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<h1 class="title">Spark SQL and DataFrame Guide</h1>
<ul id="markdown-toc">
<li><a href="#overview" id="markdown-toc-overview">Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#dataframes" id="markdown-toc-dataframes">DataFrames</a> <ul>
<li><a href="#starting-point-sqlcontext" id="markdown-toc-starting-point-sqlcontext">Starting Point: SQLContext</a></li>
<li><a href="#creating-dataframes" id="markdown-toc-creating-dataframes">Creating DataFrames</a></li>
<li><a href="#dataframe-operations" id="markdown-toc-dataframe-operations">DataFrame Operations</a></li>
<li><a href="#running-sql-queries-programmatically" id="markdown-toc-running-sql-queries-programmatically">Running SQL Queries Programmatically</a></li>
<li><a href="#interoperating-with-rdds" id="markdown-toc-interoperating-with-rdds">Interoperating with RDDs</a> <ul>
<li><a href="#inferring-the-schema-using-reflection" id="markdown-toc-inferring-the-schema-using-reflection">Inferring the Schema Using Reflection</a></li>
<li><a href="#programmatically-specifying-the-schema" id="markdown-toc-programmatically-specifying-the-schema">Programmatically Specifying the Schema</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#data-sources" id="markdown-toc-data-sources">Data Sources</a> <ul>
<li><a href="#generic-loadsave-functions" id="markdown-toc-generic-loadsave-functions">Generic Load/Save Functions</a> <ul>
<li><a href="#manually-specifying-options" id="markdown-toc-manually-specifying-options">Manually Specifying Options</a></li>
<li><a href="#save-modes" id="markdown-toc-save-modes">Save Modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#saving-to-persistent-tables" id="markdown-toc-saving-to-persistent-tables">Saving to Persistent Tables</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#parquet-files" id="markdown-toc-parquet-files">Parquet Files</a> <ul>
<li><a href="#loading-data-programmatically" id="markdown-toc-loading-data-programmatically">Loading Data Programmatically</a></li>
<li><a href="#partition-discovery" id="markdown-toc-partition-discovery">Partition Discovery</a></li>
<li><a href="#schema-merging" id="markdown-toc-schema-merging">Schema Merging</a></li>
<li><a href="#hive-metastore-parquet-table-conversion" id="markdown-toc-hive-metastore-parquet-table-conversion">Hive metastore Parquet table conversion</a> <ul>
<li><a href="#hiveparquet-schema-reconciliation" id="markdown-toc-hiveparquet-schema-reconciliation">Hive/Parquet Schema Reconciliation</a></li>
<li><a href="#metadata-refreshing" id="markdown-toc-metadata-refreshing">Metadata Refreshing</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#configuration" id="markdown-toc-configuration">Configuration</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#json-datasets" id="markdown-toc-json-datasets">JSON Datasets</a></li>
<li><a href="#hive-tables" id="markdown-toc-hive-tables">Hive Tables</a> <ul>
<li><a href="#interacting-with-different-versions-of-hive-metastore" id="markdown-toc-interacting-with-different-versions-of-hive-metastore">Interacting with Different Versions of Hive Metastore</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#jdbc-to-other-databases" id="markdown-toc-jdbc-to-other-databases">JDBC To Other Databases</a></li>
<li><a href="#troubleshooting" id="markdown-toc-troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#performance-tuning" id="markdown-toc-performance-tuning">Performance Tuning</a> <ul>
<li><a href="#caching-data-in-memory" id="markdown-toc-caching-data-in-memory">Caching Data In Memory</a></li>
<li><a href="#other-configuration-options" id="markdown-toc-other-configuration-options">Other Configuration Options</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#distributed-sql-engine" id="markdown-toc-distributed-sql-engine">Distributed SQL Engine</a> <ul>
<li><a href="#running-the-thrift-jdbcodbc-server" id="markdown-toc-running-the-thrift-jdbcodbc-server">Running the Thrift JDBC/ODBC server</a></li>
<li><a href="#running-the-spark-sql-cli" id="markdown-toc-running-the-spark-sql-cli">Running the Spark SQL CLI</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#migration-guide" id="markdown-toc-migration-guide">Migration Guide</a> <ul>
<li><a href="#upgrading-from-spark-sql-14-to-15" id="markdown-toc-upgrading-from-spark-sql-14-to-15">Upgrading From Spark SQL 1.4 to 1.5</a></li>
<li><a href="#upgrading-from-spark-sql-13-to-14" id="markdown-toc-upgrading-from-spark-sql-13-to-14">Upgrading from Spark SQL 1.3 to 1.4</a> <ul>
<li><a href="#dataframe-data-readerwriter-interface" id="markdown-toc-dataframe-data-readerwriter-interface">DataFrame data reader/writer interface</a></li>
<li><a href="#dataframegroupby-retains-grouping-columns" id="markdown-toc-dataframegroupby-retains-grouping-columns">DataFrame.groupBy retains grouping columns</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#upgrading-from-spark-sql-10-12-to-13" id="markdown-toc-upgrading-from-spark-sql-10-12-to-13">Upgrading from Spark SQL 1.0-1.2 to 1.3</a> <ul>
<li><a href="#rename-of-schemardd-to-dataframe" id="markdown-toc-rename-of-schemardd-to-dataframe">Rename of SchemaRDD to DataFrame</a></li>
<li><a href="#unification-of-the-java-and-scala-apis" id="markdown-toc-unification-of-the-java-and-scala-apis">Unification of the Java and Scala APIs</a></li>
<li><a href="#isolation-of-implicit-conversions-and-removal-of-dsl-package-scala-only" id="markdown-toc-isolation-of-implicit-conversions-and-removal-of-dsl-package-scala-only">Isolation of Implicit Conversions and Removal of dsl Package (Scala-only)</a></li>
<li><a href="#removal-of-the-type-aliases-in-orgapachesparksql-for-datatype-scala-only" id="markdown-toc-removal-of-the-type-aliases-in-orgapachesparksql-for-datatype-scala-only">Removal of the type aliases in org.apache.spark.sql for DataType (Scala-only)</a></li>
<li><a href="#udf-registration-moved-to-sqlcontextudf-java--scala" id="markdown-toc-udf-registration-moved-to-sqlcontextudf-java--scala">UDF Registration Moved to <code>sqlContext.udf</code> (Java &amp; Scala)</a></li>
<li><a href="#python-datatypes-no-longer-singletons" id="markdown-toc-python-datatypes-no-longer-singletons">Python DataTypes No Longer Singletons</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#migration-guide-for-shark-users" id="markdown-toc-migration-guide-for-shark-users">Migration Guide for Shark Users</a> <ul>
