-enumerated
 mvn clean install
 </code></pre>
 <p>Which will generate output similar to the following:</p>
 <pre><code>-------------------------------------------------------
  T E S T S
 -------------------------------------------------------
 Running org.superbiz.jpa.enums.MoviesTest
 Apache OpenEJB 4.0.0-beta-2    build: 20120115-08:26
 http://tomee.apache.org/
 INFO - openejb.home = /Users/dblevins/openejb/examples/jpa-enumerated
 INFO - openejb.base = /Users/dblevins/openejb/examples/jpa-enumerated
 INFO - Using &#39;javax.ejb.embeddable.EJBContainer=true&#39;
 INFO - Configuring Service(id=Default Security Service, type=SecurityService, provider-id=Default Security Service)
 INFO - Configuring Service(id=Default Transaction Manager, type=TransactionManager, provider-id=Default Transaction Manager)
 INFO - Configuring Service(id=movieDatabase, type=Resource, provider-id=Default JDBC Database)
 INFO - Found EjbModule in classpath: /Users/dblevins/openejb/examples/jpa-enumerated/target/classes
 INFO - Beginning load: /Users/dblevins/openejb/examples/jpa-enumerated/target/classes
 INFO - Configuring enterprise application: /Users/dblevins/openejb/examples/jpa-enumerated
 INFO - Configuring Service(id=Default Stateful Container, type=Container, provider-id=Default Stateful Container)
 INFO - Auto-creating a container for bean Movies: Container(type=STATEFUL, id=Default Stateful Container)
 INFO - Configuring Service(id=Default Managed Container, type=Container, provider-id=Default Managed Container)
 INFO - Auto-creating a container for bean org.superbiz.jpa.enums.MoviesTest: Container(type=MANAGED, id=Default Managed Container)
 INFO - Configuring PersistenceUnit(name=movie-unit)
 INFO - Auto-creating a Resource with id &#39;movieDatabaseNonJta&#39; of type &#39;DataSource for &#39;movie-unit&#39;.
 INFO - Configuring Service(id=movieDatabaseNonJta, type=Resource, provider-id=movieDatabase)
 INFO - Adjusting PersistenceUnit movie-unit &lt;non-jta-data-source&gt; to Resource ID &#39;movieDatabaseNonJta&#39; from &#39;movieDatabaseUnmanaged&#39;
 INFO - Enterprise application &quot;/Users/dblevins/openejb/examples/jpa-enumerated&quot; loaded.
 INFO - Assembling app: /Users/dblevins/openejb/examples/jpa-enumerated
 INFO - PersistenceUnit(name=movie-unit, provider=org.apache.openjpa.persistence.PersistenceProviderImpl) - provider time 406ms
 INFO - Jndi(name=&quot;java:global/jpa-enumerated/Movies!org.superbiz.jpa.enums.Movies&quot;)
 INFO - Jndi(name=&quot;java:global/jpa-enumerated/Movies&quot;)
 INFO - Created Ejb(deployment-id=Movies, ejb-name=Movies, container=Default Stateful Container)
 INFO - Started Ejb(deployment-id=Movies, ejb-name=Movies, container=Default Stateful Container)
 INFO - Deployed Application(path=/Users/dblevins/openejb/examples/jpa-enumerated)
 INFO - Undeploying app: /Users/dblevins/openejb/examples/jpa-enumerated
 INFO - Closing DataSource: movieDatabase
 INFO - Closing DataSource: movieDatabaseNonJta
 Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 2.831 sec

 Results :

 Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0
 </code></pre>
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	<div class='page-header'>

	<h1>JPA and Enums via @Enumerated</h1>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="row">

	<div class="col-md-12">
	<p>It can sometimes be desirable to have a Java <code>enum</code> type to represent a particular column in a database. JPA supports converting database data to and from Java <code>enum</code> types via the <code>@javax.persistence.Enumerated</code> annotation.</p>
	<p>This example will show basic <code>@Enumerated</code> usage in a field of an <code>@Entity</code> as well as <code>enum</code>s as the parameter of a <code>Query</code>. We'll also see that the actual database representation can be effectively <code>String</code> or <code>int</code>.</p>
	<h2>Enum</h2>
	<p>For our example we will leverage the familiar <code>Movie</code> entity and add a new field to represent the MPAA.org rating of the movie. This is defined via a simple <code>enum</code> that requires no JPA specific annotations.</p>
	<pre><code>public enum Rating {
	UNRATED,
	G,
	PG,
	PG13,
	R,
	NC17
	}
	</code></pre>
	<h2>@Enumerated</h2>
	<p>In our <code>Movie</code> entity, we add a <code>rating</code> field of the enum type <code>Rating</code> and annotate it with <code>@Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)</code> to declare that its value should be converted from what is effectively a <code>String</code> in the database to the <code>Rating</code> type.</p>
	<pre><code>@Entity
	public class Movie {

