compiler/cpp/src/thrift/generate/t_netstd_generator.cc - thrift - Git at Google

 /*
  * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
  * or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
  * distributed with this work for additional information
  * regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
  * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
  * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
  * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
  *
  *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  *
  * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
  * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
  * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
  * KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
  * specific language governing permissions and limitations
  * under the License.
  *
  * Contains some contributions under the Thrift Software License.
  * Please see doc/old-thrift-license.txt in the Thrift distribution for
  * details.
  */

 #include <cassert>

 #include <string>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <vector>
 #include <cctype>

 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sstream>

 #include "thrift/platform.h"
 #include "thrift/generate/t_oop_generator.h"
 #include "thrift/generate/t_netstd_generator.h"

 using std::map;
 using std::ostream;
 using std::ostringstream;
 using std::string;
 using std::stringstream;
 using std::vector;

 //TODO: check for indentation
 //TODO: Do we need seqId_ in generation?

 t_netstd_generator::t_netstd_generator(t_program* program, const map<string, string>& parsed_options, const string& option_string)
     : t_oop_generator(program)
 {
     (void)option_string;
     suppress_deepcopy = false;
     use_pascal_case_properties = false;
     union_ = false;
     serialize_ = false;
     wcf_ = false;

     wcf_namespace_.clear();

     map<string, string>::const_iterator iter;

     for (iter = parsed_options.begin(); iter != parsed_options.end(); ++iter)
     {
         if (iter->first.compare("union") == 0) {
             union_ = true;
         }
         else if (iter->first.compare("serial") == 0) {
             serialize_ = true;
             wcf_namespace_ = iter->second; // since there can be only one namespace
         }
         else if (iter->first.compare("wcf") == 0) {
             wcf_ = true;
             wcf_namespace_ = iter->second;
         }
         else if (iter->first.compare("pascal") == 0) {
           use_pascal_case_properties = true;
         }
         else if (iter->first.compare("no_deepcopy") == 0) {
           suppress_deepcopy = true;
         }
         else {
           throw "unknown option netstd:" + iter->first;
         }
     }

     out_dir_base_ = "gen-netstd";
 }

 static string correct_function_name_for_async(string const& function_name)
 {
     string const async_end = "Async";
     size_t i = function_name.find(async_end);
     if (i != string::npos)
     {
         return function_name + async_end;
     }

     return function_name;
 }

 /**
 * \brief Search and replace "_args" substring in struct name if exist (for C# class naming)
 * \param struct_name
 * \return Modified struct name ("Struct_args" -> "StructArgs") or original name
 */
 static string check_and_correct_struct_name(const string& struct_name)
 {
     string args_end = "_args";
     size_t i = struct_name.find(args_end);
     if (i != string::npos)
     {
         string new_struct_name = struct_name;
         new_struct_name.replace(i, args_end.length(), "Args");
         return new_struct_name;
     }

     string result_end = "_result";
     size_t j = struct_name.find(result_end);
     if (j != string::npos)
     {
         string new_struct_name = struct_name;
         new_struct_name.replace(j, result_end.length(), "Result");
         return new_struct_name;
     }

     return struct_name;
 }

 static bool field_has_default(t_field* tfield) { return tfield->get_value() != nullptr; }

 static bool field_is_required(t_field* tfield) { return tfield->get_req() == t_field::T_REQUIRED; }

 static t_type* resolve_typedef(t_type* ttype)
 {
     while (ttype->is_typedef())
     {
         ttype = static_cast<t_typedef*>(ttype)->get_type();
     }
     return ttype;
 }


 static bool type_can_be_null(t_type* ttype)
 {
     ttype = resolve_typedef(ttype);

     return ttype->is_container() || ttype->is_struct() || ttype->is_xception() || ttype->is_string();
 }

 bool t_netstd_generator::is_wcf_enabled() const { return wcf_; }

 bool t_netstd_generator::is_serialize_enabled() const { return serialize_; }

 bool t_netstd_generator::is_union_enabled() const { return union_; }

 map<string, int> t_netstd_generator::get_keywords_list() const
 {
     return netstd_keywords;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::init_generator()
 {
     MKDIR(get_out_dir().c_str());

     namespace_name_ = program_->get_namespace("netstd");

     string dir = namespace_name_;
     string subdir = get_out_dir().c_str();
     string::size_type loc;

     while ((loc = dir.find(".")) != string::npos)
     {
         subdir = subdir + "/" + dir.substr(0, loc);
         MKDIR(subdir.c_str());
         dir = dir.substr(loc + 1);
     }
     if (dir.size() > 0)
     {
         subdir = subdir + "/" + dir;
         MKDIR(subdir.c_str());
     }

     namespace_dir_ = subdir;
     init_keywords();

     while (!member_mapping_scopes.empty())
     {
         cleanup_member_name_mapping(member_mapping_scopes.back().scope_member);
     }

     pverbose(".NET Standard options:\n");
     pverbose("- union ......... %s\n", (is_union_enabled() ? "ON" : "off"));
     pverbose("- serialize ..... %s\n", (is_serialize_enabled() ? "ON" : "off"));
     pverbose("- wcf ........... %s\n", (is_wcf_enabled() ? "ON" : "off"));
     pverbose("- pascal ........ %s\n", (use_pascal_case_properties ? "ON" : "off"));
     pverbose("- no_deepcopy ... %s\n", (suppress_deepcopy ? "ON" : "off"));
 }

 string t_netstd_generator::normalize_name(string name)
 {
     string tmp(name);
     transform(tmp.begin(), tmp.end(), tmp.begin(), static_cast<int(*)(int)>(tolower));

     // un-conflict keywords by prefixing with "@"
     if (netstd_keywords.find(tmp) != netstd_keywords.end())
     {
         return "@" + name;
     }

     // no changes necessary
     return name;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::init_keywords()
 {
     netstd_keywords.clear();

     // C# keywords
     netstd_keywords["abstract"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["as"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["base"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["bool"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["break"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["byte"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["case"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["catch"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["char"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["checked"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["class"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["const"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["continue"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["decimal"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["default"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["delegate"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["do"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["double"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["else"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["enum"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["event"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["explicit"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["extern"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["false"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["finally"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["fixed"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["float"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["for"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["foreach"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["goto"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["if"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["implicit"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["in"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["int"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["interface"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["internal"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["is"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["lock"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["long"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["namespace"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["new"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["null"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["object"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["operator"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["out"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["override"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["params"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["private"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["protected"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["public"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["readonly"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["ref"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["return"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["sbyte"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["sealed"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["short"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["sizeof"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["stackalloc"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["static"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["string"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["struct"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["switch"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["this"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["throw"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["true"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["try"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["typeof"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["uint"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["ulong"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["unchecked"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["unsafe"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["ushort"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["using"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["virtual"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["void"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["volatile"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["while"] = 1;

     // C# contextual keywords
     netstd_keywords["add"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["alias"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["ascending"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["async"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["await"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["descending"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["dynamic"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["from"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["get"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["global"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["group"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["into"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["join"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["let"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["orderby"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["partial"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["remove"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["select"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["set"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["value"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["var"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["where"] = 1;
     netstd_keywords["yield"] = 1;

     netstd_keywords["when"] = 1;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::reset_indent() {
   while( indent_count() > 0) {
     indent_down();
   }
 }


 void t_netstd_generator::start_netstd_namespace(ostream& out)
 {
     out << "#pragma warning disable IDE1006  // parts of the code use IDL spelling" << endl;
     if (!namespace_name_.empty())
     {
         out << "namespace " << namespace_name_ << endl;
         scope_up(out);
     }
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::end_netstd_namespace(ostream& out)
 {
     if (!namespace_name_.empty())
     {
         scope_down(out);
     }
     out << "#pragma warning restore IDE1006" << endl;
 }

 string t_netstd_generator::netstd_type_usings() const
 {
     string namespaces =
         "using System;\n"
         "using System.Collections;\n"
         "using System.Collections.Generic;\n"
         "using System.Text;\n"
         "using System.IO;\n"
         "using System.Linq;\n"
         "using System.Threading;\n"
         "using System.Threading.Tasks;\n"
         "using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;\n"
         "using Thrift;\n"
         "using Thrift.Collections;\n";

     if (is_wcf_enabled())
     {
         namespaces += "using System.ServiceModel;\n";
         namespaces += "using System.Runtime.Serialization;\n";
     }

     return namespaces + endl;
 }

 string t_netstd_generator::netstd_thrift_usings() const
 {
     string namespaces =
         "using Thrift.Protocol;\n"
         "using Thrift.Protocol.Entities;\n"
         "using Thrift.Protocol.Utilities;\n"
         "using Thrift.Transport;\n"
         "using Thrift.Transport.Client;\n"
         "using Thrift.Transport.Server;\n"
         "using Thrift.Processor;\n";

     return namespaces + endl;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::close_generator()
 {
     // right at the end, after everything else
     generate_extensions_file();
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_typedef(t_typedef* ttypedef)
 {
     (void)ttypedef;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_enum(t_enum* tenum)
 {
     int ic = indent_count();
     string f_enum_name = namespace_dir_ + "/" + tenum->get_name() + ".cs";

     ofstream_with_content_based_conditional_update f_enum;
     f_enum.open(f_enum_name.c_str());

     generate_enum(f_enum, tenum);

     f_enum.close();
     indent_validate(ic, "generate_enum");
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_enum(ostream& out, t_enum* tenum)
 {
     reset_indent();
     out << autogen_comment() << endl;

     start_netstd_namespace(out);
     generate_netstd_doc(out, tenum);

     out << indent() << "public enum " << tenum->get_name() << endl;
     scope_up(out);

     vector<t_enum_value*> constants = tenum->get_constants();
     vector<t_enum_value*>::iterator c_iter;

     for (c_iter = constants.begin(); c_iter != constants.end(); ++c_iter)
     {
         generate_netstd_doc(out, *c_iter);
         int value = (*c_iter)->get_value();
         out << indent() << (*c_iter)->get_name() << " = " << value << "," << endl;
     }

     scope_down(out);
     end_netstd_namespace(out);
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_consts(vector<t_const*> consts)
 {
     if (consts.empty())
     {
         return;
     }

     string f_consts_name = namespace_dir_ + '/' + program_name_ + ".Constants.cs";
     ofstream_with_content_based_conditional_update f_consts;
     f_consts.open(f_consts_name.c_str());

     generate_consts(f_consts, consts);

     f_consts.close();
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_consts(ostream& out, vector<t_const*> consts)
 {
     if (consts.empty())
     {
         return;
     }

     reset_indent();
     out << autogen_comment() << netstd_type_usings() << endl;

     start_netstd_namespace(out);

     out << indent() << "public static class " << make_valid_csharp_identifier(program_name_) << "Constants" << endl;

     scope_up(out);

     vector<t_const*>::iterator c_iter;
     bool need_static_constructor = false;
     for (c_iter = consts.begin(); c_iter != consts.end(); ++c_iter)
     {
         generate_netstd_doc(out, *c_iter);
         if (print_const_value(out, (*c_iter)->get_name(), (*c_iter)->get_type(), (*c_iter)->get_value(), false))
         {
             need_static_constructor = true;
         }
     }

     if (need_static_constructor)
     {
         print_const_constructor(out, consts);
     }

     scope_down(out);
     end_netstd_namespace(out);
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::print_const_def_value(ostream& out, string name, t_type* type, t_const_value* value)
 {
     if (type->is_struct() || type->is_xception())
     {
         const vector<t_field*>& fields = static_cast<t_struct*>(type)->get_members();
         const map<t_const_value*, t_const_value*, t_const_value::value_compare>& val = value->get_map();
         vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;
         map<t_const_value*, t_const_value*, t_const_value::value_compare>::const_iterator v_iter;
         collect_extensions_types(static_cast<t_struct*>(type));
         prepare_member_name_mapping(static_cast<t_struct*>(type));

         for (v_iter = val.begin(); v_iter != val.end(); ++v_iter)
         {
             t_field* field = nullptr;

             for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter)
             {
                 if ((*f_iter)->get_name() == v_iter->first->get_string())
                 {
                     field = *f_iter;
                 }
             }

             if (field == nullptr)
             {
                 throw "type error: " + type->get_name() + " has no field " + v_iter->first->get_string();
             }

             t_type* field_type = field->get_type();