<li><a href="#scheduling" id="markdown-toc-scheduling">Scheduling</a></li>
<li><a href="#reducer-number" id="markdown-toc-reducer-number">Reducer number</a></li>
<li><a href="#caching" id="markdown-toc-caching">Caching</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#compatibility-with-apache-hive" id="markdown-toc-compatibility-with-apache-hive">Compatibility with Apache Hive</a> <ul>
<li><a href="#deploying-in-existing-hive-warehouses" id="markdown-toc-deploying-in-existing-hive-warehouses">Deploying in Existing Hive Warehouses</a></li>
<li><a href="#supported-hive-features" id="markdown-toc-supported-hive-features">Supported Hive Features</a></li>
<li><a href="#unsupported-hive-functionality" id="markdown-toc-unsupported-hive-functionality">Unsupported Hive Functionality</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#reference" id="markdown-toc-reference">Reference</a> <ul>
<li><a href="#data-types" id="markdown-toc-data-types">Data Types</a></li>
<li><a href="#nan-semantics" id="markdown-toc-nan-semantics">NaN Semantics</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="overview">Overview</h1>
<p>Spark SQL is a Spark module for structured data processing. It provides a programming abstraction called DataFrames and can also act as distributed SQL query engine.</p>
<p>Spark SQL can also be used to read data from an existing Hive installation. For more on how to configure this feature, please refer to the <a href="#hive-tables">Hive Tables</a> section.</p>
<h1 id="dataframes">DataFrames</h1>
<p>A DataFrame is a distributed collection of data organized into named columns. It is conceptually equivalent to a table in a relational database or a data frame in R/Python, but with richer optimizations under the hood. DataFrames can be constructed from a wide array of sources such as: structured data files, tables in Hive, external databases, or existing RDDs.</p>
<p>The DataFrame API is available in <a href="api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.sql.DataFrame">Scala</a>, <a href="api/java/index.html?org/apache/spark/sql/DataFrame.html">Java</a>, <a href="api/python/pyspark.sql.html#pyspark.sql.DataFrame">Python</a>, and <a href="api/R/index.html">R</a>.</p>
<p>All of the examples on this page use sample data included in the Spark distribution and can be run in the <code>spark-shell</code>, <code>pyspark</code> shell, or <code>sparkR</code> shell.</p>
<h2 id="starting-point-sqlcontext">Starting Point: SQLContext</h2>
<div class="codetabs">
<div data-lang="scala">
<p>The entry point into all functionality in Spark SQL is the
<a href="api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.sql.SQLContext"><code>SQLContext</code></a> class, or one of its
descendants. To create a basic <code>SQLContext</code>, all you need is a SparkContext.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scala" data-lang="scala"><span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">sc</span><span class="k">:</span> <span class="kt">SparkContext</span> <span class="c1">// An existing SparkContext.</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">org</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">apache</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">spark</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nc">SQLContext</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// this is used to implicitly convert an RDD to a DataFrame.</span>
<span class="k">import</span> <span class="nn">sqlContext.implicits._</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="java">
<p>The entry point into all functionality in Spark SQL is the
<a href="api/java/index.html#org.apache.spark.sql.SQLContext"><code>SQLContext</code></a> class, or one of its
descendants. To create a basic <code>SQLContext</code>, all you need is a SparkContext.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-java" data-lang="java"><span class="n">JavaSparkContext</span> <span class="n">sc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">...;</span> <span class="c1">// An existing JavaSparkContext.</span>
<span class="n">SQLContext</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">org</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">apache</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">spark</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">sql</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">SQLContext</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">);</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="python">
<p>The entry point into all relational functionality in Spark is the
<a href="api/python/pyspark.sql.html#pyspark.sql.SQLContext"><code>SQLContext</code></a> class, or one
of its decedents. To create a basic <code>SQLContext</code>, all you need is a SparkContext.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyspark.sql</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SQLContext</span>
<span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SQLContext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="p">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="r">
<p>The entry point into all relational functionality in Spark is the
<code>SQLContext</code> class, or one of its decedents. To create a basic <code>SQLContext</code>, all you need is a SparkContext.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-r" data-lang="r">sqlContext <span class="o">&lt;-</span> sparkRSQL.init<span class="p">(</span>sc<span class="p">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>In addition to the basic <code>SQLContext</code>, you can also create a <code>HiveContext</code>, which provides a
superset of the functionality provided by the basic <code>SQLContext</code>. Additional features include
the ability to write queries using the more complete HiveQL parser, access to Hive UDFs, and the
ability to read data from Hive tables. To use a <code>HiveContext</code>, you do not need to have an
existing Hive setup, and all of the data sources available to a <code>SQLContext</code> are still available.
<code>HiveContext</code> is only packaged separately to avoid including all of Hive&#8217;s dependencies in the default
Spark build. If these dependencies are not a problem for your application then using <code>HiveContext</code>
is recommended for the 1.3 release of Spark. Future releases will focus on bringing <code>SQLContext</code> up
to feature parity with a <code>HiveContext</code>.</p>
