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<a class="edit-on-gh" href="https://github.com/apache/struts-site/edit/master/source/tag-developers/freemarker.md" title="Edit this page on GitHub">Edit on GitHub</a>
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<h1 class="no_toc" id="freemarker">FreeMarker</h1>
<ul id="markdown-toc">
<li><a href="#getting-started" id="markdown-toc-getting-started">Getting Started</a></li>
<li><a href="#servlet--jsp-scoped-objects" id="markdown-toc-servlet--jsp-scoped-objects">Servlet / JSP Scoped Objects</a> <ul>
<li><a href="#application-scope-attribute" id="markdown-toc-application-scope-attribute">Application Scope Attribute</a></li>
<li><a href="#session-scope-attribute" id="markdown-toc-session-scope-attribute">Session Scope Attribute</a></li>
<li><a href="#request-scope-attribute" id="markdown-toc-request-scope-attribute">Request Scope Attribute</a></li>
<li><a href="#request-parameter" id="markdown-toc-request-parameter">Request Parameter</a></li>
<li><a href="#context-parameter" id="markdown-toc-context-parameter">Context parameter</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#template-loading" id="markdown-toc-template-loading">Template Loading</a></li>
<li><a href="#variable-resolution" id="markdown-toc-variable-resolution">Variable Resolution</a></li>
<li><a href="#tag-support" id="markdown-toc-tag-support">Tag Support</a></li>
<li><a href="#tips-and-tricks" id="markdown-toc-tips-and-tricks">Tips and Tricks</a> <ul>
<li><a href="#type-conversion-and-locales" id="markdown-toc-type-conversion-and-locales">Type Conversion and Locales</a></li>
<li><a href="#extending" id="markdown-toc-extending">Extending</a></li>
<li><a href="#objectwrapper-settings" id="markdown-toc-objectwrapper-settings">ObjectWrapper Settings</a></li>
<li><a href="#syntax-notes" id="markdown-toc-syntax-notes">Syntax Notes</a></li>
<li><a href="#cache" id="markdown-toc-cache">Cache</a></li>
<li><a href="#incompatible-improvements" id="markdown-toc-incompatible-improvements">Incompatible Improvements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>FreeMarker is a Java-based template engine that is a great alternative to <a href="jsp.html">JSP</a>. FreeMarker is ideal for situations
where your action results can possibly be loaded from outside a Servlet container. For example, if you wished to support
plugins in your application, you might wish to use FreeMarker so that the plugins could provide the entire action class
and view in a single jar that is loaded from the classloader.</p>
<p>For more information on FreeMarker itself, please visit the <a href="http://freemarker.org/">FreeMarker website</a>.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The framework utilizes FreeMarker because the engine includes strong error reporting, built-in internationalization
and powerful macro libraries.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>Support is also included for <a href="velocity.html">Velocity</a> templates. For a comparison of Velocity vs FreeMarker
see <a href="http://freemarker.org/fmVsVel.html">here</a>.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="getting-started">Getting Started</h2>
<p>Getting started with FreeMarker is as simple as ensuring all the dependencies are included in your project’s classpath.