	@Id
	@GeneratedValue
	private int id;
	private String director;
	private String title;
	private int year;

	@Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)
	private Rating rating;

	public Movie() {
	}

	public Movie(String director, String title, int year, Rating rating) {
	this.director = director;
	this.title = title;
	this.year = year;
	this.rating = rating;
	}

	public String getDirector() {
	return director;
	}

	public void setDirector(String director) {
	this.director = director;
	}

	public String getTitle() {
	return title;
	}

	public void setTitle(String title) {
	this.title = title;
	}

	public int getYear() {
	return year;
	}

	public void setYear(int year) {
	this.year = year;
	}

	public Rating getRating() {
	return rating;
	}

	public void setRating(Rating rating) {
	this.rating = rating;
	}
	}
	</code></pre>
	<p>The above is enough and we are effectively done. For the sake of completeness we'll show a sample <code>Query</code></p>
	<h2>Enum in JPQL Query</h2>
	<p>Note the <code>findByRating</code> method which creates a <code>Query</code> with a <code>rating</code> named parameter. The key thing to notice is that the <code>rating</code> enum instance itself is passed into the<br/> <code>query.setParameter</code> method, <strong>not</strong> <code>rating.name()</code> or <code>rating.ordinal()</code>.</p>
	<p>Regardless if you use <code>EnumType.STRING</code> or <code>EnumType.ORDINAL</code>, you still always pass the enum itself in calls to <code>query.setParameter</code>.</p>
	<pre><code>@Stateful
	public class Movies {

	@PersistenceContext(unitName = "movie-unit", type = PersistenceContextType.EXTENDED)
	private EntityManager entityManager;

	public void addMovie(Movie movie) {
	entityManager.persist(movie);
	}

	public void deleteMovie(Movie movie) {
	entityManager.remove(movie);
	}

	public List<Movie> findByRating(Rating rating) {
	final Query query = entityManager.createQuery("SELECT m FROM Movie as m WHERE m.rating = :rating");
	query.setParameter("rating", rating);
	return query.getResultList();
	}

	public List<Movie> getMovies() throws Exception {
	Query query = entityManager.createQuery("SELECT m from Movie as m");
	return query.getResultList();
	}

	}
	</code></pre>
	<h2>EnumType.STRING vs EnumType.ORDINAL</h2>
	<p>It is a matter of style how you would like your <code>enum</code> data represented in the database. Either <code>name()</code> or <code>ordinal()</code> are supported:</p>
	<ul>
	<li><code>@Enumerated(EnumType.STRING) Rating rating</code> the value of <code>rating.name()</code> is written and read from the corresponding database column; e.g. <code>G</code>, <code>PG</code>, <code>PG13</code></li>
	<li><code>@Enumerated(EnumType.ORDINAL) Rating rating</code> the value of <code>rating.ordinal()</code> is written and read from the corresponding database column; e.g. <code>0</code>, <code>1</code>, <code>2</code></li>
	</ul>
	<p>The default is <code>EnumType.ORDINAL</code></p>
	<p>There are advantages and disadvantages to each.</p>
	<h3>Disadvantage of EnumType.ORDINAL</h3>
	<p>A disadvantage of <code>EnumType.ORDINAL</code> is the effect of time and the desire to keep <code>enums</code> in a logical order. With <code>EnumType.ORDINAL</code> any new enum elements must be added to the<br/><strong>end</strong> of the list or you will accidentally change the meaning of all your records.</p>
	<p>Let's use our <code>Rating</code> enum and see how it would have had to evolve over time to keep up with changes in the MPAA.org ratings system.</p>
	<p><strong>1980</strong></p>
	<pre><code>public enum Rating {
	G,
	PG,
	R,
	UNRATED
	}
	</code></pre>
	<p><strong>1984</strong> PG-13 is added</p>
	<pre><code>public enum Rating {
	G,
	PG,
	R,
	UNRATED,
	PG13
	}
	</code></pre>
	<p><strong>1990</strong> NC-17 is added</p>
	<pre><code>public enum Rating {
	G,
	PG,
	R,
	UNRATED,
	PG13,
	NC17
	}
	</code></pre>
	<p>If <code>EnumType.STRING</code> was used, then the enum could be reordered at anytime and would instead look as we have defined it originally with ratings starting at <code>G</code> and increasing in severity to <code>NC17</code> and eventually <code>UNRATED</code>. With <code>EnumType.ORDINAL</code> the logical ordering would not have withstood the test of time as new values were added.</p>
	<p>If the order of the enum values is significant to your code, avoid <code>EnumType.ORDINAL</code></p>
	<h2>Unit Testing the JPA @Enumerated</h2>
	<pre><code>public class MoviesTest extends TestCase {

	public void test() throws Exception {

	final Properties p = new Properties();
	p.put("movieDatabase", "new://Resource?type=DataSource");
	p.put("movieDatabase.JdbcDriver", "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver");
	p.put("movieDatabase.JdbcUrl", "jdbc:hsqldb:mem:moviedb");