<p>The specific variant of SQL that is used to parse queries can also be selected using the
<code>spark.sql.dialect</code> option. This parameter can be changed using either the <code>setConf</code> method on
a <code>SQLContext</code> or by using a <code>SET key=value</code> command in SQL. For a <code>SQLContext</code>, the only dialect
available is &#8220;sql&#8221; which uses a simple SQL parser provided by Spark SQL. In a <code>HiveContext</code>, the
default is &#8220;hiveql&#8221;, though &#8220;sql&#8221; is also available. Since the HiveQL parser is much more complete,
this is recommended for most use cases.</p>
<h2 id="creating-dataframes">Creating DataFrames</h2>
<p>With a <code>SQLContext</code>, applications can create <code>DataFrame</code>s from an <a href="#interoperating-with-rdds">existing <code>RDD</code></a>, from a Hive table, or from <a href="#data-sources">data sources</a>.</p>
<p>As an example, the following creates a <code>DataFrame</code> based on the content of a JSON file:</p>
<div class="codetabs">
<div data-lang="scala">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scala" data-lang="scala"><span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">sc</span><span class="k">:</span> <span class="kt">SparkContext</span> <span class="c1">// An existing SparkContext.</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">org</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">apache</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">spark</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nc">SQLContext</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">df</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.json&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// Displays the content of the DataFrame to stdout</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="o">()</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="java">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-java" data-lang="java"><span class="n">JavaSparkContext</span> <span class="n">sc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">...;</span> <span class="c1">// An existing JavaSparkContext.</span>
<span class="n">SQLContext</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">org</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">apache</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">spark</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">sql</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">SQLContext</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="n">DataFrame</span> <span class="n">df</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">read</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">json</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.json&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="c1">// Displays the content of the DataFrame to stdout</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">show</span><span class="o">();</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="python">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyspark.sql</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SQLContext</span>
<span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SQLContext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">df</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.json&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Displays the content of the DataFrame to stdout</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="p">()</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="r">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-r" data-lang="r">sqlContext <span class="o">&lt;-</span> SQLContext<span class="p">(</span>sc<span class="p">)</span>
df <span class="o">&lt;-</span> jsonFile<span class="p">(</span>sqlContext<span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.json&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Displays the content of the DataFrame to stdout</span>
showDF<span class="p">(</span>df<span class="p">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 id="dataframe-operations">DataFrame Operations</h2>
<p>DataFrames provide a domain-specific language for structured data manipulation in <a href="api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.sql.DataFrame">Scala</a>, <a href="api/java/index.html?org/apache/spark/sql/DataFrame.html">Java</a>, and <a href="api/python/pyspark.sql.html#pyspark.sql.DataFrame">Python</a>.</p>
<p>Here we include some basic examples of structured data processing using DataFrames:</p>
<div class="codetabs">
<div data-lang="scala">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scala" data-lang="scala"><span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">sc</span><span class="k">:</span> <span class="kt">SparkContext</span> <span class="c1">// An existing SparkContext.</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">org</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">apache</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">spark</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nc">SQLContext</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// Create the DataFrame</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">df</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.json&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// Show the content of the DataFrame</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="o">()</span>
<span class="c1">// age name</span>
<span class="c1">// null Michael</span>
<span class="c1">// 30 Andy</span>
<span class="c1">// 19 Justin</span>
<span class="c1">// Print the schema in a tree format</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">printSchema</span><span class="o">()</span>
<span class="c1">// root</span>
<span class="c1">// |-- age: long (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c1">// |-- name: string (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c1">// Select only the &quot;name&quot; column</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="o">()</span>
<span class="c1">// name</span>
<span class="c1">// Michael</span>
<span class="c1">// Andy</span>
<span class="c1">// Justin</span>
<span class="c1">// Select everybody, but increment the age by 1</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="o">),</span> <span class="n">df</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="o">()</span>