             string val = render_const_value(out, name, field_type, v_iter->second);
             out << indent() << name << "." << prop_name(field) << " = " << val << ";" << endl;
         }

         cleanup_member_name_mapping(static_cast<t_struct*>(type));
     }
     else if (type->is_map())
     {
         t_type* ktype = static_cast<t_map*>(type)->get_key_type();
         t_type* vtype = static_cast<t_map*>(type)->get_val_type();
         const map<t_const_value*, t_const_value*, t_const_value::value_compare>& val = value->get_map();
         map<t_const_value*, t_const_value*, t_const_value::value_compare>::const_iterator v_iter;
         for (v_iter = val.begin(); v_iter != val.end(); ++v_iter)
         {
             string key = render_const_value(out, name, ktype, v_iter->first);
             string val = render_const_value(out, name, vtype, v_iter->second);
             out << indent() << name << "[" << key << "]" << " = " << val << ";" << endl;
         }
     }
     else if (type->is_list() || type->is_set())
     {
         t_type* etype;
         if (type->is_list())
         {
             etype = static_cast<t_list*>(type)->get_elem_type();
         }
         else
         {
             etype = static_cast<t_set*>(type)->get_elem_type();
         }

         const vector<t_const_value*>& val = value->get_list();
         vector<t_const_value*>::const_iterator v_iter;
         for (v_iter = val.begin(); v_iter != val.end(); ++v_iter)
         {
             string val = render_const_value(out, name, etype, *v_iter);
             out << indent() << name << ".Add(" << val << ");" << endl;
         }
     }
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::print_const_constructor(ostream& out, vector<t_const*> consts)
 {
     out << indent() << "static " << make_valid_csharp_identifier(program_name_).c_str() << "Constants()" << endl;
     scope_up(out);

     vector<t_const*>::iterator c_iter;
     for (c_iter = consts.begin(); c_iter != consts.end(); ++c_iter)
     {
         string name = (*c_iter)->get_name();
         t_type* type = (*c_iter)->get_type();
         t_const_value* value = (*c_iter)->get_value();

         print_const_def_value(out, name, type, value);
     }
     scope_down(out);
 }

 bool t_netstd_generator::print_const_value(ostream& out, string name, t_type* type, t_const_value* value, bool in_static, bool defval, bool needtype)
 {
     out << indent();
     bool need_static_construction = !in_static;

     type = resolve_typedef( type);

     if (!defval || needtype)
     {
         out << (in_static ? "" : type->is_base_type() ? "public const " : "public static ") << type_name(type) << " ";
     }

     if (type->is_base_type())
     {
         string v2 = render_const_value(out, name, type, value);
         out << normalize_name(name) << " = " << v2 << ";" << endl;
         need_static_construction = false;
     }
     else if (type->is_enum())
     {
         out << name << " = " << type_name(type) << "." << value->get_identifier_name() << ";" << endl;
         need_static_construction = false;
     }
     else if (type->is_struct() || type->is_xception())
     {
         out << name << " = new " << type_name(type) << "();" << endl;
     }
     else if (type->is_map())
     {
         out << name << " = new " << type_name(type) << "();" << endl;
     }
     else if (type->is_list() || type->is_set())
     {
         out << name << " = new " << type_name(type) << "();" << endl;
     }

     if (defval && !type->is_base_type() && !type->is_enum())
     {
         print_const_def_value(out, name, type, value);
     }

     return need_static_construction;
 }

 string t_netstd_generator::render_const_value(ostream& out, string name, t_type* type, t_const_value* value)
 {
     (void)name;
     ostringstream render;

     if (type->is_base_type())
     {
         t_base_type::t_base tbase = static_cast<t_base_type*>(type)->get_base();
         switch (tbase)
         {
         case t_base_type::TYPE_STRING:
             if (type->is_binary()) {
                 render << "System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(\"" << get_escaped_string(value) << "\")";
             } else {
                 render << '"' << get_escaped_string(value) << '"';
             }
             break;
         case t_base_type::TYPE_BOOL:
             render << ((value->get_integer() > 0) ? "true" : "false");
             break;
         case t_base_type::TYPE_I8:
         case t_base_type::TYPE_I16:
         case t_base_type::TYPE_I32:
         case t_base_type::TYPE_I64:
             render << value->get_integer();
             break;
         case t_base_type::TYPE_DOUBLE:
             if (value->get_type() == t_const_value::CV_INTEGER)
             {
                 render << value->get_integer();
             }
             else
             {
                 render << value->get_double();
             }
             break;
         default:
             throw "compiler error: no const of base type " + t_base_type::t_base_name(tbase);
         }
     }
     else if (type->is_enum())
     {
         render << type->get_name() << "." << value->get_identifier_name();
     }
     else
     {
         string t = tmp("tmp");
         print_const_value(out, t, type, value, true, true, true);
         render << t;
     }

     return render.str();
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::collect_extensions_types(t_struct* tstruct)
 {
     const vector<t_field*>& members = tstruct->get_members();
     vector<t_field*>::const_iterator m_iter;

     // make private members with public Properties
     for (m_iter = members.begin(); m_iter != members.end(); ++m_iter)
     {
         collect_extensions_types((*m_iter)->get_type());
     }
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::collect_extensions_types(t_type* ttype)
 {
     ttype = resolve_typedef( ttype);
     string key = type_name(ttype);

     if (ttype->is_struct() || ttype->is_xception())
     {
         if( checked_extension_types.find(key) == checked_extension_types.end())
         {
             checked_extension_types[key] = ttype;    // prevent recursion

             t_struct* tstruct = static_cast<t_struct*>(ttype);
             collect_extensions_types(tstruct);
         }
         return;
     }

     if (ttype->is_map() || ttype->is_set() || ttype->is_list())
     {
         if( collected_extension_types.find(key) == collected_extension_types.end())
         {
             collected_extension_types[key] = ttype;   // prevent recursion

             if( ttype->is_map())
             {
                 t_map* tmap = static_cast<t_map*>(ttype);
                 collect_extensions_types(tmap->get_key_type());
                 collect_extensions_types(tmap->get_val_type());
             }
             else if (ttype->is_set())
             {
                 t_set* tset = static_cast<t_set*>(ttype);
                 collect_extensions_types(tset->get_elem_type());
             }
             else if (ttype->is_list())
             {
                 t_list* tlist = static_cast<t_list*>(ttype);
                 collect_extensions_types(tlist->get_elem_type());
             }
         }

         return;
     }
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_extensions_file()
 {
     if (collected_extension_types.empty())
     {
         return;
     }

     string f_exts_name = namespace_dir_ + '/' + program_name_ + ".Extensions.cs";
     ofstream_with_content_based_conditional_update f_exts;
     f_exts.open(f_exts_name.c_str());

     generate_extensions(f_exts, collected_extension_types);

     f_exts.close();
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_extensions(ostream& out, map<string, t_type*> types)
 {
     if (types.empty())
     {
         return;
     }

     reset_indent();
     out << autogen_comment() << netstd_type_usings() << endl;

     start_netstd_namespace(out);

     out << indent() << "public static class " << make_valid_csharp_identifier(program_name_) << "Extensions" << endl;
     scope_up(out);

     bool needs_typecast = false;
     std::map<string,t_type*>::const_iterator iter;
     for( iter = types.begin(); iter != types.end(); ++iter)
     {
         out << indent() << "public static bool Equals(this " << iter->first << " instance, object that)" << endl;
         scope_up(out);
         out << indent() << "if (!(that is " << iter->first << " other)) return false;" << endl;
         out << indent() << "if (ReferenceEquals(instance, other)) return true;" << endl;
         out << endl;
         out << indent() << "return TCollections.Equals(instance, other);" << endl;
         scope_down(out);
         out << endl << endl;

         out << indent() << "public static int GetHashCode(this " << iter->first << " instance)" << endl;
         scope_up(out);
         out << indent() << "return TCollections.GetHashCode(instance);" << endl;
         scope_down(out);
         out << endl << endl;

         if(! suppress_deepcopy) {
             out << indent() << "public static " << iter->first << " " << DEEP_COPY_METHOD_NAME << "(this " << iter->first << " source)" << endl;
             scope_up(out);
             out << indent() << "if (source == null)" << endl;
             indent_up();
             out << indent() << "return null;" << endl << endl;
             indent_down();

             string tmp_instance = tmp("tmp");
             out << indent() << "var " << tmp_instance << " = new " << iter->first << "(source.Count);" << endl;
             if( iter->second->is_map())
             {
                 t_map* tmap = static_cast<t_map*>(iter->second);
                 string copy_key = get_deep_copy_method_call(tmap->get_key_type(), needs_typecast);
                 string copy_val = get_deep_copy_method_call(tmap->get_val_type(), needs_typecast);
                 bool null_key = type_can_be_null(tmap->get_key_type());
                 bool null_val = type_can_be_null(tmap->get_val_type());

                 out << indent() << "foreach (var pair in source)" << endl;
                 indent_up();
                 out << indent() << tmp_instance << ".Add(";
                 if( null_key)
                 {
                     out << "(pair.Key != null) ? pair.Key" << copy_key << " : null";
                 } else {
                     out << "pair.Key" << copy_key;
                 }
                 out << ", ";
                 if( null_val)
                 {
                     out << "(pair.Value != null) ? pair.Value" << copy_val << " : null";
                 } else {
                     out << "pair.Value" << copy_val;
                 }
                 out << ");" << endl;
                 indent_down();

             } else if( iter->second->is_set() || iter->second->is_list()) {
                 string copy_elm;
                 bool null_elm = false;
                 if (iter->second->is_set())
                 {
                     t_set* tset = static_cast<t_set*>(iter->second);
                     copy_elm = get_deep_copy_method_call(tset->get_elem_type(), needs_typecast);
                     null_elm = type_can_be_null(tset->get_elem_type());
                 }
                 else // list
                 {
                     t_list* tlist = static_cast<t_list*>(iter->second);
                     copy_elm = get_deep_copy_method_call(tlist->get_elem_type(), needs_typecast);
                     null_elm = type_can_be_null(tlist->get_elem_type());
                 }

                 out << indent() << "foreach (var elem in source)" << endl;
                 indent_up();
                 out << indent() << tmp_instance << ".Add(";
                 if( null_elm)
                 {
                     out << "(elem != null) ? elem" << copy_elm << " : null";
                 } else {
                     out << "elem" << copy_elm;
                 }
                 out << ");" << endl;
                 indent_down();
             }

             out << indent() << "return " << tmp_instance << ";" << endl;
             scope_down(out);
             out << endl << endl;
         }
     }


     scope_down(out);
     end_netstd_namespace(out);
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_struct(t_struct* tstruct)
 {
     collect_extensions_types(tstruct);

     if (is_union_enabled() && tstruct->is_union())
     {
         generate_netstd_union(tstruct);
     }
     else
     {
         generate_netstd_struct(tstruct, false);
     }
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_xception(t_struct* txception)
 {
     generate_netstd_struct(txception, true);
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_netstd_struct(t_struct* tstruct, bool is_exception)
 {
     int ic = indent_count();

     string f_struct_name = namespace_dir_ + "/" + (tstruct->get_name()) + ".cs";
     ofstream_with_content_based_conditional_update f_struct;

     f_struct.open(f_struct_name.c_str());

   reset_indent();
     f_struct << autogen_comment() << netstd_type_usings() << netstd_thrift_usings() << endl;

     generate_netstd_struct_definition(f_struct, tstruct, is_exception);

     f_struct.close();

     indent_validate(ic, "generate_netstd_struct");
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_netstd_struct_definition(ostream& out, t_struct* tstruct, bool is_exception, bool in_class, bool is_result)
 {
     if (!in_class)
     {
         start_netstd_namespace(out);
     }

     out << endl;

     generate_netstd_doc(out, tstruct);
     collect_extensions_types(tstruct);
     prepare_member_name_mapping(tstruct);

     if ((is_serialize_enabled() || is_wcf_enabled()) && !is_exception)
     {
         out << indent() << "[DataContract(Namespace=\"" << wcf_namespace_ << "\")]" << endl;
     }

     bool is_final = tstruct->annotations_.find("final") != tstruct->annotations_.end();

     string sharp_struct_name = check_and_correct_struct_name(normalize_name(tstruct->get_name()));

     out << indent() << "public " << (is_final ? "sealed " : "") << "partial class " << sharp_struct_name << " : ";

     if (is_exception)
     {
         out << "TException, ";
     }

     out << "TBase" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     const vector<t_field*>& members = tstruct->get_members();
     vector<t_field*>::const_iterator m_iter;

