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| layout: global |
| title: SQL Reference |
| redirect_from: /sql-reference |
| displayTitle: SQL Reference |
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| Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more |
| contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with |
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| The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 |
| (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with |
| the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at |
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| http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 |
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| distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, |
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| |
| Spark SQL is Apache Spark's module for working with structured data. This guide is a reference for Structured Query Language (SQL) and includes syntax, semantics, keywords, and examples for common SQL usage. It contains information for the following topics: |
| |
| * [ANSI Compliance](sql-ref-ansi-compliance.html) |
| * [Data Types](sql-ref-datatypes.html) |
| * [Datetime Pattern](sql-ref-datetime-pattern.html) |
| * [Number Pattern](sql-ref-number-pattern.html) |
| * [Operators](sql-ref-operators.html) |
| * [Functions](sql-ref-functions.html) |
| * [Built-in Functions](sql-ref-functions-builtin.html) |
| * [Scalar User-Defined Functions (UDFs)](sql-ref-functions-udf-scalar.html) |
| * [User-Defined Aggregate Functions (UDAFs)](sql-ref-functions-udf-aggregate.html) |
| * [Integration with Hive UDFs/UDAFs/UDTFs](sql-ref-functions-udf-hive.html) |
| * [Function Invocation](sql-ref-function-invocation.html) |
| * [Identifiers](sql-ref-identifier.html) |
| * [IDENTIFIER clause](sql-ref-identifier-clause.html) |
| * [Literals](sql-ref-literals.html) |
| * [Null Semantics](sql-ref-null-semantics.html) |
| * [SQL Syntax](sql-ref-syntax.html) |
| * [DDL Statements](sql-ref-syntax.html#ddl-statements) |
| * [DML Statements](sql-ref-syntax.html#dml-statements) |
| * [Data Retrieval Statements](sql-ref-syntax.html#data-retrieval-statements) |
| * [Auxiliary Statements](sql-ref-syntax.html#auxiliary-statements) |
| * [Pipe Syntax](sql-pipe-syntax.html) |