<span class="c1">// name (age + 1)</span>
<span class="c1">// Michael null</span>
<span class="c1">// Andy 31</span>
<span class="c1">// Justin 20</span>
<span class="c1">// Select people older than 21</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">filter</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">21</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="o">()</span>
<span class="c1">// age name</span>
<span class="c1">// 30 Andy</span>
<span class="c1">// Count people by age</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">groupBy</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="o">()</span>
<span class="c1">// age count</span>
<span class="c1">// null 1</span>
<span class="c1">// 19 1</span>
<span class="c1">// 30 1</span></code></pre></div>
<p>For a complete list of the types of operations that can be performed on a DataFrame refer to the <a href="api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.sql.DataFrame">API Documentation</a>.</p>
<p>In addition to simple column references and expressions, DataFrames also have a rich library of functions including string manipulation, date arithmetic, common math operations and more. The complete list is available in the <a href="api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.sql.functions$">DataFrame Function Reference</a>.</p>
</div>
<div data-lang="java">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-java" data-lang="java"><span class="n">JavaSparkContext</span> <span class="n">sc</span> <span class="c1">// An existing SparkContext.</span>
<span class="n">SQLContext</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">org</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">apache</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">spark</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">sql</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">SQLContext</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// Create the DataFrame</span>
<span class="n">DataFrame</span> <span class="n">df</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">read</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">json</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.json&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="c1">// Show the content of the DataFrame</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">show</span><span class="o">();</span>
<span class="c1">// age name</span>
<span class="c1">// null Michael</span>
<span class="c1">// 30 Andy</span>
<span class="c1">// 19 Justin</span>
<span class="c1">// Print the schema in a tree format</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">printSchema</span><span class="o">();</span>
<span class="c1">// root</span>
<span class="c1">// |-- age: long (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c1">// |-- name: string (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c1">// Select only the &quot;name&quot; column</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">select</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="na">show</span><span class="o">();</span>
<span class="c1">// name</span>
<span class="c1">// Michael</span>
<span class="c1">// Andy</span>
<span class="c1">// Justin</span>
<span class="c1">// Select everybody, but increment the age by 1</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">select</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">col</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="o">),</span> <span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">col</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="na">plus</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">)).</span><span class="na">show</span><span class="o">();</span>
<span class="c1">// name (age + 1)</span>
<span class="c1">// Michael null</span>
<span class="c1">// Andy 31</span>
<span class="c1">// Justin 20</span>
<span class="c1">// Select people older than 21</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">filter</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">col</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="na">gt</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="mi">21</span><span class="o">)).</span><span class="na">show</span><span class="o">();</span>
<span class="c1">// age name</span>
<span class="c1">// 30 Andy</span>
<span class="c1">// Count people by age</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">groupBy</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="na">count</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">show</span><span class="o">();</span>
<span class="c1">// age count</span>
<span class="c1">// null 1</span>
<span class="c1">// 19 1</span>
<span class="c1">// 30 1</span></code></pre></div>
<p>For a complete list of the types of operations that can be performed on a DataFrame refer to the <a href="api/java/org/apache/spark/sql/DataFrame.html">API Documentation</a>.</p>
<p>In addition to simple column references and expressions, DataFrames also have a rich library of functions including string manipulation, date arithmetic, common math operations and more. The complete list is available in the <a href="api/java/org/apache/spark/sql/functions.html">DataFrame Function Reference</a>.</p>
</div>
<div data-lang="python">
<p>In Python it&#8217;s possible to access a DataFrame&#8217;s columns either by attribute
(<code>df.age</code>) or by indexing (<code>df['age']</code>). While the former is convenient for
interactive data exploration, users are highly encouraged to use the
latter form, which is future proof and won&#8217;t break with column names that
are also attributes on the DataFrame class.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyspark.sql</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SQLContext</span>
<span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SQLContext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Create the DataFrame</span>
<span class="n">df</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.json&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Show the content of the DataFrame</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c">## age name</span>
<span class="c">## null Michael</span>
<span class="c">## 30 Andy</span>
<span class="c">## 19 Justin</span>