     // make private members with public Properties
     for (m_iter = members.begin(); m_iter != members.end(); ++m_iter)
     {
         // if the field is required, then we use auto-properties
         if (!field_is_required((*m_iter)))
         {
             out << indent() << "private " << declare_field(*m_iter, false, "_") << endl;
         }
     }
     out << endl;

     bool has_non_required_fields = false;
     bool has_required_fields = false;
     for (m_iter = members.begin(); m_iter != members.end(); ++m_iter)
     {
         generate_netstd_doc(out, *m_iter);
         generate_property(out, *m_iter, true, true);
         bool is_required = field_is_required((*m_iter));
         if (is_required)
         {
             has_required_fields = true;
     }
         else
         {
             has_non_required_fields = true;
         }
     }

     bool generate_isset = has_non_required_fields;
     if (generate_isset)
     {
         out << endl;
         if (is_serialize_enabled() || is_wcf_enabled())
         {
             out << indent() << "[DataMember(Order = 1)]" << endl;
         }
         out << indent() << "public Isset __isset;" << endl;
         if (is_serialize_enabled() || is_wcf_enabled())
         {
             out << indent() << "[DataContract]" << endl;
         }

         out << indent() << "public struct Isset" << endl
             << indent() << "{" << endl;
         indent_up();

         for (m_iter = members.begin(); m_iter != members.end(); ++m_iter)
         {
             bool is_required = field_is_required((*m_iter));
             // if it is required, don't need Isset for that variable
             // if it is not required, if it has a default value, we need to generate Isset
             if (!is_required)
             {
                 if (is_serialize_enabled() || is_wcf_enabled())
                 {
                     out << indent() << "[DataMember]" << endl;
                 }
                 out << indent() << "public bool " << get_isset_name(normalize_name((*m_iter)->get_name())) << ";" << endl;
             }
         }

         indent_down();
         out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;

         if (generate_isset && (is_serialize_enabled() || is_wcf_enabled()))
         {
             out << indent() << "#region XmlSerializer support" << endl << endl;

             for (m_iter = members.begin(); m_iter != members.end(); ++m_iter)
             {
                 bool is_required = field_is_required(*m_iter);
                 // if it is required, don't need Isset for that variable
                 // if it is not required, if it has a default value, we need to generate Isset
                 if (!is_required)
                 {
                     out << indent() << "public bool ShouldSerialize" << prop_name(*m_iter) << "()" << endl
                         << indent() << "{" << endl;
                     indent_up();
                     out << indent() << "return __isset." << get_isset_name(normalize_name((*m_iter)->get_name())) << ";" << endl;
                     indent_down();
                     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
                 }
             }

             out << indent() << "#endregion XmlSerializer support" << endl << endl;
         }
     }

     // We always want a default, no argument constructor for Reading
     out << indent() << "public " << sharp_struct_name << "()" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     for (m_iter = members.begin(); m_iter != members.end(); ++m_iter)
     {
         t_type* t = (*m_iter)->get_type();
         t = resolve_typedef(t);

         if ((*m_iter)->get_value() != nullptr)
         {
             if (field_is_required((*m_iter)))
             {
                 print_const_value(out, "this." + prop_name(*m_iter), t, (*m_iter)->get_value(), true, true);
             }
             else
             {
                 print_const_value(out, "this._" + (*m_iter)->get_name(), t, (*m_iter)->get_value(), true, true);
                 // Optionals with defaults are marked set
                 out << indent() << "this.__isset." << get_isset_name(normalize_name((*m_iter)->get_name())) << " = true;" << endl;
             }
         }
     }
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;

     // if we have required fields, we add that CTOR too
     if (has_required_fields)
     {
         out << indent() << "public " << sharp_struct_name << "(";
         bool first = true;
         for (m_iter = members.begin(); m_iter != members.end(); ++m_iter)
         {
             if (field_is_required(*m_iter))
             {
                 if (first)
                 {
                     first = false;
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     out << ", ";
                 }
                 out << type_name((*m_iter)->get_type()) << " " << normalize_name((*m_iter)->get_name());
             }
         }
         out << ") : this()" << endl
             << indent() << "{" << endl;
         indent_up();

         for (m_iter = members.begin(); m_iter != members.end(); ++m_iter)
         {
             if (field_is_required(*m_iter))
             {
                 out << indent() << "this." << prop_name(*m_iter) << " = " << normalize_name((*m_iter)->get_name()) << ";" << endl;
             }
         }

         indent_down();
         out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
     }

     // DeepCopy()
     generate_netstd_deepcopy_method(out, tstruct, sharp_struct_name);

     generate_netstd_struct_reader(out, tstruct);
     if (is_result)
     {
         generate_netstd_struct_result_writer(out, tstruct);
     }
     else
     {
         generate_netstd_struct_writer(out, tstruct);
     }
     generate_netstd_struct_equals(out, tstruct);
     generate_netstd_struct_hashcode(out, tstruct);
     generate_netstd_struct_tostring(out, tstruct);

     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;

     // generate a corresponding WCF fault to wrap the exception
     if ((is_serialize_enabled() || is_wcf_enabled()) && is_exception)
     {
         generate_netstd_wcffault(out, tstruct);
     }

     cleanup_member_name_mapping(tstruct);
     if (!in_class)
     {
         end_netstd_namespace(out);
     }
 }


 void t_netstd_generator::generate_netstd_wcffault(ostream& out, t_struct* tstruct)
 {
     out << endl;
     out << indent() << "[DataContract]" << endl;

     bool is_final = tstruct->annotations_.find("final") != tstruct->annotations_.end();

     out << indent() << "public " << (is_final ? "sealed " : "") << "partial class " << tstruct->get_name() << "Fault" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     const vector<t_field*>& members = tstruct->get_members();
     vector<t_field*>::const_iterator m_iter;

     // make private members with public Properties
     for (m_iter = members.begin(); m_iter != members.end(); ++m_iter)
     {
         // if the field is required, then we use auto-properties
         if (!field_is_required((*m_iter)))
         {
             out << indent() << "private " << declare_field(*m_iter, false, "_") << endl;
         }
     }
     out << endl;

     for (m_iter = members.begin(); m_iter != members.end(); ++m_iter)
     {
         generate_property(out, *m_iter, true, false);
     }

     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_netstd_deepcopy_method(ostream& out, t_struct* tstruct, std::string sharp_struct_name)
 {
     if( suppress_deepcopy) {
         return;  // feature disabled
     }

     const vector<t_field*>& members = tstruct->get_members();
     vector<t_field*>::const_iterator m_iter;

     out << indent() << "public " << sharp_struct_name << " " << DEEP_COPY_METHOD_NAME << "()" << endl;
     out << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     // return directly if there are only required fields
     string tmp_instance = tmp("tmp");
     out << indent() << "var " << tmp_instance << " = new " << sharp_struct_name << "();" << endl;

     for (m_iter = members.begin(); m_iter != members.end(); ++m_iter) {
         bool needs_typecast = false;
         t_type* ttype = (*m_iter)->get_type();
         string copy_op = get_deep_copy_method_call(ttype, needs_typecast);

         bool is_required = field_is_required(*m_iter);
         generate_null_check_begin( out, *m_iter);

         out << indent() << tmp_instance << "." << prop_name(*m_iter) << " = ";
         if( needs_typecast) {
             out << "(" << type_name(ttype) << ")";
         }
         out << "this." << prop_name(*m_iter) << copy_op << ";" << endl;

         generate_null_check_end( out, *m_iter);
         if( !is_required) {
             out << indent() << tmp_instance << ".__isset." << get_isset_name(normalize_name((*m_iter)->get_name()))
                  << " = this.__isset." << get_isset_name(normalize_name((*m_iter)->get_name())) << ";" << endl;
         }
     }

     out << indent() << "return " << tmp_instance << ";" << endl;

     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_netstd_struct_reader(ostream& out, t_struct* tstruct)
 {
     out << indent() << "public async Task ReadAsync(TProtocol iprot, CancellationToken cancellationToken)" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "iprot.IncrementRecursionDepth();" << endl
         << indent() << "try" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     const vector<t_field*>& fields = tstruct->get_members();
     vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;

     // Required variables aren't in __isset, so we need tmp vars to check them
     for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter)
     {
         if (field_is_required(*f_iter))
         {
             out << indent() << "bool isset_" << (*f_iter)->get_name() << " = false;" << endl;
         }
     }

     out << indent() << "TField field;" << endl
         << indent() << "await iprot.ReadStructBeginAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl
         << indent() << "while (true)" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "field = await iprot.ReadFieldBeginAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl
         << indent() << "if (field.Type == TType.Stop)" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "break;" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl
         << indent() << "switch (field.ID)" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter)
     {
         bool is_required = field_is_required(*f_iter);
         out << indent() << "case " << (*f_iter)->get_key() << ":" << endl;
         indent_up();
         out << indent() << "if (field.Type == " << type_to_enum((*f_iter)->get_type()) << ")" << endl
             << indent() << "{" << endl;
         indent_up();

         generate_deserialize_field(out, *f_iter);
         if (is_required)
         {
             out << indent() << "isset_" << (*f_iter)->get_name() << " = true;" << endl;
         }

         indent_down();
         out << indent() << "}" << endl
             << indent() << "else" << endl
             << indent() << "{" << endl;
         indent_up();
         out << indent() << "await TProtocolUtil.SkipAsync(iprot, field.Type, cancellationToken);" << endl;
         indent_down();
         out << indent() << "}" << endl
             << indent() << "break;" << endl;
         indent_down();
     }

     out << indent() << "default: " << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "await TProtocolUtil.SkipAsync(iprot, field.Type, cancellationToken);" << endl
         << indent() << "break;" << endl;
     indent_down();
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl
         << endl
         << indent() << "await iprot.ReadFieldEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl
         << endl
         << indent() << "await iprot.ReadStructEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;

     for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter)
     {
         if (field_is_required((*f_iter)))
         {
             out << indent() << "if (!isset_" << (*f_iter)->get_name() << ")" << endl
                 << indent() << "{" << endl;
             indent_up();
             out << indent() << "throw new TProtocolException(TProtocolException.INVALID_DATA);" << endl;
             indent_down();
             out << indent() << "}" << endl;
         }
     }

     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl;
     out << indent() << "finally" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "iprot.DecrementRecursionDepth();" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
 }


 void t_netstd_generator::generate_null_check_begin(ostream& out, t_field* tfield) {
     bool is_required = field_is_required(tfield);
     bool null_allowed = type_can_be_null(tfield->get_type());

     if( null_allowed || (!is_required)) {
         bool first = true;
         out << indent() << "if(";

         if( null_allowed) {
             out << "(" << prop_name(tfield) << " != null)";
             first = false;
         }

         if( !is_required) {
             if( !first) {
                 out << " && ";
             }
             out << "__isset." << get_isset_name(normalize_name(tfield->get_name()));
         }

         out << ")" << endl
             << indent() << "{" << endl;
         indent_up();
     }
 }


 void t_netstd_generator::generate_null_check_end(ostream& out, t_field* tfield) {
     bool is_required = field_is_required(tfield);
     bool null_allowed = type_can_be_null(tfield->get_type());

     if( null_allowed || (!is_required)) {
         indent_down();
         out << indent() << "}" << endl;
     }
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_netstd_struct_writer(ostream& out, t_struct* tstruct)
 {
     out << indent() << "public async Task WriteAsync(TProtocol oprot, CancellationToken cancellationToken)" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     out << indent() << "oprot.IncrementRecursionDepth();" << endl
         << indent() << "try" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     string name = tstruct->get_name();
     const vector<t_field*>& fields = tstruct->get_sorted_members();
     vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;

     out << indent() << "var struc = new TStruct(\"" << name << "\");" << endl
         << indent() << "await oprot.WriteStructBeginAsync(struc, cancellationToken);" << endl;

     if (fields.size() > 0)
     {
         out << indent() << "var field = new TField();" << endl;
         for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter)
         {
             generate_null_check_begin( out, *f_iter);
             out << indent() << "field.Name = \"" << (*f_iter)->get_name() << "\";" << endl
                 << indent() << "field.Type = " << type_to_enum((*f_iter)->get_type()) << ";" << endl
                 << indent() << "field.ID = " << (*f_iter)->get_key() << ";" << endl
                 << indent() << "await oprot.WriteFieldBeginAsync(field, cancellationToken);" << endl;

