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<h1 class="title">Window Functions</h1>
<h3 id="description">Description</h3>
<p>Window functions operate on a group of rows, referred to as a window, and calculate a return value for each row based on the group of rows. Window functions are useful for processing tasks such as calculating a moving average, computing a cumulative statistic, or accessing the value of rows given the relative position of the current row.</p>
<h3 id="syntax">Syntax</h3>
<div class="language-sql highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="n">window_function</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">nulls_option</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="n">OVER</span>
<span class="p">(</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="err">{</span> <span class="n">PARTITION</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">DISTRIBUTE</span> <span class="err">}</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">partition_col_name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">partition_col_val</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="err">{</span> <span class="k">ORDER</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">SORT</span> <span class="err">}</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">ASC</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">DESC</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">NULLS</span> <span class="err">{</span> <span class="k">FIRST</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">LAST</span> <span class="err">}</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...</span> <span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">[</span> <span class="n">window_frame</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<h3 id="parameters">Parameters</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>window_function</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Ranking Functions</p>
<p><strong>Syntax:</strong> <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">RANK | DENSE_RANK | PERCENT_RANK | NTILE | ROW_NUMBER</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Analytic Functions</p>
<p><strong>Syntax:</strong> <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">CUME_DIST | LAG | LEAD | NTH_VALUE | FIRST_VALUE | LAST_VALUE</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Aggregate Functions</p>
<p><strong>Syntax:</strong> <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">MAX | MIN | COUNT | SUM | AVG | ...</code></p>
<p>Please refer to the <a href="sql-ref-functions-builtin.html#aggregate-functions">Built-in Aggregation Functions</a> document for a complete list of Spark aggregate functions.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>nulls_option</strong></p>
<p>Specifies whether or not to skip null values when evaluating the window function. <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">RESPECT NULLS</code> means not skipping null values, while <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">IGNORE NULLS</code> means skipping. If not specified, the default is <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">RESPECT NULLS</code>.</p>
<p><strong>Syntax:</strong></p>
<p><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">{ IGNORE | RESPECT } NULLS</code></p>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> Only <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">LAG | LEAD | NTH_VALUE | FIRST_VALUE | LAST_VALUE</code> can be used with <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">IGNORE NULLS</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>window_frame</strong></p>
<p>Specifies which row to start the window on and where to end it.</p>
<p><strong>Syntax:</strong></p>
<p><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">{ RANGE | ROWS } { frame_start | BETWEEN frame_start AND frame_end }</code></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">frame_start</code> and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">frame_end</code> have the following syntax:</p>
<p><strong>Syntax:</strong></p>
<p><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">UNBOUNDED PRECEDING | offset PRECEDING | CURRENT ROW | offset FOLLOWING | UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING</code></p>
<p><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">offset:</code> specifies the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">offset</code> from the position of the current row.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> If <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">frame_end</code> is omitted it defaults to <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">CURRENT ROW</code>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="examples">Examples</h3>
<div class="language-sql highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">employees</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="n">STRING</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dept</span> <span class="n">STRING</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">salary</span> <span class="nb">INT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">age</span> <span class="nb">INT</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">employees</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">"Lisa"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">"Sales"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">35</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">employees</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">"Evan"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">"Sales"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">32000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">38</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">employees</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">"Fred"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">"Engineering"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">21000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">28</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">employees</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">"Alex"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">"Sales"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">30000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">33</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">employees</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">"Tom"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">"Engineering"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">23000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">33</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">employees</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">"Jane"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">"Marketing"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">29000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">28</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">employees</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">"Jeff"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">"Marketing"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">35000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">38</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">employees</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">"Paul"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">"Engineering"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">29000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">23</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">employees</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">"Chloe"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">"Engineering"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">23000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">25</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">employees</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-----+-----------+------+-----+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">dept</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">salary</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">age</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-----+-----------+------+-----+</span>
<span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Chloe</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">23000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">25</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Fred</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">21000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">28</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Paul</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">29000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">23</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Helen</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Marketing</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">29000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Tom</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">23000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">33</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Jane</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Marketing</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">29000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">28</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Jeff</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Marketing</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">35000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">38</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Evan</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Sales</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">32000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">38</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Lisa</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Sales</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">10000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">35</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Alex</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Sales</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">30000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">33</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-----+-----------+------+-----+</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dept</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">salary</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">RANK</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">OVER</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PARTITION</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">dept</span> <span class="k">ORDER</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">salary</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="n">rank</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">employees</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-----+-----------+------+----+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">dept</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">salary</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">rank</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-----+-----------+------+----+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Lisa</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Sales</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">10000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Alex</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Sales</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">30000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Evan</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Sales</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">32000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Fred</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">21000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Tom</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">23000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Chloe</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">23000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Paul</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">29000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Helen</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Marketing</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">29000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Jane</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Marketing</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">29000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Jeff</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Marketing</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">35000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-----+-----------+------+----+</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dept</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">salary</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">DENSE_RANK</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">OVER</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PARTITION</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">dept</span> <span class="k">ORDER</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">salary</span> <span class="k">ROWS</span> <span class="k">BETWEEN</span>