<span class="c"># Print the schema in a tree format</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">printSchema</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c">## root</span>
<span class="c">## |-- age: long (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c">## |-- name: string (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c"># Select only the &quot;name&quot; column</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c">## name</span>
<span class="c">## Michael</span>
<span class="c">## Andy</span>
<span class="c">## Justin</span>
<span class="c"># Select everybody, but increment the age by 1</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">df</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;name&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">df</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;age&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c">## name (age + 1)</span>
<span class="c">## Michael null</span>
<span class="c">## Andy 31</span>
<span class="c">## Justin 20</span>
<span class="c"># Select people older than 21</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">df</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&#39;age&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">21</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c">## age name</span>
<span class="c">## 30 Andy</span>
<span class="c"># Count people by age</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">groupBy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c">## age count</span>
<span class="c">## null 1</span>
<span class="c">## 19 1</span>
<span class="c">## 30 1</span></code></pre></div>
<p>For a complete list of the types of operations that can be performed on a DataFrame refer to the <a href="api/python/pyspark.sql.html#pyspark.sql.DataFrame">API Documentation</a>.</p>
<p>In addition to simple column references and expressions, DataFrames also have a rich library of functions including string manipulation, date arithmetic, common math operations and more. The complete list is available in the <a href="api/python/pyspark.sql.html#module-pyspark.sql.functions">DataFrame Function Reference</a>.</p>
</div>
<div data-lang="r">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-r" data-lang="r">sqlContext <span class="o">&lt;-</span> sparkRSQL.init<span class="p">(</span>sc<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Create the DataFrame</span>
df <span class="o">&lt;-</span> jsonFile<span class="p">(</span>sqlContext<span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.json&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Show the content of the DataFrame</span>
showDF<span class="p">(</span>df<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1">## age name</span>
<span class="c1">## null Michael</span>
<span class="c1">## 30 Andy</span>
<span class="c1">## 19 Justin</span>
<span class="c1"># Print the schema in a tree format</span>
printSchema<span class="p">(</span>df<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1">## root</span>
<span class="c1">## |-- age: long (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c1">## |-- name: string (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c1"># Select only the &quot;name&quot; column</span>
showDF<span class="p">(</span>select<span class="p">(</span>df<span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="c1">## name</span>
<span class="c1">## Michael</span>
<span class="c1">## Andy</span>
<span class="c1">## Justin</span>
<span class="c1"># Select everybody, but increment the age by 1</span>
showDF<span class="p">(</span>select<span class="p">(</span>df<span class="p">,</span> df<span class="o">$</span>name<span class="p">,</span> df<span class="o">$</span>age <span class="o">+</span> <span class="m">1</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="c1">## name (age + 1)</span>
<span class="c1">## Michael null</span>
<span class="c1">## Andy 31</span>
<span class="c1">## Justin 20</span>
<span class="c1"># Select people older than 21</span>
showDF<span class="p">(</span>where<span class="p">(</span>df<span class="p">,</span> df<span class="o">$</span>age <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="m">21</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="c1">## age name</span>
<span class="c1">## 30 Andy</span>
<span class="c1"># Count people by age</span>
showDF<span class="p">(</span>count<span class="p">(</span>groupBy<span class="p">(</span>df<span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="c1">## age count</span>
<span class="c1">## null 1</span>
<span class="c1">## 19 1</span>
<span class="c1">## 30 1</span></code></pre></div>
<p>For a complete list of the types of operations that can be performed on a DataFrame refer to the <a href="api/R/index.html">API Documentation</a>.</p>
<p>In addition to simple column references and expressions, DataFrames also have a rich library of functions including string manipulation, date arithmetic, common math operations and more. The complete list is available in the <a href="api/R/index.html">DataFrame Function Reference</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<h2 id="running-sql-queries-programmatically">Running SQL Queries Programmatically</h2>
<p>The <code>sql</code> function on a <code>SQLContext</code> enables applications to run SQL queries programmatically and returns the result as a <code>DataFrame</code>.</p>
<div class="codetabs">
<div data-lang="scala">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scala" data-lang="scala"><span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="c1">// An existing SQLContext</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">df</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT * FROM table&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="java">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-java" data-lang="java"><span class="n">SQLContext</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="c1">// An existing SQLContext</span>
<span class="n">DataFrame</span> <span class="n">df</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">sql</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT * FROM table&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="python">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyspark.sql</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SQLContext</span>