             generate_serialize_field(out, *f_iter);

             out << indent() << "await oprot.WriteFieldEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;
             generate_null_check_end(out, *f_iter);
         }
     }

     out << indent() << "await oprot.WriteFieldStopAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl
         << indent() << "await oprot.WriteStructEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl
         << indent() << "finally" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "oprot.DecrementRecursionDepth();" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_netstd_struct_result_writer(ostream& out, t_struct* tstruct)
 {
     out << indent() << "public async Task WriteAsync(TProtocol oprot, CancellationToken cancellationToken)" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     out << indent() << "oprot.IncrementRecursionDepth();" << endl
         << indent() << "try" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     string name = tstruct->get_name();
     const vector<t_field*>& fields = tstruct->get_sorted_members();
     vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;

     out << indent() << "var struc = new TStruct(\"" << name << "\");" << endl
         << indent() << "await oprot.WriteStructBeginAsync(struc, cancellationToken);" << endl;

     if (fields.size() > 0)
     {
         out << indent() << "var field = new TField();" << endl;
         bool first = true;
         for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter)
         {
             if (first)
             {
                 first = false;
                 out << endl << indent() << "if";
             }
             else
             {
                 out << indent() << "else if";
             }

             out << "(this.__isset." << get_isset_name(normalize_name((*f_iter)->get_name())) << ")" << endl
                 << indent() << "{" << endl;
             indent_up();

             bool null_allowed = type_can_be_null((*f_iter)->get_type());
             if (null_allowed)
             {
                 out << indent() << "if (" << prop_name(*f_iter) << " != null)" << endl
                     << indent() << "{" << endl;
                 indent_up();
             }

             out << indent() << "field.Name = \"" << prop_name(*f_iter) << "\";" << endl
                 << indent() << "field.Type = " << type_to_enum((*f_iter)->get_type()) << ";" << endl
                 << indent() << "field.ID = " << (*f_iter)->get_key() << ";" << endl
                 << indent() << "await oprot.WriteFieldBeginAsync(field, cancellationToken);" << endl;

             generate_serialize_field(out, *f_iter);

             out << indent() << "await oprot.WriteFieldEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;

             if (null_allowed)
             {
                 indent_down();
                 out << indent() << "}" << endl;
             }

             indent_down();
             out << indent() << "}" << endl;
         }
     }

     out << indent() << "await oprot.WriteFieldStopAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl
         << indent() << "await oprot.WriteStructEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl
         << indent() << "finally" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "oprot.DecrementRecursionDepth();" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_netstd_struct_tostring(ostream& out, t_struct* tstruct)
 {
     out << indent() << "public override string ToString()" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "var sb = new StringBuilder(\"" << tstruct->get_name() << "(\");" << endl;

     const vector<t_field*>& fields = tstruct->get_members();
     vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;

     bool useFirstFlag = false;
     string tmp_count = tmp("tmp");
     for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter)
     {
         if (!field_is_required((*f_iter)))
         {
             out << indent() << "int " << tmp_count.c_str() << " = 0;" << endl;
             useFirstFlag = true;
         }
         break;
     }

     bool had_required = false; // set to true after first required field has been processed

     for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter)
     {
         bool is_required = field_is_required(*f_iter);
         generate_null_check_begin(out, *f_iter);

         if (useFirstFlag && (!had_required))
         {
             out << indent() << "if(0 < " << tmp_count.c_str() << (is_required ? "" : "++") << ") { sb.Append(\", \"); }" << endl;
             out << indent() << "sb.Append(\"" << prop_name(*f_iter) << ": \");" << endl;
         }
         else
         {
             out << indent() << "sb.Append(\", " << prop_name(*f_iter) << ": \");" << endl;
         }

         out << indent() << prop_name(*f_iter) << ".ToString(sb);" << endl;

         generate_null_check_end(out, *f_iter);
         if (is_required) {
             had_required = true; // now __count must be > 0, so we don't need to check it anymore
         }
     }

     out << indent() << "sb.Append(\")\");" << endl
         << indent() << "return sb.ToString();" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_netstd_union(t_struct* tunion)
 {
     int ic = indent_count();

     string f_union_name = namespace_dir_ + "/" + (tunion->get_name()) + ".cs";
     ofstream_with_content_based_conditional_update f_union;

     f_union.open(f_union_name.c_str());

     reset_indent();
     f_union << autogen_comment() << netstd_type_usings() << netstd_thrift_usings() << endl;

     generate_netstd_union_definition(f_union, tunion);

     f_union.close();

     indent_validate(ic, "generate_netstd_union.");
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_netstd_union_definition(ostream& out, t_struct* tunion)
 {
     // Let's define the class first
     start_netstd_namespace(out);

     out << indent() << "public abstract partial class " << tunion->get_name() << " : TUnionBase" << endl;
     out << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     out << indent() << "public abstract Task WriteAsync(TProtocol tProtocol, CancellationToken cancellationToken);" << endl
         << indent() << "public readonly int Isset;" << endl
         << indent() << "public abstract object Data { get; }" << endl
         << indent() << "protected " << tunion->get_name() << "(int isset)" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "Isset = isset;" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;

     const vector<t_field*>& fields = tunion->get_members();
     vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;

     out << indent() << "public override bool Equals(object that)" << endl;
     scope_up(out);
     out << indent() << "if (!(that is " << tunion->get_name() << " other)) return false;" << endl;
     out << indent() << "if (ReferenceEquals(this, other)) return true;" << endl;
     out << endl;
     out << indent() << "if(this.Isset != other.Isset) return false;" << endl;
     out << endl;
     out << indent() << "switch (Isset)" << endl;
     scope_up(out);
     for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter)
     {
         bool needs_typecast = false;
         string copy_op = get_deep_copy_method_call((*f_iter)->get_type(), needs_typecast);
         out << indent() << "case " << (*f_iter)->get_key() << ":" << endl;
         indent_up();
         out << indent() << "return Equals(As_" << (*f_iter)->get_name() << ", other.As_" << (*f_iter)->get_name() << ");" << endl;
         indent_down();
     }
     out << indent() << "default:" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "return true;" << endl;
     indent_down();
     indent_down();
     scope_down(out);
     scope_down(out);
     out << endl;

     out << indent() << "public override int GetHashCode()" << endl;
     out << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "switch (Isset)" << endl;
     out << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();
     for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter)
     {
         bool needs_typecast = false;
         string copy_op = get_deep_copy_method_call((*f_iter)->get_type(), needs_typecast);
         out << indent() << "case " << (*f_iter)->get_key() << ":" << endl;
         indent_up();
         out << indent() << "return As_" << (*f_iter)->get_name() << ".GetHashCode();" << endl;
         indent_down();
     }
     out << indent() << "default:" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "return (new ___undefined()).GetHashCode();" << endl;
     indent_down();
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;

     if( ! suppress_deepcopy) {
         out << indent() << "public " << tunion->get_name() << " DeepCopy()" << endl;
         out << indent() << "{" << endl;
         indent_up();
         out << indent() << "switch (Isset)" << endl;
         out << indent() << "{" << endl;
         indent_up();
         for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter)
         {
             bool needs_typecast = false;
             string copy_op = get_deep_copy_method_call((*f_iter)->get_type(), needs_typecast);
             out << indent() << "case " << (*f_iter)->get_key() << ":" << endl;
             indent_up();
             out << indent() << "return new " << (*f_iter)->get_name() << "(As_" << (*f_iter)->get_name() << copy_op << ");" << endl;
             indent_down();
         }
         out << indent() << "default:" << endl;
         indent_up();
         out << indent() << "return new ___undefined();" << endl;
         indent_down();
         indent_down();
         out << indent() << "}" << endl;
         indent_down();
         out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
     }

     out << indent() << "public class ___undefined : " << tunion->get_name() << endl;
     out << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     out << indent() << "public override object Data { get { return null; } }" << endl
         << indent() << "public ___undefined() : base(0) {}" << endl << endl;

     if( ! suppress_deepcopy) {
         out << indent() << "public new ___undefined DeepCopy()" << endl;
         out << indent() << "{" << endl;
         indent_up();
         out << indent() << "return new ___undefined();" << endl;
         indent_down();
         out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
     }

     t_struct undefined_struct(program_,"___undefined");
     generate_netstd_struct_equals(out, &undefined_struct);
     generate_netstd_struct_hashcode(out, &undefined_struct);

     out << indent() << "public override Task WriteAsync(TProtocol oprot, CancellationToken cancellationToken)" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "throw new TProtocolException( TProtocolException.INVALID_DATA, \"Cannot persist an union type which is not set.\");" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;

     for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter)
     {
         generate_netstd_union_class(out, tunion, (*f_iter));
     }

     generate_netstd_union_reader(out, tunion);

     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;

     end_netstd_namespace(out);
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_netstd_union_class(ostream& out, t_struct* tunion, t_field* tfield)
 {
     out << indent() << "public " << type_name(tfield->get_type()) << " As_" << tfield->get_name() << endl;
     out << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "get" << endl;
     out << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "return (" << tfield->get_key() << " == Isset) ? (" << type_name(tfield->get_type()) << ")Data : default(" << type_name(tfield->get_type()) << ");" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl
         << endl;


     out << indent() << "public class " << tfield->get_name() << " : " << tunion->get_name() << endl;
     out << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     out << indent() << "private " << type_name(tfield->get_type()) << " _data;" << endl
         << indent() << "public override object Data { get { return _data; } }" << endl
         << indent() << "public " << tfield->get_name() << "(" << type_name(tfield->get_type()) << " data) : base("<< tfield->get_key() <<")" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "this._data = data;" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl;

     if( ! suppress_deepcopy) {
         out << indent() << "public new " << tfield->get_name() << " DeepCopy()" << endl;
         out << indent() << "{" << endl;
         indent_up();
         bool needs_typecast = false;
         string copy_op = get_deep_copy_method_call(tfield->get_type(), needs_typecast);
         out << indent() << "return new " << tfield->get_name() << "(_data" << copy_op << ");" << endl;
         indent_down();
         out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
     }

     out << indent() << "public override bool Equals(object that)" << endl;
     out << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "if (!(that is " << tunion->get_name() << " other)) return false;" << endl;
     out << indent() << "if (ReferenceEquals(this, other)) return true;" << endl;
     out << endl;
     out << indent() << "return Equals( _data, other.As_" << tfield->get_name() << ");" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;

     out << indent() << "public override int GetHashCode()" << endl;
     out << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "return _data.GetHashCode();" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;

     out << indent() << "public override async Task WriteAsync(TProtocol oprot, CancellationToken cancellationToken) {" << endl;
     indent_up();

     out << indent() << "oprot.IncrementRecursionDepth();" << endl
         << indent() << "try" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     out << indent() << "var struc = new TStruct(\"" << tunion->get_name() << "\");" << endl
         << indent() << "await oprot.WriteStructBeginAsync(struc, cancellationToken);" << endl;

     out << indent() << "var field = new TField();" << endl
         << indent() << "field.Name = \"" << tfield->get_name() << "\";" << endl
         << indent() << "field.Type = " << type_to_enum(tfield->get_type()) << ";" << endl
         << indent() << "field.ID = " << tfield->get_key() << ";" << endl
         << indent() << "await oprot.WriteFieldBeginAsync(field, cancellationToken);" << endl;

     generate_serialize_field(out, tfield, "_data", true);

     out << indent() << "await oprot.WriteFieldEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl
         << indent() << "await oprot.WriteFieldStopAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl
         << indent() << "await oprot.WriteStructEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl
         << indent() << "finally" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "oprot.DecrementRecursionDepth();" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_netstd_struct_equals(ostream& out, t_struct* tstruct)
 {
     out << indent() << "public override bool Equals(object that)" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "if (!(that is " << check_and_correct_struct_name(normalize_name(tstruct->get_name())) << " other)) return false;" << endl
         << indent() << "if (ReferenceEquals(this, other)) return true;" << endl;


     const vector<t_field*>& fields = tstruct->get_members();
     vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;

     bool first = true;

     for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter)
     {
         if (first)
         {
             first = false;
             out << indent() << "return ";
             indent_up();
         }
         else
         {
             out << endl;
             out << indent() << "&& ";
         }
         if (!field_is_required((*f_iter)))
         {
             out << "((__isset." << get_isset_name(normalize_name((*f_iter)->get_name())) << " == other.__isset."
                 << get_isset_name(normalize_name((*f_iter)->get_name())) << ") && ((!__isset."
                 << get_isset_name(normalize_name((*f_iter)->get_name())) << ") || (";
         }
         t_type* ttype = (*f_iter)->get_type();
         if (ttype->is_container() || ttype->is_binary())
         {
             out << "TCollections.Equals(";
         }
         else
         {
             out << "System.Object.Equals(";
         }
         out << prop_name((*f_iter)) << ", other." << prop_name((*f_iter)) << ")";
         if (!field_is_required((*f_iter)))
         {
             out << ")))";
         }
     }
     if (first)
     {
         out << indent() << "return true;" << endl;
     }
     else
     {
         out << ";" << endl;
         indent_down();
     }