<span class="n">UNBOUNDED</span> <span class="n">PRECEDING</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="k">CURRENT</span> <span class="k">ROW</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="n">dense_rank</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">employees</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-----+-----------+------+----------+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">dept</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">salary</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">dense_rank</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-----+-----------+------+----------+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Lisa</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Sales</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">10000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Alex</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Sales</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">30000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Evan</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Sales</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">32000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Fred</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">21000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Tom</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">23000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Chloe</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">23000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Paul</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">29000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Helen</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Marketing</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">29000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Jane</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Marketing</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">29000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Jeff</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Marketing</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">35000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-----+-----------+------+----------+</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dept</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">age</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">CUME_DIST</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">OVER</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PARTITION</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">dept</span> <span class="k">ORDER</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">age</span>
<span class="n">RANGE</span> <span class="k">BETWEEN</span> <span class="n">UNBOUNDED</span> <span class="n">PRECEDING</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="k">CURRENT</span> <span class="k">ROW</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="n">cume_dist</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">employees</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-----+-----------+------+------------------+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">dept</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">age</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">cume_dist</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-----+-----------+------+------------------+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Alex</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Sales</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">33</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">3333333333333333</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Lisa</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Sales</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">35</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">6666666666666666</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Evan</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Sales</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">38</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Paul</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">23</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">25</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Chloe</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">25</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">75</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Fred</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">28</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">25</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Tom</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">33</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Jane</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Marketing</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">28</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">3333333333333333</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Jeff</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Marketing</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">38</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">6666666666666666</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Helen</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Marketing</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">40</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-----+-----------+------+------------------+</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dept</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">salary</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">MIN</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">salary</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">OVER</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PARTITION</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">dept</span> <span class="k">ORDER</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">salary</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="k">min</span>
<span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">employees</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-----+-----------+------+-----+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">dept</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">salary</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">min</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-----+-----------+------+-----+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Lisa</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Sales</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">10000</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">10000</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Alex</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Sales</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">30000</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">10000</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Evan</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Sales</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">32000</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">10000</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Helen</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Marketing</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">29000</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">29000</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Jane</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Marketing</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">29000</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">29000</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Jeff</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Marketing</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">35000</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">29000</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Fred</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">21000</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">21000</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Tom</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">23000</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">21000</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Chloe</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">23000</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">21000</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Paul</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">29000</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">21000</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-----+-----------+------+-----+</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">salary</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">LAG</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">salary</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">OVER</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PARTITION</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">dept</span> <span class="k">ORDER</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">salary</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="n">lag</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">LEAD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">salary</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">OVER</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PARTITION</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">dept</span> <span class="k">ORDER</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">salary</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="n">lead</span>
<span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">employees</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-----+-----------+------+-----+-----+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">dept</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">salary</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">lag</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">lead</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-----+-----------+------+-----+-----+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Lisa</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Sales</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">10000</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">NULL</span> <span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">30000</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Alex</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Sales</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">30000</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">10000</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">32000</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Evan</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Sales</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">32000</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">30000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Fred</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">21000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">23000</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Chloe</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">23000</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">21000</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">23000</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Tom</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">23000</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">23000</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">29000</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Paul</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Engineering</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">29000</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">23000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Helen</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Marketing</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">29000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">29000</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Jane</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Marketing</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">29000</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">29000</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">35000</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Jeff</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Marketing</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">35000</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="mi">29000</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-----+-----------+------+-----+-----+</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">id</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">LEAD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">IGNORE</span> <span class="n">NULLS</span> <span class="n">OVER</span> <span class="n">w</span> <span class="n">lead</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">LAG</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">IGNORE</span> <span class="n">NULLS</span> <span class="n">OVER</span> <span class="n">w</span> <span class="n">lag</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">NTH_VALUE</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">IGNORE</span> <span class="n">NULLS</span> <span class="n">OVER</span> <span class="n">w</span> <span class="n">nth_value</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">FIRST_VALUE</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">IGNORE</span> <span class="n">NULLS</span> <span class="n">OVER</span> <span class="n">w</span> <span class="n">first_value</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">LAST_VALUE</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">IGNORE</span> <span class="n">NULLS</span> <span class="n">OVER</span> <span class="n">w</span> <span class="n">last_value</span>
<span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">test_ignore_null</span>
<span class="n">WINDOW</span> <span class="n">w</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">ORDER</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">id</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">ORDER</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">id</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">--+----+----+----+---------+-----------+----------+</span>
<span class="o">|</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">lead</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">lag</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">nth_value</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">first_value</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="n">last_value</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">--+----+----+----+---------+-----------+----------+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">z</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">z</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">z</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">z</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">7</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">NULL</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">--+----+----+----+---------+-----------+----------+</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<h3 id="related-statements">Related Statements</h3>
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<li><a href="sql-ref-syntax-qry-select.html">SELECT</a></li>
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