Typically, the only dependency is <code class="highlighter-rouge">freemarker.jar</code>. Other than that, <code class="highlighter-rouge">struts-default.xml</code> already configures
the <code class="highlighter-rouge">FreeMarker Result</code> needed to process your application’s templates.</p>
<div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;action</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"test"</span> <span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"com.acme.TestAction"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;result</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"success"</span> <span class="na">type=</span><span class="s">"freemarker"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>test-success.ftl<span class="nt">&lt;/result&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/action&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Then in <code class="highlighter-rouge">test-success.ftl</code>:</p>
<div class="language-html highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;html&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;head&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;title&gt;</span>Hello<span class="nt">&lt;/title&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/head&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;body&gt;</span>
Hello, ${name}
<span class="nt">&lt;/body&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/html&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>Where <code class="highlighter-rouge">name</code> is a property on your action. That’s it! Read the rest of this document for details on how templates
are loaded, variables are resolved, and tags can be used.</p>
<h2 id="servlet--jsp-scoped-objects">Servlet / JSP Scoped Objects</h2>
<p>The following are ways to obtained Application scope attributes, Session scope attributes, Request scope attributes,
Request parameters, and framework Context scope parameters.</p>
<h3 id="application-scope-attribute">Application Scope Attribute</h3>
<p>Assuming there’s an attribute with name <code class="highlighter-rouge">myApplicationAttribute</code> in the Application scope.</p>
<pre><code class="language-ftl">&lt;#if Application.myApplicationAttribute?exists&gt;
${Application.myApplicationAttribute}
&lt;/#if&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>or</p>
<pre><code class="language-ftl">&lt;@s.property value="%{#application.myApplicationAttribute}" /&gt;
</code></pre>
<h3 id="session-scope-attribute">Session Scope Attribute</h3>
<p>Assuming there’s an attribute with name <code class="highlighter-rouge">mySessionAttribute</code> in the Session scope.</p>
<pre><code class="language-ftl">&lt;#if Session.mySessionAttribute?exists&gt;
${Session.mySessionAttribute}
&lt;/#if&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>or</p>
<pre><code class="language-ftl">&lt;@s.property value="%{#session.mySessionAttribute}" /&gt;
</code></pre>
<h3 id="request-scope-attribute">Request Scope Attribute</h3>
<p>Assuming there’s an attribute with name <code class="highlighter-rouge">myRequestAttribute</code> in the Request scope.</p>
<pre><code class="language-ftl">&lt;#if Request.myRequestAttribute?exists&gt;
${Request.myRequestAttribute}
&lt;/#if&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>or</p>
<pre><code class="language-ftl">&lt;@s.property value="%{#request.myRequestAttribute}" /&gt;
</code></pre>
<h3 id="request-parameter">Request Parameter</h3>
<p>Assuming there’s a request parameter <code class="highlighter-rouge">myParameter</code> (eg. [http://host/myApp/myAction.action?myParameter=one]).</p>
<pre><code class="language-ftl">&lt;#if Parameters.myParameter?exists&gt;
${Parameters.myParameter}
&lt;/#if&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>or</p>
<pre><code class="language-ftl">&lt;@s.property value="%{#parameters.myParameter}" /&gt;
</code></pre>
<h3 id="context-parameter">Context parameter</h3>
<p>Assuming there’s a parameter with the name <code class="highlighter-rouge">myContextParam</code> in framework context.</p>
<pre><code class="language-ftl">${stack.findValue('#myContextParam')}
</code></pre>
<p>or</p>
<pre><code class="language-ftl">&lt;@s.property value="%{#myContextParam}" /&gt;
</code></pre>
<h2 id="template-loading">Template Loading</h2>
<p>The framework looks for FreeMarker templates in two locations (in this order):</p>
<ol>
<li>Web application</li>
<li>Class path</li>
</ol>
<p>This ordering makes it ideal for providing templates inside a fully-built jar, but allowing for overrides of those
templates to be defined in your web application. In fact, this is how you can override the default UI tags
and <a href="form-tags.html">Form Tags</a> included with the framework.</p>
<p>In addition, you can specify a location (directory on your file system) through the <code class="highlighter-rouge">templatePath</code> or <code class="highlighter-rouge">TemplatePath</code>
context variable (in the <code class="highlighter-rouge">web.xml</code>). If a variable is specified, the content of the directory it points to will be
searched first.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>This variable is currently NOT relative to the root of your application.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="variable-resolution">Variable Resolution</h2>
<p>When using FreeMarker with the framework, variables are looked up in several different places, in this order:</p>
<ol>
<li>Built-in variables</li>
<li>Value stack</li>
<li>Action context</li>
<li>Request scope</li>
<li>Session scope</li>
<li>Application scope</li>
</ol>
<p>Note that the action context is looked up after the value stack. This means that you can reference the variable without
the typical preceding hash marker (<code class="highlighter-rouge">#</code>) like you would have to when using the JSP <code class="highlighter-rouge">s:property</code> tag. This is a nice
convenience, though be careful because there is a small chance it could trip you up.</p>
<pre><code class="language-ftl">&lt;@s.url id="url" value="http://www.yahoo.com"/&gt;
Click &lt;a href="${url}"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;!
