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| <H2> |
| Package org.apache.struts.util |
| </H2> |
| The Utilities package provides a variety of families of classes, |
| to solve problems that are commonly encountered in building web applications. |
| <P> |
| <B>See:</B> |
| <BR> |
| <A HREF="#package_description"><B>Description</B></A> |
| <P> |
| |
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| <TR BGCOLOR="#CCCCFF" CLASS="TableHeadingColor"> |
| <TD COLSPAN=2><FONT SIZE="+2"> |
| <B>Class Summary</B></FONT></TD> |
| </TR> |
| <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> |
| <TD WIDTH="15%"><B><A HREF="ErrorMessages.html">ErrorMessages</A></B></TD> |
| <TD><B>Deprecated.</B> <I>Use org.apache.struts.action.ActionErrors instead</I></TD> |
| </TR> |
| <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> |
| <TD WIDTH="15%"><B><A HREF="GenericDataSource.html">GenericDataSource</A></B></TD> |
| <TD><B>Deprecated.</B> <I>Use a <code>BasicDataSource</code> directly, or indirectly |
| acquire a data source provided by your container</I></TD> |
| </TR> |
| <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> |
| <TD WIDTH="15%"><B><A HREF="ImageButtonBean.html">ImageButtonBean</A></B></TD> |
| <TD>A simple JavaBean to encapsulate the request parameters sent for an HTML |
| input element of type image.</TD> |
| </TR> |
| <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> |
| <TD WIDTH="15%"><B><A HREF="IteratorAdapter.html">IteratorAdapter</A></B></TD> |
| <TD><B>Deprecated.</B> <I>Use commons-collections' IteratorUtils.asIterator(Enumeration).</I></TD> |
| </TR> |
| <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> |
| <TD WIDTH="15%"><B><A HREF="LabelValueBean.html">LabelValueBean</A></B></TD> |
| <TD>A simple JavaBean to represent label-value pairs.</TD> |
| </TR> |
| <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> |
| <TD WIDTH="15%"><B><A HREF="MessageResources.html">MessageResources</A></B></TD> |
| <TD>General purpose abstract class that describes an API for retrieving |
| Locale-sensitive messages from underlying resource locations of an |
| unspecified design, and optionally utilizing the <code>MessageFormat</code> |
| class to produce internationalized messages with parametric replacement.</TD> |
| </TR> |
| <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> |
| <TD WIDTH="15%"><B><A HREF="MessageResourcesFactory.html">MessageResourcesFactory</A></B></TD> |
| <TD>Factory for <code>MessageResources</code> instances.</TD> |
| </TR> |
| <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> |
| <TD WIDTH="15%"><B><A HREF="PropertyMessageResources.html">PropertyMessageResources</A></B></TD> |
| <TD>Concrete subclass of <code>MessageResources</code> that reads message keys |
| and corresponding strings from named property resources in the same manner |
| that <code>java.util.PropertyResourceBundle</code> does.</TD> |
| </TR> |
| <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> |
| <TD WIDTH="15%"><B><A HREF="PropertyMessageResourcesFactory.html">PropertyMessageResourcesFactory</A></B></TD> |
| <TD>Factory for <code>PropertyMessageResources</code> instances.</TD> |
| </TR> |
| <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> |
| <TD WIDTH="15%"><B><A HREF="RequestUtils.html">RequestUtils</A></B></TD> |
| <TD>General purpose utility methods related to processing a servlet request |
| in the Struts controller framework.</TD> |
| </TR> |
| <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> |
| <TD WIDTH="15%"><B><A HREF="ResponseUtils.html">ResponseUtils</A></B></TD> |
| <TD>General purpose utility methods related to generating a servlet response |
| in the Struts controller framework.</TD> |
| </TR> |
| <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> |
| <TD WIDTH="15%"><B><A HREF="ServletContextWriter.html">ServletContextWriter</A></B></TD> |
| <TD>A PrintWriter implementation that uses the logging facilities of a |
| <code>javax.servlet.ServletContext</code> to output its results.</TD> |
| </TR> |
| <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> |
| <TD WIDTH="15%"><B><A HREF="StrutsValidator.html">StrutsValidator</A></B></TD> |
| <TD><B>Deprecated.</B> <I>As of Struts 1.1, replaced by <A HREF="../../../../org/apache/struts/validator/FieldChecks.html"><CODE>FieldChecks</CODE></A></I></TD> |
| </TR> |
| <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> |
| <TD WIDTH="15%"><B><A HREF="StrutsValidatorUtil.html">StrutsValidatorUtil</A></B></TD> |
| <TD><B>Deprecated.</B> <I>As of Struts 1.1, replaced by <A HREF="../../../../org/apache/struts/validator/Resources.html"><CODE>Resources</CODE></A></I></TD> |
| </TR> |
| <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> |
| <TD WIDTH="15%"><B><A HREF="TokenProcessor.html">TokenProcessor</A></B></TD> |
| <TD>TokenProcessor is responsible for handling all token related functionality.</TD> |
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| <TD COLSPAN=2><FONT SIZE="+2"> |
| <B>Exception Summary</B></FONT></TD> |
| </TR> |
| <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> |