     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_netstd_struct_hashcode(ostream& out, t_struct* tstruct)
 {
     out << indent() << "public override int GetHashCode() {" << endl;
     indent_up();

     out << indent() << "int hashcode = 157;" << endl;
     out << indent() << "unchecked {" << endl;
     indent_up();

     const vector<t_field*>& fields = tstruct->get_members();
     vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;

     for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter)
     {
         t_type* ttype = (*f_iter)->get_type();

         generate_null_check_begin(out, *f_iter);
         out << indent() << "hashcode = (hashcode * 397) + ";
         if (ttype->is_container()) {
             out << "TCollections.GetHashCode(" << prop_name((*f_iter)) << ")";
         }
         else {
             out << prop_name((*f_iter)) << ".GetHashCode()";
         }
         out << ";" << endl;

         generate_null_check_end(out, *f_iter);
     }

     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl;
     out << indent() << "return hashcode;" << endl;

     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_service(t_service* tservice)
 {
     int ic = indent_count();

     string f_service_name = namespace_dir_ + "/" + service_name_ + ".cs";
     ofstream_with_content_based_conditional_update f_service;
     f_service.open(f_service_name.c_str());

     reset_indent();
     f_service << autogen_comment() << netstd_type_usings() << netstd_thrift_usings() << endl;

     start_netstd_namespace(f_service);

     f_service << indent() << "public partial class " << normalize_name(service_name_) << endl
               << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     generate_service_interface(f_service, tservice);
     generate_service_client(f_service, tservice);
     generate_service_server(f_service, tservice);
     generate_service_helpers(f_service, tservice);

     indent_down();
     f_service << indent() << "}" << endl;

     end_netstd_namespace(f_service);
     f_service.close();

     indent_validate(ic, "generate_service.");
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_service_interface(ostream& out, t_service* tservice)
 {
     string extends = "";
     string extends_iface = "";
     if (tservice->get_extends() != nullptr)
     {
         extends = type_name(tservice->get_extends());
         extends_iface = " : " + extends + ".IAsync";
     }

     //out << endl << endl;

     generate_netstd_doc(out, tservice);

     if (is_wcf_enabled())
     {
         out << indent() << "[ServiceContract(Namespace=\"" << wcf_namespace_ << "\")]" << endl;
     }

     out << indent() << "public interface IAsync" << extends_iface << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;

     indent_up();
     vector<t_function*> functions = tservice->get_functions();
     vector<t_function*>::iterator f_iter;
     for (f_iter = functions.begin(); f_iter != functions.end(); ++f_iter)
     {
         generate_netstd_doc(out, *f_iter);

         // if we're using WCF, add the corresponding attributes
         if (is_wcf_enabled())
         {
             out << indent() << "[OperationContract]" << endl;

             const vector<t_field*>& xceptions = (*f_iter)->get_xceptions()->get_members();
             vector<t_field*>::const_iterator x_iter;
             for (x_iter = xceptions.begin(); x_iter != xceptions.end(); ++x_iter)
             {
                 out << indent() << "[FaultContract(typeof(" + type_name((*x_iter)->get_type()) + "Fault))]" << endl;
             }
         }

         out << indent() << function_signature_async(*f_iter) << ";" << endl << endl;
     }
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_service_helpers(ostream& out, t_service* tservice)
 {
     vector<t_function*> functions = tservice->get_functions();
     vector<t_function*>::iterator f_iter;

     out << indent() << "public class InternalStructs" << endl;
     out << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     for (f_iter = functions.begin(); f_iter != functions.end(); ++f_iter)
     {
         t_struct* ts = (*f_iter)->get_arglist();
         collect_extensions_types(ts);
         generate_netstd_struct_definition(out, ts, false, true);
         generate_function_helpers(out, *f_iter);
     }

     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_service_client(ostream& out, t_service* tservice)
 {
     string extends = "";
     string extends_client = "";
     if (tservice->get_extends() != nullptr)
     {
         extends = type_name(tservice->get_extends());
         extends_client = extends + ".Client, ";
     }
     else
     {
         extends_client = "TBaseClient, IDisposable, ";
     }

     out << endl;

     generate_netstd_doc(out, tservice);

     out << indent() << "public class Client : " << extends_client << "IAsync" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     out << indent() << "public Client(TProtocol protocol) : this(protocol, protocol)" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl
         << indent() << "}" << endl
         << endl
         << indent() << "public Client(TProtocol inputProtocol, TProtocol outputProtocol) : base(inputProtocol, outputProtocol)"
         << indent() << "{" << endl
         << indent() << "}" << endl;

     vector<t_function*> functions = tservice->get_functions();
     vector<t_function*>::const_iterator functions_iterator;

     for (functions_iterator = functions.begin(); functions_iterator != functions.end(); ++functions_iterator)
     {
         string function_name = correct_function_name_for_async((*functions_iterator)->get_name());

         // async
         out << indent() << "public async " << function_signature_async(*functions_iterator, "") << endl
             << indent() << "{" << endl;
         indent_up();

         string argsname = (*functions_iterator)->get_name() + "Args";

         out << indent() << "await OutputProtocol.WriteMessageBeginAsync(new TMessage(\"" << function_name
             << "\", TMessageType." << ((*functions_iterator)->is_oneway() ? "Oneway" : "Call")
             << ", SeqId), cancellationToken);" << endl
             << indent() << endl
             << indent() << "var args = new InternalStructs." << argsname << "() {" << endl;
         indent_up();

         t_struct* arg_struct = (*functions_iterator)->get_arglist();
         collect_extensions_types(arg_struct);
         prepare_member_name_mapping(arg_struct);
         const vector<t_field*>& fields = arg_struct->get_members();
         vector<t_field*>::const_iterator fld_iter;

         for (fld_iter = fields.begin(); fld_iter != fields.end(); ++fld_iter)
         {
             out << indent() << prop_name(*fld_iter) << " = " << normalize_name((*fld_iter)->get_name()) << "," << endl;
         }

         indent_down();
         out << indent() << "};" << endl;


         out << indent() << endl
             << indent() << "await args.WriteAsync(OutputProtocol, cancellationToken);" << endl
             << indent() << "await OutputProtocol.WriteMessageEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl
             << indent() << "await OutputProtocol.Transport.FlushAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;

         if (!(*functions_iterator)->is_oneway())
         {
             string resultname = (*functions_iterator)->get_name() + "Result";
             t_struct noargs(program_);
             t_struct* xs = (*functions_iterator)->get_xceptions();
             collect_extensions_types(xs);
             prepare_member_name_mapping(xs, xs->get_members(), resultname);

             out << indent() << endl
                 << indent() << "var msg = await InputProtocol.ReadMessageBeginAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl
                 << indent() << "if (msg.Type == TMessageType.Exception)" << endl
                 << indent() << "{" << endl;
             indent_up();

             out << indent() << "var x = await TApplicationException.ReadAsync(InputProtocol, cancellationToken);" << endl
                 << indent() << "await InputProtocol.ReadMessageEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl
                 << indent() << "throw x;" << endl;
             indent_down();

             out << indent() << "}" << endl
                 << endl
                 << indent() << "var result = new InternalStructs." << resultname << "();" << endl
                 << indent() << "await result.ReadAsync(InputProtocol, cancellationToken);" << endl
                 << indent() << "await InputProtocol.ReadMessageEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;

             if (!(*functions_iterator)->get_returntype()->is_void())
             {
                 out << indent() << "if (result.__isset.success)" << endl
                     << indent() << "{" << endl;
                 indent_up();
                 out << indent() << "return result.Success;" << endl;
                 indent_down();
                 out << indent() << "}" << endl;
             }

             const vector<t_field*>& xceptions = xs->get_members();
             vector<t_field*>::const_iterator x_iter;
             for (x_iter = xceptions.begin(); x_iter != xceptions.end(); ++x_iter)
             {
                 out << indent() << "if (result.__isset." << get_isset_name(normalize_name((*x_iter)->get_name())) << ")" << endl
                     << indent() << "{" << endl;
                 indent_up();
                 out << indent() << "throw result." << prop_name(*x_iter) << ";" << endl;
                 indent_down();
                 out << indent() << "}" << endl;
             }

             if ((*functions_iterator)->get_returntype()->is_void())
             {
                 out << indent() << "return;" << endl;
             }
             else
             {
                 out << indent() << "throw new TApplicationException(TApplicationException.ExceptionType.MissingResult, \""
                     << function_name << " failed: unknown result\");" << endl;
             }

             cleanup_member_name_mapping((*functions_iterator)->get_xceptions());
             indent_down();
             out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
         }
         else
         {
             indent_down();
             out << indent() << "}" << endl;
         }
     }

     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_service_server(ostream& out, t_service* tservice)
 {
     vector<t_function*> functions = tservice->get_functions();
     vector<t_function*>::iterator f_iter;

     string extends = "";
     string extends_processor = "";
     if (tservice->get_extends() != nullptr)
     {
         extends = type_name(tservice->get_extends());
         extends_processor = extends + ".AsyncProcessor, ";
     }

     out << indent() << "public class AsyncProcessor : " << extends_processor << "ITAsyncProcessor" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;

     indent_up();

     out << indent() << "private readonly IAsync _iAsync;" << endl
         << indent() << "private readonly ILogger<AsyncProcessor> _logger;" << endl
         << endl
         << indent() << "public AsyncProcessor(IAsync iAsync, ILogger<AsyncProcessor> logger = default)";

     if (!extends.empty())
     {
         out << " : base(iAsync)";
     }

     out << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     out << indent() << "_iAsync = iAsync ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(iAsync));" << endl;
     out << indent() << "_logger = logger;" << endl;
     for (f_iter = functions.begin(); f_iter != functions.end(); ++f_iter)
     {
         string function_name = (*f_iter)->get_name();
         out << indent() << "processMap_[\"" << correct_function_name_for_async(function_name) << "\"] = " << function_name << "_ProcessAsync;" << endl;
     }

     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl
         << endl;

     if (extends.empty())
     {
         out << indent() << "protected delegate Task ProcessFunction(int seqid, TProtocol iprot, TProtocol oprot, CancellationToken cancellationToken);" << endl;
     }

     if (extends.empty())
     {
         out << indent() << "protected Dictionary<string, ProcessFunction> processMap_ = new Dictionary<string, ProcessFunction>();" << endl;
     }

     out << endl;

     if (extends.empty())
     {
         out << indent() << "public async Task<bool> ProcessAsync(TProtocol iprot, TProtocol oprot)" << endl
             << indent() << "{" << endl;
         indent_up();
         out << indent() << "return await ProcessAsync(iprot, oprot, CancellationToken.None);" << endl;
         indent_down();
         out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;

         out << indent() << "public async Task<bool> ProcessAsync(TProtocol iprot, TProtocol oprot, CancellationToken cancellationToken)" << endl;
     }
     else
     {
         out << indent() << "public new async Task<bool> ProcessAsync(TProtocol iprot, TProtocol oprot)" << endl
             << indent() << "{" << endl;
         indent_up();
         out << indent() << "return await ProcessAsync(iprot, oprot, CancellationToken.None);" << endl;
         indent_down();
         out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;

         out << indent() << "public new async Task<bool> ProcessAsync(TProtocol iprot, TProtocol oprot, CancellationToken cancellationToken)" << endl;
     }

     out << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "try" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "var msg = await iprot.ReadMessageBeginAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl
         << endl
         << indent() << "processMap_.TryGetValue(msg.Name, out ProcessFunction fn);" << endl
         << endl
         << indent() << "if (fn == null)" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "await TProtocolUtil.SkipAsync(iprot, TType.Struct, cancellationToken);" << endl
         << indent() << "await iprot.ReadMessageEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl
         << indent() << "var x = new TApplicationException (TApplicationException.ExceptionType.UnknownMethod, \"Invalid method name: '\" + msg.Name + \"'\");" << endl
         << indent() << "await oprot.WriteMessageBeginAsync(new TMessage(msg.Name, TMessageType.Exception, msg.SeqID), cancellationToken);" << endl
         << indent() << "await x.WriteAsync(oprot, cancellationToken);" << endl
         << indent() << "await oprot.WriteMessageEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl
         << indent() << "await oprot.Transport.FlushAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl
         << indent() << "return true;" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl
         << endl
         << indent() << "await fn(msg.SeqID, iprot, oprot, cancellationToken);" << endl
         << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl;
     out << indent() << "catch (IOException)" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "return false;" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl
         << endl
         << indent() << "return true;" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;

     for (f_iter = functions.begin(); f_iter != functions.end(); ++f_iter)
     {
         generate_process_function_async(out, tservice, *f_iter);
     }