</code></pre>
<p>The built-in variables that Struts-FreeMarker integration provides are:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>stack</td>
<td>The value stack itself, useful for calls like <code class="highlighter-rouge">${stack.findString('ognl expr')}</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>action</td>
<td>The action most recently executed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>response</td>
<td>The HttpServletResponse</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>res</td>
<td>Same as response</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>request</td>
<td>The HttpServletRequest</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>req</td>
<td>Same as request</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>session</td>
<td>The HttpSession</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>application</td>
<td>The ServletContext</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>base</td>
<td>The request’s context path</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="tag-support">Tag Support</h2>
<p>FreeMarker includes complete tag support. See the <a href="freemarker-tags.html">FreeMarker Tags</a> documentation for information
on how to use the generic <a href="struts-tags.html">Struts Tags</a> provided by Struts. In addition to this, you can use any JSP tag,
like so:</p>
<pre><code class="language-ftl">&lt;#assign mytag=JspTaglibs["/WEB-INF/mytag.tld"]&gt;
&lt;@mytag.tagx attribute1="some ${value}"/&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>Where <strong>mytag.tld</strong> is the JSP Tag Library Definition file for your tag library. Note: in order to use this support
in FreeMarker, you must enable the <code class="highlighter-rouge">JSPSupportServlet</code> in <code class="highlighter-rouge">web.xml</code>:</p>
<div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;servlet&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;servlet-name&gt;</span>JspSupportServlet<span class="nt">&lt;/servlet-name&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;servlet-class&gt;</span>org.apache.struts2.views.JspSupportServlet<span class="nt">&lt;/servlet-class&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;load-on-startup&gt;</span>1<span class="nt">&lt;/load-on-startup&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/servlet&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<h2 id="tips-and-tricks">Tips and Tricks</h2>
<p>There are some advanced features that may be useful when building Struts applications with FreeMarker.</p>
<h3 id="type-conversion-and-locales">Type Conversion and Locales</h3>
<p>FreeMarker has built in support for formatting dates and numbers. The formatting rules are based on the locale associated
with the action request, which is by default set in <code class="highlighter-rouge">struts.properties</code> but can be over-ridden using the <code class="highlighter-rouge">I18n Interceptor</code>.
This is normally perfect for your needs, but it is important to remember that these formatting rules are handled
by FreeMarker and not by the framework’s <em>Type Conversion</em> support.</p>
<p>If you want the framework to handle the formatting according to the <em>Type Conversion</em> you have specified, you shouldn’t
use the normal <code class="highlighter-rouge">${...}</code> syntax. Instead, you should use the <a href="property-tag.html">property</a> tag. The difference is that
the <code class="highlighter-rouge">property</code> tag is specifically designed to take an <a href="ognl.html">OGNL</a> expression, evaluate it, and then convert it
to a String using any <em>Type Conversion</em> rules you have specified. The normal <code class="highlighter-rouge">${...}</code> syntax will use a FreeMarker
expression language, evaluate it, and then convert it to a String using the built in formatting rules.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The difference in how type conversion is handled under Freemarker is subtle but important to understand.</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="extending">Extending</h3>
<p>Sometimes you may with to extend the framework’s FreeMarker support. For example, you might want to extend the Struts
tags that come bundled with the framework.</p>
<p>To extend the Freemarker support, develop a class that extends <code class="highlighter-rouge">org.apache.struts2.views.freemarker.FreemarkerManager</code>,
overriding methods as needed, and plugin the class through the <code class="highlighter-rouge">struts.xml</code>:</p>
<div class="highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>&lt;constant name="struts.freemarker.manager.classname" value="com.yourcompany.YourFreeMarkerManager" /&gt;
</code></pre></div></div>
<h3 id="objectwrapper-settings">ObjectWrapper Settings</h3>
<p>Once you get familiar with FreeMarker, you will find certain <em>subtleties</em> with it that may become frustrating.