	EJBContainer container = EJBContainer.createEJBContainer(p);
	final Context context = container.getContext();

	final Movies movies = (Movies) context.lookup("java:global/jpa-scratch/Movies");

	movies.addMovie(new Movie("James Frawley", "The Muppet Movie", 1979, Rating.G));
	movies.addMovie(new Movie("Jim Henson", "The Great Muppet Caper", 1981, Rating.G));
	movies.addMovie(new Movie("Frank Oz", "The Muppets Take Manhattan", 1984, Rating.G));
	movies.addMovie(new Movie("James Bobin", "The Muppets", 2011, Rating.PG));

	assertEquals("List.size()", 4, movies.getMovies().size());

	assertEquals("List.size()", 3, movies.findByRating(Rating.G).size());

	assertEquals("List.size()", 1, movies.findByRating(Rating.PG).size());

	assertEquals("List.size()", 0, movies.findByRating(Rating.R).size());

	container.close();
	}
	}
	</code></pre>
	<h1>Running</h1>
	<p>To run the example via maven:</p>
	<pre><code>cd jpa-enumerated
	mvn clean install
	</code></pre>
	<p>Which will generate output similar to the following:</p>
	<pre><code>-------------------------------------------------------
	T E S T S
	-------------------------------------------------------
	Running org.superbiz.jpa.enums.MoviesTest
	Apache OpenEJB 4.0.0-beta-2 build: 20120115-08:26
	http://tomee.apache.org/
	INFO - openejb.home = /Users/dblevins/openejb/examples/jpa-enumerated
	INFO - openejb.base = /Users/dblevins/openejb/examples/jpa-enumerated
	INFO - Using 'javax.ejb.embeddable.EJBContainer=true'
	INFO - Configuring Service(id=Default Security Service, type=SecurityService, provider-id=Default Security Service)
	INFO - Configuring Service(id=Default Transaction Manager, type=TransactionManager, provider-id=Default Transaction Manager)
	INFO - Configuring Service(id=movieDatabase, type=Resource, provider-id=Default JDBC Database)
	INFO - Found EjbModule in classpath: /Users/dblevins/openejb/examples/jpa-enumerated/target/classes
	INFO - Beginning load: /Users/dblevins/openejb/examples/jpa-enumerated/target/classes
	INFO - Configuring enterprise application: /Users/dblevins/openejb/examples/jpa-enumerated
	INFO - Configuring Service(id=Default Stateful Container, type=Container, provider-id=Default Stateful Container)
	INFO - Auto-creating a container for bean Movies: Container(type=STATEFUL, id=Default Stateful Container)
	INFO - Configuring Service(id=Default Managed Container, type=Container, provider-id=Default Managed Container)
	INFO - Auto-creating a container for bean org.superbiz.jpa.enums.MoviesTest: Container(type=MANAGED, id=Default Managed Container)
	INFO - Configuring PersistenceUnit(name=movie-unit)
	INFO - Auto-creating a Resource with id 'movieDatabaseNonJta' of type 'DataSource for 'movie-unit'.
	INFO - Configuring Service(id=movieDatabaseNonJta, type=Resource, provider-id=movieDatabase)
	INFO - Adjusting PersistenceUnit movie-unit <non-jta-data-source> to Resource ID 'movieDatabaseNonJta' from 'movieDatabaseUnmanaged'
	INFO - Enterprise application "/Users/dblevins/openejb/examples/jpa-enumerated" loaded.
	INFO - Assembling app: /Users/dblevins/openejb/examples/jpa-enumerated
	INFO - PersistenceUnit(name=movie-unit, provider=org.apache.openjpa.persistence.PersistenceProviderImpl) - provider time 406ms
	INFO - Jndi(name="java:global/jpa-enumerated/Movies!org.superbiz.jpa.enums.Movies")
	INFO - Jndi(name="java:global/jpa-enumerated/Movies")
	INFO - Created Ejb(deployment-id=Movies, ejb-name=Movies, container=Default Stateful Container)
	INFO - Started Ejb(deployment-id=Movies, ejb-name=Movies, container=Default Stateful Container)
	INFO - Deployed Application(path=/Users/dblevins/openejb/examples/jpa-enumerated)
	INFO - Undeploying app: /Users/dblevins/openejb/examples/jpa-enumerated
	INFO - Closing DataSource: movieDatabase
	INFO - Closing DataSource: movieDatabaseNonJta
	Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 2.831 sec

	Results :

	Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0
	</code></pre>
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