<span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SQLContext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">df</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT * FROM table&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="r">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-r" data-lang="r">sqlContext <span class="o">&lt;-</span> sparkRSQL.init<span class="p">(</span>sc<span class="p">)</span>
df <span class="o">&lt;-</span> sql<span class="p">(</span>sqlContext<span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;SELECT * FROM table&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 id="interoperating-with-rdds">Interoperating with RDDs</h2>
<p>Spark SQL supports two different methods for converting existing RDDs into DataFrames. The first
method uses reflection to infer the schema of an RDD that contains specific types of objects. This
reflection based approach leads to more concise code and works well when you already know the schema
while writing your Spark application.</p>
<p>The second method for creating DataFrames is through a programmatic interface that allows you to
construct a schema and then apply it to an existing RDD. While this method is more verbose, it allows
you to construct DataFrames when the columns and their types are not known until runtime.</p>
<h3 id="inferring-the-schema-using-reflection">Inferring the Schema Using Reflection</h3>
<div class="codetabs">
<div data-lang="scala">
<p>The Scala interface for Spark SQL supports automatically converting an RDD containing case classes
to a DataFrame. The case class
defines the schema of the table. The names of the arguments to the case class are read using
reflection and become the names of the columns. Case classes can also be nested or contain complex
types such as Sequences or Arrays. This RDD can be implicitly converted to a DataFrame and then be
registered as a table. Tables can be used in subsequent SQL statements.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scala" data-lang="scala"><span class="c1">// sc is an existing SparkContext.</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">org</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">apache</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">spark</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nc">SQLContext</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// this is used to implicitly convert an RDD to a DataFrame.</span>
<span class="k">import</span> <span class="nn">sqlContext.implicits._</span>
<span class="c1">// Define the schema using a case class.</span>
<span class="c1">// Note: Case classes in Scala 2.10 can support only up to 22 fields. To work around this limit,</span>
<span class="c1">// you can use custom classes that implement the Product interface.</span>
<span class="k">case</span> <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Person</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="k">:</span> <span class="kt">String</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">age</span><span class="k">:</span> <span class="kt">Int</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// Create an RDD of Person objects and register it as a table.</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">people</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">textFile</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.txt&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="k">_</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;,&quot;</span><span class="o">)).</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="k">=&gt;</span> <span class="nc">Person</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">),</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="n">trim</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">toInt</span><span class="o">)).</span><span class="n">toDF</span><span class="o">()</span>
<span class="n">people</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">registerTempTable</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;people&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// SQL statements can be run by using the sql methods provided by sqlContext.</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">teenagers</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT name, age FROM people WHERE age &gt;= 13 AND age &lt;= 19&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// The results of SQL queries are DataFrames and support all the normal RDD operations.</span>
<span class="c1">// The columns of a row in the result can be accessed by field index:</span>
<span class="n">teenagers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">=&gt;</span> <span class="s">&quot;Name: &quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">)).</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="n">foreach</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">println</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// or by field name:</span>
<span class="n">teenagers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">=&gt;</span> <span class="s">&quot;Name: &quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getAs</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="kt">String</span><span class="o">](</span><span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="o">)).</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="n">foreach</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">println</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// row.getValuesMap[T] retrieves multiple columns at once into a Map[String, T]</span>
<span class="n">teenagers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="k">_</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getValuesMap</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="kt">Any</span><span class="o">](</span><span class="nc">List</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="o">))).</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="n">foreach</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">println</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// Map(&quot;name&quot; -&gt; &quot;Justin&quot;, &quot;age&quot; -&gt; 19)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="java">
<p>Spark SQL supports automatically converting an RDD of <a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3295496/what-is-a-javabean-exactly">JavaBeans</a>
into a DataFrame. The BeanInfo, obtained using reflection, defines the schema of the table.