The most common thing you’ll likely run in to is the <code class="highlighter-rouge">BeansWrapper</code> provided by FreeMarker. If you don’t know what this
is, don’t worry. However, if you do, know this:</p>
<p>The <code class="highlighter-rouge">StrutsBeanWrapper</code> extends the default FreeMarker <code class="highlighter-rouge">BeansWrapper</code> and provides almost no change in functionality,
<strong>except</strong> for how it handles maps. Normally, FreeMarker has two modes of operation: either support for friendly
map built-ins (<code class="highlighter-rouge">?keys</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">?values</code>, etc) but only support for String keys; OR no special built-in support (ie: <code class="highlighter-rouge">?keys</code>
returns the methods on the map instead of the keys) but support for String and non-String keys alike. Struts
provides an alternative implementation that gives us the best of both worlds.</p>
<p>It is possible that this special behavior may be confusing or can cause problems. Therefore, you can set the
<code class="highlighter-rouge">struts.freemarker.wrapper.altMap</code> property in <code class="highlighter-rouge">struts.xml</code> to false, allowing the normal BeansWrapper
logic to take place instead.</p>
<h3 id="syntax-notes">Syntax Notes</h3>
<p>As of FreeMarker 2.3.4, an alternative syntax is supported. This alternative syntax is great if you find that your IDE
(especially IntelliJ IDEA) makes it difficult to work with the default syntax. You can read more about this syntax
<a href="http://freemarker.org/docs/dgui_misc_alternativesyntax.html">here</a>.</p>
<h3 id="cache">Cache</h3>
<p>You can enable FreeMarker cache mechanism by specifying below options in <code class="highlighter-rouge">struts.xml</code>:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">&lt;constant name="struts.freemarker.mru.max.strong.size" value="250" /&gt;</code> - this option will be used
by <a href="http://freemarker.org/docs/api/freemarker/cache/MruCacheStorage.html">freemarker.cache.MruCacheStorage</a></li>
<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">&lt;constant name="struts.freemarker.templatesCache.updateDelay" value="1800" /&gt;</code> - default update cache interval (5 seconds)
-<code class="highlighter-rouge">&lt;constant name="struts.freemarker.templatesCache" value="true" /&gt;</code> - *<strong>DEPRECATED</strong>* this option will use a internal
ConcurrentHashMap in FreemarkerTemplateEngine but not freemarker native cache</li>
</ul>
<p>Setting <code class="highlighter-rouge">devMode</code> to <code class="highlighter-rouge">true</code> will disable cache and updateDelay immediately, but you can explicit specify these constants
to enable cache even in <code class="highlighter-rouge">devMode</code>, see <a href="../core-developers/development-mode.html">devMode</a>.</p>
<h3 id="incompatible-improvements">Incompatible Improvements</h3>
<p>By default Struts is using FreeMarker in way to be backward compatible as much as possible but if you need to enable new
features you can do it via <code class="highlighter-rouge">freemarker.properties</code> by defining
<a href="http://freemarker.org/docs/pgui_config_incompatible_improvements.html#pgui_config_incompatible_improvements_how_to_set">incompatible improvements</a>
settings, ie.:</p>
<div class="highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>incompatible_improvements=2.3.22
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>You can also pass this setting via <code class="highlighter-rouge">ServletContext</code> setting <code class="highlighter-rouge">&lt;init-param/&gt;</code> (since Struts 2.5.13):</p>
<div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;init-param&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;param-name&gt;</span>freemarker.incompatible_improvements<span class="nt">&lt;/param-name&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;param-value&gt;</span>2.3.22<span class="nt">&lt;/param-value&gt;</span>
<span class="nt">&lt;/init-param&gt;</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>This can impact your freemarker powered pages and Struts tags as well, so please careful test this change.</p>
</section>
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