| <TD WIDTH="15%"><B><A HREF="AppException.html">AppException</A></B></TD> |
| <TD><B>Deprecated.</B> <I>use <A HREF="../../../../org/apache/struts/util/ModuleException.html"><CODE>ModuleException</CODE></A></I></TD> |
| </TR> |
| <TR BGCOLOR="white" CLASS="TableRowColor"> |
| <TD WIDTH="15%"><B><A HREF="ModuleException.html">ModuleException</A></B></TD> |
| <TD>Used for specialized exception handling.</TD> |
| </TR> |
| </TABLE> |
| |
| |
| <P> |
| <A NAME="package_description"><!-- --></A><H2> |
| Package org.apache.struts.util Description |
| </H2> |
| |
| <P> |
| The Utilities package provides a variety of families of classes, |
| to solve problems that are commonly encountered in building web applications. |
| <br><br> |
| <a name="doc.Description"></a> |
| <div align="center"> |
| <a href="#doc.Intro">[Introduction]</a> |
| <a href="#doc.Beans">[Beans]</a> |
| <a href="#doc.Utilities">[Servlet Utilities]</a> |
| <a href="#doc.Messages">[Message Resources]</a> |
| </div> |
| |
| <hr> |
| |
| <a name="doc.Intro"></a> |
| <h3>Introduction</h3> |
| |
| <p>The Struts Utilities Package offers several families |
| of classes that assist in solving commonly encountered problems when building |
| web applications. Most of the classes in this package do not rely on the |
| controller servlet framework, or the custom tag libraries, so they are also |
| suitable for general Java application programming. The following families |
| are included:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="#doc.Beans">Beans</a> - A small set of utility beans useful for |
| encapsulating form elements.</li> |
| <li><a href="#doc.Utilities">Servlet Utilities</a> - A set of classes useful |
| for working with servlet-related classes.</li> |
| <li><a href="#doc.Messages">Message Resources</a> - A family of classes that |
| features access to internationalized message strings based on a message |
| key coupled with a <code>java.util.Locale</code> object representing a |
| particular user's preferred language.</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <hr> |
| |
| <a name="doc.Beans"></a> |
| <h3>Beans</h3> |
| |
| <p> The <code>ImageButtonBean</code> is a simple JavaBean to encapsulate the |
| request parameters sent for an HTML input element of type image. The |
| <code>LabelValueBean</code> is a simple JavaBean to represent label-value |
| pairs, especially useful for html option elements. |
| </p> |
| |
| <hr> |
| |
| <a name="doc.Utilities"></a> |
| <h3>Servlet Utilities</h3> |
| |
| <p> The <code>RequestUtils</code> is a general purpose utility methods |
| related to processing a servlet request. The <code>ResponseUtils</code> |
| is a general purpose utility methods related to generating a servlet |
| response. The <code>ServletContextWriter</code> is a PrintWriter |
| implementation that uses the logging facilities of a |
| <code>javax.servlet.ServletContext</code> to output its results. |
| </p> |
| |
| <hr> |
| |
| <a name="doc.Messages"></a> |
| <h3>Message Resources</h3> |
| |
| <h5>Background</h5> |
| |
| <p>Modern applications often include the requirement to support multiple |
| languages, for users who prefer to interact in a language other than the |
| default language configured on the server platform. In addition, sentences |
| often need to be constructed, with dynamic content whose placement in the |
| message depends on the standard sentence structure in that particular |
| language.</p> |
| |
| <p>The standard Java platform includes a family of classes |
| (<code>java.util.ResourceBundle</code>) designed to support looking up message |
| strings based on a standard "key". The resource bundle classes automatically |
| access a Java class (or properties file) that is named with a naming |
| convention that includes the Locale to which messages in that class (or file) |
| pertain. However, this selection is based only on the default Locale of the |
| server platform, and cannot be adjusted on a per-user basis as required for an |
| internationalized web application.</p> |
| |
| <p>Struts includes a family of classes |
| (<code>org.apache.struts.util.MessageResources</code>) that extends the basic |
| approach to looking up message strings by key, allowing you to optionally |
| specify a Locale along with the key. In this way, you can build applications |
| that let your users select which Locale they wish to operate within, and then |
| look up messages in that language - using the same message keys no matter what |
| language is selected.</p> |
| |
| <p>In addition to supporting dynamic selection of a Locale for message lookup, |
| the <code>MessageResources</code> family of classes optionally allow you to |
| specify up to four parameter replacement objects, which are used to replace the |
| parameter placeholders "{0}" through "{3}" in the retrieved message. This |
| replacement uses the facilities of the standard Java |
| <code>java.text.MessageFormat</code> class, which supports many extended |
| formatting capabilities as well.</p> |
| |
| <p>For more information about internationalized messages, consult the following |