Currently, Spark SQL does not support JavaBeans that contain
nested or contain complex types such as Lists or Arrays. You can create a JavaBean by creating a
class that implements Serializable and has getters and setters for all of its fields.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-java" data-lang="java"><span class="kd">public</span> <span class="kd">static</span> <span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">Person</span> <span class="kd">implements</span> <span class="n">Serializable</span> <span class="o">{</span>
<span class="kd">private</span> <span class="n">String</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">;</span>
<span class="kd">private</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">age</span><span class="o">;</span>
<span class="kd">public</span> <span class="n">String</span> <span class="nf">getName</span><span class="o">()</span> <span class="o">{</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">;</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
<span class="kd">public</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">setName</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">String</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="o">{</span>
<span class="k">this</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">;</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
<span class="kd">public</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">getAge</span><span class="o">()</span> <span class="o">{</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">age</span><span class="o">;</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
<span class="kd">public</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">setAge</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">age</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="o">{</span>
<span class="k">this</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">age</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">age</span><span class="o">;</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
<span class="o">}</span></code></pre></div>
<p>A schema can be applied to an existing RDD by calling <code>createDataFrame</code> and providing the Class object
for the JavaBean.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-java" data-lang="java"><span class="c1">// sc is an existing JavaSparkContext.</span>
<span class="n">SQLContext</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">org</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">apache</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">spark</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">sql</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">SQLContext</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="c1">// Load a text file and convert each line to a JavaBean.</span>
<span class="n">JavaRDD</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Person</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">people</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">textFile</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.txt&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="na">map</span><span class="o">(</span>
<span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">Person</span><span class="o">&gt;()</span> <span class="o">{</span>
<span class="kd">public</span> <span class="n">Person</span> <span class="nf">call</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">String</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="kd">throws</span> <span class="n">Exception</span> <span class="o">{</span>
<span class="n">String</span><span class="o">[]</span> <span class="n">parts</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">split</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;,&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="n">Person</span> <span class="n">person</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="nf">Person</span><span class="o">();</span>
<span class="n">person</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">setName</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">parts</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">]);</span>
<span class="n">person</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">setAge</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">Integer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">parseInt</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">parts</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">].</span><span class="na">trim</span><span class="o">()));</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">person</span><span class="o">;</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
<span class="o">});</span>
<span class="c1">// Apply a schema to an RDD of JavaBeans and register it as a table.</span>
<span class="n">DataFrame</span> <span class="n">schemaPeople</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">createDataFrame</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">people</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">Person</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">class</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="n">schemaPeople</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">registerTempTable</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;people&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="c1">// SQL can be run over RDDs that have been registered as tables.</span>
<span class="n">DataFrame</span> <span class="n">teenagers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">sql</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT name FROM people WHERE age &gt;= 13 AND age &lt;= 19&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// The results of SQL queries are DataFrames and support all the normal RDD operations.</span>
<span class="c1">// The columns of a row in the result can be accessed by ordinal.</span>
<span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">teenagerNames</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">teenagers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">javaRDD</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">map</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Row</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">String</span><span class="o">&gt;()</span> <span class="o">{</span>
<span class="kd">public</span> <span class="n">String</span> <span class="nf">call</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">Row</span> <span class="n">row</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="o">{</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&quot;Name: &quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">row</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">getString</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
<span class="o">}).</span><span class="na">collect</span><span class="o">();</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="python">
<p>Spark SQL can convert an RDD of Row objects to a DataFrame, inferring the datatypes. Rows are constructed by passing a list of
key/value pairs as kwargs to the Row class. The keys of this list define the column names of the table,
and the types are inferred by looking at the first row. Since we currently only look at the first
row, it is important that there is no missing data in the first row of the RDD. In future versions we
plan to more completely infer the schema by looking at more data, similar to the inference that is
performed on JSON files.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="c"># sc is an existing SparkContext.</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyspark.sql</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SQLContext</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Row</span>
<span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SQLContext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Load a text file and convert each line to a Row.</span>
<span class="n">lines</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">textFile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.txt&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">parts</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">lines</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">l</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">l</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;,&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">people</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">age</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])))</span>
<span class="c"># Infer the schema, and register the DataFrame as a table.</span>
<span class="n">schemaPeople</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">createDataFrame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">people</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">schemaPeople</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">registerTempTable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;people&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># SQL can be run over DataFrames that have been registered as a table.</span>
<span class="n">teenagers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT name FROM people WHERE age &gt;= 13 AND age &lt;= 19&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># The results of SQL queries are RDDs and support all the normal RDD operations.</span>
<span class="n">teenNames</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">teenagers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;Name: &quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">teenName</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">teenNames</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">teenName</span><span class="p">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<h3 id="programmatically-specifying-the-schema">Programmatically Specifying the Schema</h3>
<div class="codetabs">
<div data-lang="scala">
<p>When case classes cannot be defined ahead of time (for example,
the structure of records is encoded in a string, or a text dataset will be parsed
and fields will be projected differently for different users),
a <code>DataFrame</code> can be created programmatically with three steps.</p>
<ol>
<li>Create an RDD of <code>Row</code>s from the original RDD;</li>