     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_function_helpers(ostream& out, t_function* tfunction)
 {
     if (tfunction->is_oneway())
     {
         return;
     }

     t_struct result(program_, tfunction->get_name() + "_result");
     t_field success(tfunction->get_returntype(), "success", 0);
     if (!tfunction->get_returntype()->is_void())
     {
         result.append(&success);
     }

     t_struct* xs = tfunction->get_xceptions();
     const vector<t_field*>& fields = xs->get_members();
     vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;
     for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter)
     {
         result.append(*f_iter);
     }

     collect_extensions_types(&result);
     generate_netstd_struct_definition(out, &result, false, true, true);
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_process_function_async(ostream& out, t_service* tservice, t_function* tfunction)
 {
     (void)tservice;
     out << indent() << "public async Task " << tfunction->get_name()
         << "_ProcessAsync(int seqid, TProtocol iprot, TProtocol oprot, CancellationToken cancellationToken)" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     string argsname = tfunction->get_name() + "Args";
     string resultname = tfunction->get_name() + "Result";

     out << indent() << "var args = new InternalStructs." << argsname << "();" << endl
         << indent() << "await args.ReadAsync(iprot, cancellationToken);" << endl
         << indent() << "await iprot.ReadMessageEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;

     if (!tfunction->is_oneway())
     {
         out << indent() << "var result = new InternalStructs." << resultname << "();" << endl;
     }

     out << indent() << "try" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     t_struct* xs = tfunction->get_xceptions();
     const vector<t_field*>& xceptions = xs->get_members();

     if (xceptions.size() > 0)
     {
         out << indent() << "try" << endl
             << indent() << "{" << endl;
         indent_up();
     }

     t_struct* arg_struct = tfunction->get_arglist();
     const vector<t_field*>& fields = arg_struct->get_members();
     vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;

     out << indent();
     if (!tfunction->is_oneway() && !tfunction->get_returntype()->is_void())
     {
         out << "result.Success = ";
     }

     out << "await _iAsync." << normalize_name(tfunction->get_name()) << "Async(";

     bool first = true;
     collect_extensions_types(arg_struct);
     prepare_member_name_mapping(arg_struct);
     for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter)
     {
         if (first)
         {
             first = false;
         }
         else
         {
             out << ", ";
         }

         out << "args." << prop_name(*f_iter);
     }

     cleanup_member_name_mapping(arg_struct);

     if (!first)
     {
         out << ", ";
     }

     out << "cancellationToken);" << endl;

     vector<t_field*>::const_iterator x_iter;

     collect_extensions_types(xs);
     prepare_member_name_mapping(xs, xs->get_members(), resultname);
     if (xceptions.size() > 0)
     {
         indent_down();
         out << indent() << "}" << endl;

         for (x_iter = xceptions.begin(); x_iter != xceptions.end(); ++x_iter)
         {
             out << indent() << "catch (" << type_name((*x_iter)->get_type()) << " " << (*x_iter)->get_name() << ")" << endl
                 << indent() << "{" << endl;

             if (!tfunction->is_oneway())
             {
                 indent_up();
                 out << indent() << "result." << prop_name(*x_iter) << " = " << (*x_iter)->get_name() << ";" << endl;
                 indent_down();
             }
             out << indent() << "}" << endl;
         }
     }

     if (!tfunction->is_oneway())
     {
         out << indent() << "await oprot.WriteMessageBeginAsync(new TMessage(\""
                 << correct_function_name_for_async(tfunction->get_name()) << "\", TMessageType.Reply, seqid), cancellationToken); " << endl
             << indent() << "await result.WriteAsync(oprot, cancellationToken);" << endl;
     }
     indent_down();

     cleanup_member_name_mapping(xs);

     out << indent() << "}" << endl
         << indent() << "catch (TTransportException)" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl
         << indent() << "  throw;" << endl
         << indent() << "}" << endl
         << indent() << "catch (Exception ex)" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     out << indent() << "var sErr = $\"Error occurred in {GetType().FullName}: {ex.Message}\";" << endl;
     out << indent() << "if(_logger != null)" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "_logger.LogError(ex, sErr);" << endl;
     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "else" << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "Console.Error.WriteLine(sErr);" << endl;
     indent_down();

     if (tfunction->is_oneway())
     {
         indent_down();
         out << indent() << "}" << endl;
     }
     else
     {
         out << indent() << "var x = new TApplicationException(TApplicationException.ExceptionType.InternalError,\" Internal error.\");" << endl
             << indent() << "await oprot.WriteMessageBeginAsync(new TMessage(\"" << correct_function_name_for_async(tfunction->get_name())
             << "\", TMessageType.Exception, seqid), cancellationToken);" << endl
             << indent() << "await x.WriteAsync(oprot, cancellationToken);" << endl;
         indent_down();

         out << indent() << "}" << endl
             << indent() << "await oprot.WriteMessageEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl
             << indent() << "await oprot.Transport.FlushAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;
     }

     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_netstd_union_reader(ostream& out, t_struct* tunion)
 {
     // Thanks to THRIFT-1768, we don't need to check for required fields in the union
     const vector<t_field*>& fields = tunion->get_members();
     vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;

     out << indent() << "public static async Task<" << tunion->get_name() << "> ReadAsync(TProtocol iprot, CancellationToken cancellationToken)" << endl;
     scope_up(out);

     out << indent() << "iprot.IncrementRecursionDepth();" << endl;
     out << indent() << "try" << endl;
     scope_up(out);

     out << indent() << tunion->get_name() << " retval;" << endl;
     out << indent() << "await iprot.ReadStructBeginAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;
     out << indent() << "TField field = await iprot.ReadFieldBeginAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;
     // we cannot have the first field be a stop -- we must have a single field defined
     out << indent() << "if (field.Type == TType.Stop)" << endl;
     scope_up(out);
     out << indent() << "await iprot.ReadFieldEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;
     out << indent() << "retval = new ___undefined();" << endl;
     scope_down(out);
     out << indent() << "else" << endl;
     scope_up(out);
     out << indent() << "switch (field.ID)" << endl;
     scope_up(out);

     for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter)
     {
         out << indent() << "case " << (*f_iter)->get_key() << ":" << endl;
         indent_up();
         out << indent() << "if (field.Type == " << type_to_enum((*f_iter)->get_type()) << ") {" << endl;
         indent_up();

         out << indent() << type_name((*f_iter)->get_type()) << " temp;" << endl;
         generate_deserialize_field(out, (*f_iter), "temp", true);
         out << indent() << "retval = new " << (*f_iter)->get_name() << "(temp);" << endl;

         indent_down();
         out << indent() << "} else { " << endl << indent() << " await TProtocolUtil.SkipAsync(iprot, field.Type, cancellationToken);"
             << endl << indent() << "  retval = new ___undefined();" << endl << indent() << "}" << endl
             << indent() << "break;" << endl;
         indent_down();
     }

     out << indent() << "default: " << endl;
     indent_up();
     out << indent() << "await TProtocolUtil.SkipAsync(iprot, field.Type, cancellationToken);" << endl << indent()
         << "retval = new ___undefined();" << endl;
     out << indent() << "break;" << endl;
     indent_down();

     scope_down(out);

     out << indent() << "await iprot.ReadFieldEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;

     out << indent() << "if ((await iprot.ReadFieldBeginAsync(cancellationToken)).Type != TType.Stop)" << endl;
     scope_up(out);
     out << indent() << "throw new TProtocolException(TProtocolException.INVALID_DATA);" << endl;
     scope_down(out);

     // end of else for TStop
     scope_down(out);
     out << indent() << "await iprot.ReadStructEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;
     out << indent() << "return retval;" << endl;
     indent_down();

     scope_down(out);
     out << indent() << "finally" << endl;
     scope_up(out);
     out << indent() << "iprot.DecrementRecursionDepth();" << endl;
     scope_down(out);

     out << indent() << "}" << endl << endl;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_deserialize_field(ostream& out, t_field* tfield, string prefix, bool is_propertyless)
 {
     t_type* type = tfield->get_type();
     type = resolve_typedef( type);

     if (type->is_void())
     {
         throw "CANNOT GENERATE DESERIALIZE CODE FOR void TYPE: " + prefix + tfield->get_name();
     }

     string name = prefix + (is_propertyless ? "" : prop_name(tfield));

     if (type->is_struct() || type->is_xception())
     {
         generate_deserialize_struct(out, static_cast<t_struct*>(type), name);
     }
     else if (type->is_container())
     {
         generate_deserialize_container(out, type, name);
     }
     else if (type->is_base_type() || type->is_enum())
     {
         out << indent() << name << " = ";

         if (type->is_enum())
         {
             out << "(" << type_name(type) << ")";
         }

         out << "await iprot.";

         if (type->is_base_type())
         {
             t_base_type::t_base tbase = static_cast<t_base_type*>(type)->get_base();
             switch (tbase)
             {
             case t_base_type::TYPE_VOID:
                 throw "compiler error: cannot serialize void field in a struct: " + name;
                 break;
             case t_base_type::TYPE_STRING:
                 if (type->is_binary())
                 {
                     out << "ReadBinaryAsync(cancellationToken);";
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     out << "ReadStringAsync(cancellationToken);";
                 }
                 break;
             case t_base_type::TYPE_BOOL:
                 out << "ReadBoolAsync(cancellationToken);";
                 break;
             case t_base_type::TYPE_I8:
                 out << "ReadByteAsync(cancellationToken);";
                 break;
             case t_base_type::TYPE_I16:
                 out << "ReadI16Async(cancellationToken);";
                 break;
             case t_base_type::TYPE_I32:
                 out << "ReadI32Async(cancellationToken);";
                 break;
             case t_base_type::TYPE_I64:
                 out << "ReadI64Async(cancellationToken);";
                 break;
             case t_base_type::TYPE_DOUBLE:
                 out << "ReadDoubleAsync(cancellationToken);";
                 break;
             default:
                 throw "compiler error: no C# name for base type " + t_base_type::t_base_name(tbase);
             }
         }
         else if (type->is_enum())
         {
             out << "ReadI32Async(cancellationToken);";
         }
         out << endl;
     }
     else
     {
         printf("DO NOT KNOW HOW TO DESERIALIZE FIELD '%s' TYPE '%s'\n", tfield->get_name().c_str(), type_name(type).c_str());
     }
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_deserialize_struct(ostream& out, t_struct* tstruct, string prefix)
 {
     if (is_union_enabled() && tstruct->is_union())
     {
         out << indent() << prefix << " = await " << type_name(tstruct) << ".ReadAsync(iprot, cancellationToken);" << endl;
     }
     else
     {
         out << indent() << prefix << " = new " << type_name(tstruct) << "();" << endl
             << indent() << "await " << prefix << ".ReadAsync(iprot, cancellationToken);" << endl;
     }
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_deserialize_container(ostream& out, t_type* ttype, string prefix)
 {
     out << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     string obj;

     if (ttype->is_map())
     {
         obj = tmp("_map");
     }
     else if (ttype->is_set())
     {
         obj = tmp("_set");
     }
     else if (ttype->is_list())
     {
         obj = tmp("_list");
     }

     if (ttype->is_map())
     {
         out << indent() << "TMap " << obj << " = await iprot.ReadMapBeginAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;
     }
     else if (ttype->is_set())
     {
         out << indent() << "TSet " << obj << " = await iprot.ReadSetBeginAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;
     }
     else if (ttype->is_list())
     {
         out << indent() << "TList " << obj << " = await iprot.ReadListBeginAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;
     }

     out << indent() << prefix << " = new " << type_name(ttype) << "(" << obj << ".Count);" << endl;
     string i = tmp("_i");
     out << indent() << "for(int " << i << " = 0; " << i << " < " << obj << ".Count; ++" << i << ")" << endl
         << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     if (ttype->is_map())
     {
         generate_deserialize_map_element(out, static_cast<t_map*>(ttype), prefix);
     }
     else if (ttype->is_set())
     {
         generate_deserialize_set_element(out, static_cast<t_set*>(ttype), prefix);
     }
     else if (ttype->is_list())
     {
         generate_deserialize_list_element(out, static_cast<t_list*>(ttype), prefix);
     }