| resources in your Java Development Kit documentation bundle:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><em>Internationalization Info</em> - General information on Java's standard |
| support for internationalized applications can be found at |
| <code><$JAVA_HOME/docs/guide/internat/index.html></code>. |
| The "Internationalization Overview" section includes useful information |
| about Locales, localized resources, message formatting, and other |
| relevant topics.</li> |
| <li><em>Internationalization Tutorial</em> - The Java Language Tutorial has a |
| comprehensive trail covering internationalization, available at: |
| <a href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/i18n/index.html"> |
| http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/i18n/index.html</a>.</li> |
| <li><em>Javadoc APIs</em> - You will want to consult the Javadoc API |
| documentation for the following standard Java classes: |
| <ul> |
| <li><code>java.text.MessageFormat</code> |
| <li><code>java.util.ResourceBundle</code> |
| <li><code>java.util.PropertyResourceBundle</code> |
| <li><code>java.util.Properties</code> - See the documentation for the |
| <code>load()</code> method for the valid syntax of properties files |
| that you prepare.</li> |
| </ul></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <h5>Using the Standard MessageResources Implementation</h5> |
| |
| <p>The standard <code>MessageResources</code> implementation provided by the |
| Struts library uses Java properties files to initialize message strings, in a |
| manner very similar to that supported by the |
| <code>java.util.PropertyResourceBundle</code> class. The following steps are |
| required to use these facilities in your Java application.</p> |
| |
| <p>First, prepare a Java properties file for each language (or Locale) in which |
| you wish to support your messages. The filenames you use must conform to the |
| naming convention for property resource bundles, as described in the |
| documentation referenced above. Be sure you use the same message keys in each |
| file to identify the same message.</p> |
| |
| <p>For example, you might prepare files in French, Spanish, and English that |
| contain language-specific versions of the word "Hello". The French file would |
| be named <code>Messages_fr.properties</code> and contain the following:</p> |
| <pre> |
| hi=Bonjour |
| </pre> |
| <p>while the Spanish and English files would be named |
| <code>Messages_es.properties</code> and <code>Messages_en.properties</code> |
| respectively. The corresponding message string definitions would say |
| <code>hi=Hola</code> and <code>hi=Hello</code> in these files.</p> |
| |
| <p>Second, place these properties files into the class path for your |
| application, exactly as you would with class files themselves. The name |
| actually used to load resources will look like a fully qualified Java class |
| name (with appropriate package prefixes), so the file should be nested inside |
| a directory structure that matches the packaging (either in an unpacked |
| directory, or within a JAR file, as appropriate). For example, assume you |
| place directory "foo" on your classpath, and stored the above properties files |
| in directory "foo/com/mycompany/mypackage". (If you were using a JAR file like |
| "foo.jar" instead, the files would be in directory "com/mycompany/mypackage" |
| within the JAR file). |
| |
| <p>Third, initialize a <code>MessageResources</code> object that corresponds |
| to the set of properties files for a particular name, within a particular |
| package. The easiest way to do this is to initialize a variable in your main |
| application class, like this:</p> |
| <pre> |
| public static MessageResources messages = |
| MessageResources.getMessageResources("com.mycompany.mypackage.Messages"); |
| </pre> |
| |
| <p>Note that the "com.mycompany.mypackage" part of the name matches the package |
| directory into which you placed your properties files, and "Messages" is the |
| filename prefix for the particular family of properties files supported by this |
| <code>MessageResources</code> instance. Depending on your development process, |
| you might find it convenient to store all message strings for an entire |
| application in a single properties file family, or to have several families - |
| in Struts, for example, there is a family of properties files for each Java |
| package.</p> |
| |
| <p>To access a message string with a particular Locale, execute a statement |
| like this:</p> |
| <pre> |
| Locale locale = ... select the locale to be used ... |
| String message = messages.getMessage(locale, "hi"); |
| </pre> |
| |
| <p>In this case, the variable <code>message</code> will contain the message |
| string corresponding to the key "hi", in the language that corresponds to the |
| locale that was selected.</p> |
| |
| <p>For an example of message formatting with replaceable parameters, assume |
| that the message strings looked like this, instead (only the English version |
| is shown - corresponding changes would be made in the other files):</p> |
