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| <a href="index.html" title="back to Core Developers Guide"><< back to Core Developers Guide</a> |
| <a class="edit-on-gh" href="https://github.com/apache/struts-site/edit/master/source/core-developers/localization.md" title="Edit this page on GitHub">Edit on GitHub</a> |
| <h1 class="no_toc" id="localization">Localization</h1> |
| |
| <ul id="markdown-toc"> |
| <li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#resource-bundle-search-order" id="markdown-toc-resource-bundle-search-order">Resource Bundle Search Order</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#default-actions-class" id="markdown-toc-default-actions-class">Default action’s class</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#examples" id="markdown-toc-examples">Examples</a> <ul> |
| <li><a href="#using-gettext-from-a-tag" id="markdown-toc-using-gettext-from-a-tag">Using getText from a Tag</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#using-the-text-tag" id="markdown-toc-using-the-text-tag">Using the text tag</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#using-the-i18n-tag" id="markdown-toc-using-the-i18n-tag">Using the I18n tag</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#using-the-key-attribute-of-ui-tags" id="markdown-toc-using-the-key-attribute-of-ui-tags">Using the Key attribute of UI Tags</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li><a href="#i18n-interceptor" id="markdown-toc-i18n-interceptor">I18n Interceptor</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#global-resources-strutscustomi18nresources-in-strutsproperties" id="markdown-toc-global-resources-strutscustomi18nresources-in-strutsproperties">Global Resources (struts.custom.i18n.resources) in struts.properties</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#formatting-dates-and-numbers" id="markdown-toc-formatting-dates-and-numbers">Formatting Dates and Numbers</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#comparison-with-struts-1" id="markdown-toc-comparison-with-struts-1">Comparison with Struts 1</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#using-only-global-bundles" id="markdown-toc-using-only-global-bundles">Using only global bundles</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#custom-textprovider-and-textproviderfactory" id="markdown-toc-custom-textprovider-and-textproviderfactory">Custom TextProvider and TextProviderFactory</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <h2 id="overview">Overview</h2> |
| |
| <p>The framework supports internationalization (i18n) in the following places:</p> |
| |
| <ol> |
| <li>the <em>UI Tags</em></li> |
| <li>Messages and Errors from the <a href="http://struts.apache.org/struts2-core/apidocs/index.html?com/opensymphony/xwork2/ValidationAware.html">ValidationAware</a></li> |
| <li>Within action classes that extend <a href="http://struts.apache.org/struts2-core/apidocs/index.html?com/opensymphony/xwork2/ActionSupport.html">ActionSupport</a> through the <code class="highlighter-rouge">getText()</code> method</li> |
| </ol> |
| |
| <h2 id="resource-bundle-search-order">Resource Bundle Search Order</h2> |
| |
| <p>Resource bundles are searched in the following order:</p> |
| |
| <ol> |
| <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">ActionClass</code>.properties</li> |
| <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">Interface</code>.properties (every interface and sub-interface)</li> |
| <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">BaseClass</code>.properties (all the way to Object.properties)</li> |
| <li>ModelDriven’s model (if implements ModelDriven), for the model object repeat from 1</li> |
| <li>package.properties (of the directory where class is located and every parent directory all the way to the root directory)</li> |
| <li>search up the i18n message key hierarchy itself</li> |
| <li>global resource properties</li> |
| </ol> |
| |
| <p>This is how it is implemented in a default implementation of the <code class="highlighter-rouge">LocalizedTextProvider</code> interface. You can provide your |
| own implementation using <code class="highlighter-rouge">TextProvider</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">TextProviderFactory</code> interfaces.</p> |
| |
| <p>To clarify #5, while traversing the package hierarchy, Struts 2 will look for a file <code class="highlighter-rouge">package.properties</code>:</p> |
| |
| <div class="highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>com/ |
| acme/ |
| package.properties |
| actions/ |
| package.properties |
| FooAction.java |
| FooAction.properties |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>If <code class="highlighter-rouge">FooAction.properties</code> does not exist, <code class="highlighter-rouge">com/acme/action/package.properties</code> will be searched for, if not found |
| <code class="highlighter-rouge">com/acme/package.properties</code>, if not found <code class="highlighter-rouge">com/package.properties</code>, etc.</p> |
| </blockquote> |
| |
| <h2 id="default-actions-class">Default action’s class</h2> |
| |
| <p>If you configure action as follow</p> |
| |
| <div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><action</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"index"</span><span class="nt">></span> |
| <span class="nt"><result></span>/index.jsp<span class="nt"></result></span> |
| <span class="nt"></action></span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <p>it will use a default class defined with <code class="highlighter-rouge">default-class-ref</code> in <code class="highlighter-rouge">struts-default.xml</code> which is |
| <code class="highlighter-rouge">com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport</code>. It means you have two options here to get I18N working in that case:</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li>define <code class="highlighter-rouge">com/opensymphony/xwork2/ActionSupport.properties</code> and put messages there</li> |
| <li>point <code class="highlighter-rouge">default-class-ref</code> to your base class and then defined appropriated <code class="highlighter-rouge">.properties</code> file (corresponding to |
| class’ name or package)</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <h2 id="examples">Examples</h2> |