     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl;

     if (ttype->is_map())
     {
         out << indent() << "await iprot.ReadMapEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;
     }
     else if (ttype->is_set())
     {
         out << indent() << "await iprot.ReadSetEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;
     }
     else if (ttype->is_list())
     {
         out << indent() << "await iprot.ReadListEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;
     }

     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_deserialize_map_element(ostream& out, t_map* tmap, string prefix)
 {
     string key = tmp("_key");
     string val = tmp("_val");

     t_field fkey(tmap->get_key_type(), key);
     t_field fval(tmap->get_val_type(), val);

     out << indent() << declare_field(&fkey) << endl;
     out << indent() << declare_field(&fval) << endl;

     generate_deserialize_field(out, &fkey);
     generate_deserialize_field(out, &fval);

     out << indent() << prefix << "[" << key << "] = " << val << ";" << endl;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_deserialize_set_element(ostream& out, t_set* tset, string prefix)
 {
     string elem = tmp("_elem");
     t_field felem(tset->get_elem_type(), elem);

     out << indent() << declare_field(&felem) << endl;

     generate_deserialize_field(out, &felem);

     out << indent() << prefix << ".Add(" << elem << ");" << endl;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_deserialize_list_element(ostream& out, t_list* tlist, string prefix)
 {
     string elem = tmp("_elem");
     t_field felem(tlist->get_elem_type(), elem);

     out << indent() << declare_field(&felem) << endl;

     generate_deserialize_field(out, &felem);

     out << indent() << prefix << ".Add(" << elem << ");" << endl;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_serialize_field(ostream& out, t_field* tfield, string prefix, bool is_propertyless)
 {
     t_type* type = tfield->get_type();
     type = resolve_typedef( type);

     string name = prefix + (is_propertyless ? "" : prop_name(tfield));

     if (type->is_void())
     {
         throw "CANNOT GENERATE SERIALIZE CODE FOR void TYPE: " + name;
     }

     if (type->is_struct() || type->is_xception())
     {
         generate_serialize_struct(out, static_cast<t_struct*>(type), name);
     }
     else if (type->is_container())
     {
         generate_serialize_container(out, type, name);
     }
     else if (type->is_base_type() || type->is_enum())
     {
         out << indent() << "await oprot.";

         string nullable_name = name;

         if (type->is_base_type())
         {
             t_base_type::t_base tbase = static_cast<t_base_type*>(type)->get_base();
             switch (tbase)
             {
             case t_base_type::TYPE_VOID:
                 throw "compiler error: cannot serialize void field in a struct: " + name;
             case t_base_type::TYPE_STRING:
                 if (type->is_binary())
                 {
                     out << "WriteBinaryAsync(";
                 }
                 else
                 {
                     out << "WriteStringAsync(";
                 }
                 out << name << ", cancellationToken);";
                 break;
             case t_base_type::TYPE_BOOL:
                 out << "WriteBoolAsync(" << nullable_name << ", cancellationToken);";
                 break;
             case t_base_type::TYPE_I8:
                 out << "WriteByteAsync(" << nullable_name << ", cancellationToken);";
                 break;
             case t_base_type::TYPE_I16:
                 out << "WriteI16Async(" << nullable_name << ", cancellationToken);";
                 break;
             case t_base_type::TYPE_I32:
                 out << "WriteI32Async(" << nullable_name << ", cancellationToken);";
                 break;
             case t_base_type::TYPE_I64:
                 out << "WriteI64Async(" << nullable_name << ", cancellationToken);";
                 break;
             case t_base_type::TYPE_DOUBLE:
                 out << "WriteDoubleAsync(" << nullable_name << ", cancellationToken);";
                 break;
             default:
                 throw "compiler error: no C# name for base type " + t_base_type::t_base_name(tbase);
             }
         }
         else if (type->is_enum())
         {
             out << "WriteI32Async((int)" << nullable_name << ", cancellationToken);";
         }
         out << endl;
     }
     else
     {
         printf("DO NOT KNOW HOW TO SERIALIZE '%s%s' TYPE '%s'\n", prefix.c_str(), tfield->get_name().c_str(), type_name(type).c_str());
     }
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_serialize_struct(ostream& out, t_struct* tstruct, string prefix)
 {
     (void)tstruct;
     out << indent() << "await " << prefix << ".WriteAsync(oprot, cancellationToken);" << endl;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_serialize_container(ostream& out, t_type* ttype, string prefix)
 {
     out << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     if (ttype->is_map())
     {
         out << indent() << "await oprot.WriteMapBeginAsync(new TMap(" << type_to_enum(static_cast<t_map*>(ttype)->get_key_type())
             << ", " << type_to_enum(static_cast<t_map*>(ttype)->get_val_type()) << ", " << prefix
             << ".Count), cancellationToken);" << endl;
     }
     else if (ttype->is_set())
     {
         out << indent() << "await oprot.WriteSetBeginAsync(new TSet(" << type_to_enum(static_cast<t_set*>(ttype)->get_elem_type())
             << ", " << prefix << ".Count), cancellationToken);" << endl;
     }
     else if (ttype->is_list())
     {
         out << indent() << "await oprot.WriteListBeginAsync(new TList("
             << type_to_enum(static_cast<t_list*>(ttype)->get_elem_type()) << ", " << prefix << ".Count), cancellationToken);"
             << endl;
     }

     string iter = tmp("_iter");
     if (ttype->is_map())
     {
         out << indent() << "foreach (" << type_name(static_cast<t_map*>(ttype)->get_key_type()) << " " << iter
             << " in " << prefix << ".Keys)";
     }
     else if (ttype->is_set())
     {
         out << indent() << "foreach (" << type_name(static_cast<t_set*>(ttype)->get_elem_type()) << " " << iter
             << " in " << prefix << ")";
     }
     else if (ttype->is_list())
     {
         out << indent() << "foreach (" << type_name(static_cast<t_list*>(ttype)->get_elem_type()) << " " << iter
             << " in " << prefix << ")";
     }

     out << endl;
     out << indent() << "{" << endl;
     indent_up();

     if (ttype->is_map())
     {
         generate_serialize_map_element(out, static_cast<t_map*>(ttype), iter, prefix);
     }
     else if (ttype->is_set())
     {
         generate_serialize_set_element(out, static_cast<t_set*>(ttype), iter);
     }
     else if (ttype->is_list())
     {
         generate_serialize_list_element(out, static_cast<t_list*>(ttype), iter);
     }

     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl;

     if (ttype->is_map())
     {
         out << indent() << "await oprot.WriteMapEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;
     }
     else if (ttype->is_set())
     {
         out << indent() << "await oprot.WriteSetEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;
     }
     else if (ttype->is_list())
     {
         out << indent() << "await oprot.WriteListEndAsync(cancellationToken);" << endl;
     }

     indent_down();
     out << indent() << "}" << endl;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_serialize_map_element(ostream& out, t_map* tmap, string iter, string map)
 {
     t_field kfield(tmap->get_key_type(), iter);
     generate_serialize_field(out, &kfield, "");
     t_field vfield(tmap->get_val_type(), map + "[" + iter + "]");
     generate_serialize_field(out, &vfield, "");
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_serialize_set_element(ostream& out, t_set* tset, string iter)
 {
     t_field efield(tset->get_elem_type(), iter);
     generate_serialize_field(out, &efield, "");
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_serialize_list_element(ostream& out, t_list* tlist, string iter)
 {
     t_field efield(tlist->get_elem_type(), iter);
     generate_serialize_field(out, &efield, "");
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_property(ostream& out, t_field* tfield, bool isPublic, bool generateIsset)
 {
     generate_netstd_property(out, tfield, isPublic, generateIsset, "_");
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_netstd_property(ostream& out, t_field* tfield, bool isPublic, bool generateIsset, string fieldPrefix)
 {
     if ((is_serialize_enabled() || is_wcf_enabled()) && isPublic)
     {
         out << indent() << "[DataMember(Order = 0)]" << endl;
     }
     bool is_required = field_is_required(tfield);
     if (is_required)
     {
         out << indent() << (isPublic ? "public " : "private ") << type_name(tfield->get_type()) << " " << prop_name(tfield) << " { get; set; }" << endl;
     }
     else
     {
         out << indent() << (isPublic ? "public " : "private ")  << type_name(tfield->get_type()) << " " << prop_name(tfield) << endl
             << indent() << "{" << endl;
         indent_up();

         out << indent() << "get" << endl
             << indent() << "{" << endl;
         indent_up();

         bool use_nullable = false;

         out << indent() << "return " << fieldPrefix + tfield->get_name() << ";" << endl;
         indent_down();
         out << indent() << "}" << endl
             << indent() << "set" << endl
             << indent() << "{" << endl;
         indent_up();

         if (use_nullable)
         {
             if (generateIsset)
             {
                 out << indent() << "__isset." << get_isset_name(normalize_name(tfield->get_name())) << " = value.HasValue;" << endl;
             }
             out << indent() << "if (value.HasValue) this." << fieldPrefix + tfield->get_name() << " = value.Value;" << endl;
         }
         else
         {
             if (generateIsset)
             {
                 out << indent() << "__isset." << get_isset_name(normalize_name(tfield->get_name())) << " = true;" << endl;
             }
             out << indent() << "this." << fieldPrefix + tfield->get_name() << " = value;" << endl;
         }

         indent_down();
         out << indent() << "}" << endl;
         indent_down();
         out << indent() << "}" << endl;
     }
     out << endl;
 }

 string t_netstd_generator::make_valid_csharp_identifier(string const& fromName)
 {
     string str = fromName;
     if (str.empty())
     {
         return str;
     }

     // tests rely on this
     assert(('A' < 'Z') && ('a' < 'z') && ('0' < '9'));

     // if the first letter is a number, we add an additional underscore in front of it
     char c = str.at(0);
     if (('0' <= c) && (c <= '9'))
     {
         str = "_" + str;
     }

     // following chars: letter, number or underscore
     for (size_t i = 0; i < str.size(); ++i)
     {
         c = str.at(i);
         if (('A' > c || c > 'Z') && ('a' > c || c > 'z') && ('0' > c || c > '9') && '_' != c)
         {
             str.replace(i, 1, "_");
         }
     }

     return str;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::cleanup_member_name_mapping(void* scope)
 {
     if (member_mapping_scopes.empty())
     {
         throw "internal error: cleanup_member_name_mapping() no scope active";
     }

     member_mapping_scope& active = member_mapping_scopes.back();
     if (active.scope_member != scope)
     {
         throw "internal error: cleanup_member_name_mapping() called for wrong struct";
     }

     member_mapping_scopes.pop_back();
 }

 string t_netstd_generator::get_mapped_member_name(string name)
 {
     if (!member_mapping_scopes.empty())
     {
         member_mapping_scope& active = member_mapping_scopes.back();
         map<string, string>::iterator iter = active.mapping_table.find(name);
         if (active.mapping_table.end() != iter)
         {
             return iter->second;
         }
     }

     pverbose("no mapping for member %s\n", name.c_str());
     return name;
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::prepare_member_name_mapping(t_struct* tstruct)
 {
     prepare_member_name_mapping(tstruct, tstruct->get_members(), tstruct->get_name());
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::prepare_member_name_mapping(void* scope, const vector<t_field*>& members, const string& structname)
 {
     // begin new scope
     member_mapping_scopes.emplace_back();
     member_mapping_scope& active = member_mapping_scopes.back();
     active.scope_member = scope;