| <pre> |
| hi=Hello {0} |
| </pre> |
| |
| <p>Now, you can personalize the retrieved message like this:</p> |
| <pre> |
| Locale locale = ... select the locale to be used ... |
| String name = "Joe"; |
| String message = messages.getMessage(locale, "hi", name); |
| </pre> |
| |
| <p>and the marker "{0}" will have been replaced by the specified name (Joe), |
| no matter which language is in use. See the JavaDoc API documentation for the |
| <code>java.text.MessageFormat</code> class for more advanced uses of the |
| parameter replacement mechanism.</p> |
| |
| <h5>Developing Your Own MessageResources Implementation</h5> |
| |
| <p>In the above example, we were using the default |
| <code>MessageResources</code> implementation supplied by Struts, which uses |
| property files to store the message strings. It is also possible to create |
| customized mechanisms to retrieve messages (such as loading them on demand |
| from a database). The steps required are as follows:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>Create a customized subclass of |
| <code>org.apache.struts.util.MessageResources</code> that implements |
| message lookup operations as you require.</li> |
| <li>Create a customized subclass of |
| <code>org.apache.struts.util.MessageResourcesFactory</code> that will |
| create an instance of your custom <code>MessageResources</code> class |
| when the <code>createResources</code> method is called. Note that the |
| "config" argument to this method can be used to select families of |
| messages in any manner appropriate to your needs - you are not required |
| to emulate the "fully qualified Java class name" approach that is used |
| by the standard <code>PropertyMessageResourcesFactory</code> class.</li> |
| <li>Tell the <code>MessageResourcesFactory</code> class the name of the |
| customized <code>MessageResourcesFactory</code> implementation to use |
| when creating new factory instances.</li> |
| <li>Create a new factory instance.</li> |
| <li>Ask the new factory instance to create a <code>MessageResources</code> |
| instance for you.</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <p>A code example that illustrates this technique is:</p> |
| <pre> |
| MessageResourcesFactory.setFactoryClass("com.mycompany.mypkg.MyFactory"); |
| MessageResourcesFactory factory = MessageResourcesFactory.createFactory(); |
| MessageResources resources = |
| factory.createResources("configuration information"); |
| </pre> |
| |
| <p>Once you have created your custom MessageResources instance, you utilize it |
| to access message strings (with or without parameter replacement objects), |
| exactly as we illustrated with the standard implementation in the previous |
| section.</p> |
| |
| <h5>Using MessageResources With Struts</h5> |
| |
| <p>If your application uses the Struts controller servlet, you can optionally |
| configure Struts to load an application-specific message resources instance for |
| you, and make it available as a servlet context attribute (in JSP terms, an |
| application-scope bean). This mechanism is managed by setting the following |
| servlet initialization parameters in the web application deployment descriptor: |
| </p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><strong>application</strong> - The configuration string that will be |
| passed to the <code>createResources()</code> method of the message |
| resources factory, in order to identify the family of resources to be |
| supported. If you use the standard message resources factory, this must |
| be the base fully qualified name of the property resources files used |
| to contain these messages, as illustrated above.</li> |
| <li><strong>factory</strong> - Fully qualified Java class name of the |
| <code>MessageResourcesFactory</code> to be used. By default, the standard |
| implementation provided by Struts |
| (<code>org.apache.struts.util.PropertyMessageResourcesFactory</code>) |
| will be used.</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <p>Struts provides several JSP custom tags that assume the existence of a |
| <code>java.util.Locale</code> attribute in the user's session, under the key |
| named by the constant string value of <code>Action.LOCALE_KEY</code>. Your own |
| application logic can set this attribute at any time, or you can ask Struts to |
| set it automatically (if not already set) based on the |
| <code>Accept-Language</code> HTTP header included with the request. There are |
| two mechanisms by which you request Struts to perform this service:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>To have this service performed on every request submitted to the controller |
| servlet, set the servlet initialization parameter <code>locale</code> to |
| the value <code>true</code> in the application deployment descriptor.</li> |
| <li>To have this service performed by a JSP page when it is accessed directly |
| by a user, utilize a <code><form:html ... locale="true" ... /></code> |
| tag at the top of each page.</li> |
| </ul> |
| <P> |
| |
| <P> |
| <HR> |
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