| |
| <p>There are several ways to access the message resources, including <code class="highlighter-rouge">getText</code>, the <code class="highlighter-rouge">text</code> tag, and the <code class="highlighter-rouge">i18n</code> tag.</p> |
| |
| <h3 id="using-gettext-from-a-tag">Using getText from a Tag</h3> |
| |
| <p>To display i18n text, use a call to <code class="highlighter-rouge">getText</code> in the <code class="highlighter-rouge">property</code> tag, or any other tag, such as the UI tags. (The <code class="highlighter-rouge">getText</code> |
| technique is especially useful for labels of UI tags.)</p> |
| |
| <div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><s:property</span> <span class="na">value=</span><span class="s">"getText('some.key')"</span> <span class="nt">/></span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <p>The default implementation of <code class="highlighter-rouge">TextProvider</code> which is used in <code class="highlighter-rouge">ActionSupport</code> perform evaluation of value read from |
| bundle base on the provided key, see [Localizing Output] for an example.</p> |
| |
| <h3 id="using-the-text-tag">Using the text tag</h3> |
| |
| <p>The <code class="highlighter-rouge">text</code> tag retrieves a message from the default resource bundle.</p> |
| |
| <div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><s:text</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"some.key"</span> <span class="nt">/></span> |
| |
| <span class="nt"><s:text</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"some.invalid.key"</span><span class="nt">></span> |
| The Default Message That Will Be Displayed |
| <span class="nt"></s:text></span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <h3 id="using-the-i18n-tag">Using the I18n tag</h3> |
| |
| <p>The <code class="highlighter-rouge">i18n</code> tag pushes an arbitrary resource bundle on to the value stack. Other tags within the scope of the i18n tag |
| can display messages from that resource bundle.</p> |
| |
| <div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><s:i18n</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"some.package.bundle"</span><span class="nt">></span> |
| <span class="nt"><s:text</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"some.key"</span> <span class="nt">/></span> |
| <span class="nt"></s:i18n></span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <p>Internationalizing SiteMesh decorators is possible, but there are quirks. See <a href="../plugins/sitemesh/">SiteMesh Plugin</a> |
| for more.</p> |
| |
| <h3 id="using-the-key-attribute-of-ui-tags">Using the Key attribute of UI Tags</h3> |
| |
| <p>The key attribute of most UI tags can be used to retrieve a message from a resource bundle:</p> |
| |
| <div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><s:textfield</span> <span class="na">key=</span><span class="s">"some.key"</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"textfieldName"</span><span class="nt">/></span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <h2 id="i18n-interceptor">I18n Interceptor</h2> |
| |
| <p>Essentially, the i18n Interceptor pushes a locale into the ActionContext map upon every request. The framework |
| components that support localization all utilize the ActionContext locale. See <a href="i18n-interceptor.html">I18n Interceptor</a> f |
| or details.</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="global-resources-strutscustomi18nresources-in-strutsproperties">Global Resources (struts.custom.i18n.resources) in struts.properties</h2> |
| |
| <p>A global resource bundle could be specified programmatically, as well as the locale.</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="formatting-dates-and-numbers">Formatting Dates and Numbers</h2> |
| |
| <p>See <a href="formatting-dates-and-numbers.html">Formatting Dates and Numbers</a> for more details and examples.</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="comparison-with-struts-1">Comparison with Struts 1</h2> |
| |
| <p>Struts 1 users should be familiar with the application.properties resource bundle, where you can put all the messages |
| in the application that are going to be translated. Struts 2, though, splits the resource bundles per action or model |
| class, and you may end up with duplicated messages in those resource bundles. A quick fix for that is to create a file |
| called ActionSupport.properties in com/opensymphony/xwork2 and put it on your classpath. This will only work well if |
| all your actions subclass XWork2’s ActionSupport.</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="using-only-global-bundles">Using only global bundles</h2> |
| |
| <p>If you don’t need to use the package-scan-functionality and only base on the global bundles (those provided by |
| the framework and via <code class="highlighter-rouge">struts.custom.i18n.resources</code>) you can use existing <code class="highlighter-rouge">GlobalLocalizedTextProvider</code> |
| implementation. To use this please define the following option in your <code class="highlighter-rouge">struts.xml</code>:</p> |
| |
| <div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><constant</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"struts.localizedTextProvider"</span> <span class="na">value=</span><span class="s">"global-only"</span> <span class="nt">/></span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <h2 id="custom-textprovider-and-textproviderfactory">Custom TextProvider and TextProviderFactory</h2> |
| |
| <p>If you want use a different logic to search for localized messages, or you want to use a database or just want to search |
| default bundles, you must implement both those interfaces (or subclass the existing implementations). You can check |
| a small <a href="https://github.com/apache/struts-examples/tree/master/text-provider">example app</a> how to use both. |
| Please remember that the <code class="highlighter-rouge">TextProvider</code> interface is implemented by the <code class="highlighter-rouge">ActionSupport</code> class, that’s why |
| an extra layer - <code class="highlighter-rouge">TextProviderFactory</code> - is needed.</p> |
| |
| </section> |
| </article> |
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