     // current C# generator policy:
     // - prop names are always rendered with an Uppercase first letter
     // - struct names are used as given
     std::set<string> used_member_names;
     vector<t_field*>::const_iterator iter;

     // prevent name conflicts with struct (CS0542 error)
     used_member_names.insert(structname);
     used_member_names.insert("Isset");

     // prevent name conflicts with known methods (THRIFT-2942)
     used_member_names.insert("Read");
     used_member_names.insert("Write");

     for (iter = members.begin(); iter != members.end(); ++iter)
     {
         string oldname = (*iter)->get_name();
         string newname = prop_name(*iter, true);
         while (true)
         {
             // new name conflicts with another member
             if (used_member_names.find(newname) != used_member_names.end())
             {
                 pverbose("struct %s: member %s conflicts with another member\n", structname.c_str(), newname.c_str());
                 newname += '_';
                 continue;
             }

             // add always, this helps us to detect edge cases like
             // different spellings ("foo" and "Foo") within the same struct
             pverbose("struct %s: member mapping %s => %s\n", structname.c_str(), oldname.c_str(), newname.c_str());
             active.mapping_table[oldname] = newname;
             used_member_names.insert(newname);
             break;
         }
     }
 }


 string t_netstd_generator::convert_to_pascal_case(const string& str) {
   string out;
   bool must_capitalize = true;
   bool first_character = true;
   for (auto it = str.begin(); it != str.end(); ++it) {
     if (std::isalnum(*it)) {
       if (must_capitalize) {
         out.append(1, (char)::toupper(*it));
         must_capitalize = false;
       } else {
         out.append(1, *it);
       }
     } else {
       if (first_character) //this is a private variable and should not be PascalCased
         return str;
       must_capitalize = true;
     }
     first_character = false;
   }
   return out;
 }


 string t_netstd_generator::get_isset_name(const string& str) {
   return ("Isset" != str) ? str : str + "_";
 }


 string t_netstd_generator::prop_name(t_field* tfield, bool suppress_mapping) {
   string name(tfield->get_name());
   if (suppress_mapping) {
     name[0] = toupper(name[0]);
     if (use_pascal_case_properties)
       name = t_netstd_generator::convert_to_pascal_case(name);
   } else {
     name = get_mapped_member_name(name);
   }

   return name;
 }

 string t_netstd_generator::type_name(t_type* ttype)
 {
     ttype = resolve_typedef(ttype);

     if (ttype->is_base_type())
     {
         return base_type_name(static_cast<t_base_type*>(ttype));
     }

     if (ttype->is_map())
     {
         t_map* tmap = static_cast<t_map*>(ttype);
         return "Dictionary<" + type_name(tmap->get_key_type()) + ", " + type_name(tmap->get_val_type()) + ">";
     }

     if (ttype->is_set())
     {
         t_set* tset = static_cast<t_set*>(ttype);
         return "THashSet<" + type_name(tset->get_elem_type()) + ">";
     }

     if (ttype->is_list())
     {
         t_list* tlist = static_cast<t_list*>(ttype);
         return "List<" + type_name(tlist->get_elem_type()) + ">";
     }

     string the_name = check_and_correct_struct_name(normalize_name(ttype->get_name()));

     t_program* program = ttype->get_program();
     if (program != nullptr)// && program != program_)
     {
         string ns =  program->get_namespace("netstd");
         if (!ns.empty())
         {
             return "global::" + ns + "." + the_name;
         }
     }

     return the_name;
 }

 string t_netstd_generator::base_type_name(t_base_type* tbase)
 {
     switch (tbase->get_base())
     {
     case t_base_type::TYPE_VOID:
         return "void";
     case t_base_type::TYPE_STRING:
         if (tbase->is_binary())
         {
             return "byte[]";
         } else {
             return "string";
         }
     case t_base_type::TYPE_BOOL:
         return "bool";
     case t_base_type::TYPE_I8:
         return "sbyte";
     case t_base_type::TYPE_I16:
         return "short";
     case t_base_type::TYPE_I32:
         return "int";
     case t_base_type::TYPE_I64:
         return "long";
     case t_base_type::TYPE_DOUBLE:
         return "double";
     default:
         throw "compiler error: no C# name for base type " + t_base_type::t_base_name(tbase->get_base());
     }
 }

 string t_netstd_generator::get_deep_copy_method_call(t_type* ttype, bool& needs_typecast)
 {
     ttype = resolve_typedef(ttype);

     needs_typecast = false;
     if (ttype->is_base_type())
     {
         t_base_type::t_base tbase = static_cast<t_base_type*>(ttype)->get_base();
         switch (tbase)
         {
         case t_base_type::TYPE_STRING:
             if (ttype->is_binary())
             {
                 return ".ToArray()";
             } else {
                 return "";  // simple assignment will do, strings are immutable in C#
             }
             break;
         default:
             return "";  // simple assignment will do
         }
     }
     else if (ttype->is_enum())
     {
         return "";  // simple assignment will do
     }
     else
     {
         needs_typecast = (! ttype->is_container());
         return "." + DEEP_COPY_METHOD_NAME + "()";
     }
 }

 string t_netstd_generator::declare_field(t_field* tfield, bool init, string prefix)
 {
     string result = type_name(tfield->get_type()) + " " + prefix + tfield->get_name();
     if (init)
     {
         t_type* ttype = tfield->get_type();
         ttype = resolve_typedef(ttype);
         if (ttype->is_base_type() && field_has_default(tfield))
         {
             std::ofstream dummy;
             result += " = " + render_const_value(dummy, tfield->get_name(), ttype, tfield->get_value());
         }
         else if (ttype->is_base_type())
         {
             t_base_type::t_base tbase = static_cast<t_base_type*>(ttype)->get_base();
             switch (tbase)
             {
             case t_base_type::TYPE_VOID:
                 throw "NO T_VOID CONSTRUCT";
             case t_base_type::TYPE_STRING:
                 result += " = null";
                 break;
             case t_base_type::TYPE_BOOL:
                 result += " = false";
                 break;
             case t_base_type::TYPE_I8:
             case t_base_type::TYPE_I16:
             case t_base_type::TYPE_I32:
             case t_base_type::TYPE_I64:
                 result += " = 0";
                 break;
             case t_base_type::TYPE_DOUBLE:
                 result += " = (double)0";
                 break;
             }
         }
         else if (ttype->is_enum())
         {
             result += " = (" + type_name(ttype) + ")0";
         }
         else if (ttype->is_container())
         {
             result += " = new " + type_name(ttype) + "()";
         }
         else
         {
             result += " = new " + type_name(ttype) + "()";
         }
     }
     return result + ";";
 }

 string t_netstd_generator::function_signature(t_function* tfunction, string prefix)
 {
     t_type* ttype = tfunction->get_returntype();
     return type_name(ttype) + " " + normalize_name(prefix + tfunction->get_name()) + "(" + argument_list(tfunction->get_arglist()) + ")";
 }

 string t_netstd_generator::function_signature_async(t_function* tfunction, string prefix)
 {
     t_type* ttype = tfunction->get_returntype();
     string task = "Task";
     if (!ttype->is_void())
     {
         task += "<" + type_name(ttype) + ">";
     }

     string result = task + " " + normalize_name(prefix + tfunction->get_name()) + "Async(";
     string args = argument_list(tfunction->get_arglist());
     result += args;
     if (!args.empty())
     {
         result += ", ";
     }
     result += "CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)";

     return result;
 }

 string t_netstd_generator::argument_list(t_struct* tstruct)
 {
     string result = "";
     const vector<t_field*>& fields = tstruct->get_members();
     vector<t_field*>::const_iterator f_iter;
     bool first = true;
     for (f_iter = fields.begin(); f_iter != fields.end(); ++f_iter)
     {
         if (first)
         {
             first = false;
         }
         else
         {
             result += ", ";
         }
         result += type_name((*f_iter)->get_type()) + " " + normalize_name((*f_iter)->get_name());
     }
     return result;
 }

 string t_netstd_generator::type_to_enum(t_type* type)
 {
     type = resolve_typedef( type);

     if (type->is_base_type())
     {
         t_base_type::t_base tbase = static_cast<t_base_type*>(type)->get_base();
         switch (tbase)
         {
         case t_base_type::TYPE_VOID:
             throw "NO T_VOID CONSTRUCT";
         case t_base_type::TYPE_STRING:
             return "TType.String";
         case t_base_type::TYPE_BOOL:
             return "TType.Bool";
         case t_base_type::TYPE_I8:
             return "TType.Byte";
         case t_base_type::TYPE_I16:
             return "TType.I16";
         case t_base_type::TYPE_I32:
             return "TType.I32";
         case t_base_type::TYPE_I64:
             return "TType.I64";
         case t_base_type::TYPE_DOUBLE:
             return "TType.Double";
         }
     }
     else if (type->is_enum())
     {
         return "TType.I32";
     }
     else if (type->is_struct() || type->is_xception())
     {
         return "TType.Struct";
     }
     else if (type->is_map())
     {
         return "TType.Map";
     }
     else if (type->is_set())
     {
         return "TType.Set";
     }
     else if (type->is_list())
     {
         return "TType.List";
     }

     throw "INVALID TYPE IN type_to_enum: " + type->get_name();
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_netstd_docstring_comment(ostream& out, string contents)
 {
     docstring_comment(out, "/// <summary>" + endl, "/// ", contents, "/// </summary>" + endl);
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_netstd_doc(ostream& out, t_field* field)
 {
     if (field->get_type()->is_enum())
     {
         string combined_message = field->get_doc() + endl + "<seealso cref=\"" + get_enum_class_name(field->get_type()) + "\"/>";
         generate_netstd_docstring_comment(out, combined_message);
     }
     else
     {
         generate_netstd_doc(out, static_cast<t_doc*>(field));
     }
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_netstd_doc(ostream& out, t_doc* tdoc)
 {
     if (tdoc->has_doc())
     {
         generate_netstd_docstring_comment(out, tdoc->get_doc());
     }
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::generate_netstd_doc(ostream& out, t_function* tfunction)
 {
     if (tfunction->has_doc())
     {
         stringstream ps;
         const vector<t_field*>& fields = tfunction->get_arglist()->get_members();
         vector<t_field*>::const_iterator p_iter;
         for (p_iter = fields.begin(); p_iter != fields.end(); ++p_iter)
         {
             t_field* p = *p_iter;
             ps << endl << "<param name=\"" << p->get_name() << "\">";
             if (p->has_doc())
             {
                 string str = p->get_doc();
                 str.erase(remove(str.begin(), str.end(), '\n'), str.end());
                 ps << str;
             }
             ps << "</param>";
         }

         docstring_comment(out,
                                    "",
                                    "/// ",
                                    "<summary>" + endl + tfunction->get_doc() + "</summary>" + ps.str(),
                                    "");
     }
 }

 void t_netstd_generator::docstring_comment(ostream& out, const string& comment_start, const string& line_prefix, const string& contents, const string& comment_end)
 {
     if (comment_start != "")
     {
         out << indent() << comment_start;
     }

     stringstream docs(contents, std::ios_base::in);

     while (!(docs.eof() || docs.fail()))
     {
         char line[1024];
         docs.getline(line, 1024);

         // Just prnt a newline when the line & prefix are empty.
         if (strlen(line) == 0 && line_prefix == "" && !docs.eof())
         {
             out << endl;
         }
         else if (strlen(line) > 0 || !docs.eof())
         { // skip the empty last line
             out << indent() << line_prefix << line << endl;
         }
     }
     if (comment_end != "")
     {
         out << indent() << comment_end;
     }
 }

 string t_netstd_generator::get_enum_class_name(t_type* type)
 {
     string package = "";
     t_program* program = type->get_program();
     if (program != nullptr) // && program != program_)
     {
         package = program->get_namespace("netstd") + ".";
     }
     return "global::" + package + type->get_name();
 }

 THRIFT_REGISTER_GENERATOR(
     netstd,
     "C#",
     "    wcf:             Adds bindings for WCF to generated classes.\n"
     "    serial:          Add serialization support to generated classes.\n"
     "    union:           Use new union typing, which includes a static read function for union types.\n"
     "    pascal:          Generate Pascal Case property names according to Microsoft naming convention.\n"
     "    no_deepcopy:     Suppress generation of DeepCopy() method.\n"
 )