<li>Create the schema represented by a <code>StructType</code> matching the structure of
<code>Row</code>s in the RDD created in Step 1.</li>
<li>Apply the schema to the RDD of <code>Row</code>s via <code>createDataFrame</code> method provided
by <code>SQLContext</code>.</li>
</ol>
<p>For example:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scala" data-lang="scala"><span class="c1">// sc is an existing SparkContext.</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">org</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">apache</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">spark</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nc">SQLContext</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// Create an RDD</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">people</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">textFile</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.txt&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// The schema is encoded in a string</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">schemaString</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;name age&quot;</span>
<span class="c1">// Import Row.</span>
<span class="k">import</span> <span class="nn">org.apache.spark.sql.Row</span><span class="o">;</span>
<span class="c1">// Import Spark SQL data types</span>
<span class="k">import</span> <span class="nn">org.apache.spark.sql.types.</span><span class="o">{</span><span class="nc">StructType</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="nc">StructField</span><span class="o">,</span><span class="nc">StringType</span><span class="o">};</span>
<span class="c1">// Generate the schema based on the string of schema</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">schema</span> <span class="k">=</span>
<span class="nc">StructType</span><span class="o">(</span>
<span class="n">schemaString</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot; &quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">fieldName</span> <span class="k">=&gt;</span> <span class="nc">StructField</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">fieldName</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nc">StringType</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="kc">true</span><span class="o">)))</span>
<span class="c1">// Convert records of the RDD (people) to Rows.</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">rowRDD</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">people</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="k">_</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;,&quot;</span><span class="o">)).</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="k">=&gt;</span> <span class="nc">Row</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">),</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="n">trim</span><span class="o">))</span>
<span class="c1">// Apply the schema to the RDD.</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">peopleDataFrame</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">createDataFrame</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">rowRDD</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">schema</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// Register the DataFrames as a table.</span>
<span class="n">peopleDataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">registerTempTable</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;people&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// SQL statements can be run by using the sql methods provided by sqlContext.</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">results</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT name FROM people&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// The results of SQL queries are DataFrames and support all the normal RDD operations.</span>
<span class="c1">// The columns of a row in the result can be accessed by field index or by field name.</span>
<span class="n">results</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">=&gt;</span> <span class="s">&quot;Name: &quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">)).</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="n">foreach</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">println</span><span class="o">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="java">
<p>When JavaBean classes cannot be defined ahead of time (for example,
the structure of records is encoded in a string, or a text dataset will be parsed and
fields will be projected differently for different users),
a <code>DataFrame</code> can be created programmatically with three steps.</p>
<ol>
<li>Create an RDD of <code>Row</code>s from the original RDD;</li>
<li>Create the schema represented by a <code>StructType</code> matching the structure of
<code>Row</code>s in the RDD created in Step 1.</li>
<li>Apply the schema to the RDD of <code>Row</code>s via <code>createDataFrame</code> method provided
by <code>SQLContext</code>.</li>
</ol>
<p>For example:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-java" data-lang="java"><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">org.apache.spark.api.java.function.Function</span><span class="o">;</span>
<span class="c1">// Import factory methods provided by DataTypes.</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">org.apache.spark.sql.types.DataTypes</span><span class="o">;</span>
<span class="c1">// Import StructType and StructField</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">org.apache.spark.sql.types.StructType</span><span class="o">;</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">org.apache.spark.sql.types.StructField</span><span class="o">;</span>
<span class="c1">// Import Row.</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">org.apache.spark.sql.Row</span><span class="o">;</span>
<span class="c1">// Import RowFactory.</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">org.apache.spark.sql.RowFactory</span><span class="o">;</span>
<span class="c1">// sc is an existing JavaSparkContext.</span>
<span class="n">SQLContext</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">org</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">apache</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">spark</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">sql</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">SQLContext</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="c1">// Load a text file and convert each line to a JavaBean.</span>
<span class="n">JavaRDD</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">people</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">textFile</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.txt&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="c1">// The schema is encoded in a string</span>
<span class="n">String</span> <span class="n">schemaString</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;name age&quot;</span><span class="o">;</span>
<span class="c1">// Generate the schema based on the string of schema</span>
<span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">StructField</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">fields</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">ArrayList</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">StructField</span><span class="o">&gt;();</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="n">String</span> <span class="nl">fieldName:</span> <span class="n">schemaString</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">split</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot; &quot;</span><span class="o">))</span> <span class="o">{</span>
<span class="n">fields</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">DataTypes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">createStructField</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">fieldName</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">DataTypes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">StringType</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="kc">true</span><span class="o">));</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
<span class="n">StructType</span> <span class="n">schema</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">DataTypes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">createStructType</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">fields</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="c1">// Convert records of the RDD (people) to Rows.</span>
<span class="n">JavaRDD</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Row</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">rowRDD</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">people</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">map</span><span class="o">(</span>
<span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">Row</span><span class="o">&gt;()</span> <span class="o">{</span>
<span class="kd">public</span> <span class="n">Row</span> <span class="nf">call</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">String</span> <span class="n">record</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="kd">throws</span> <span class="n">Exception</span> <span class="o">{</span>
<span class="n">String</span><span class="o">[]</span> <span class="n">fields</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">record</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">split</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;,&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">RowFactory</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">create</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">fields</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">],</span> <span class="n">fields</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">].</span><span class="na">trim</span><span class="o">());</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
<span class="o">});</span>
<span class="c1">// Apply the schema to the RDD.</span>
<span class="n">DataFrame</span> <span class="n">peopleDataFrame</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">createDataFrame</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">rowRDD</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">schema</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="c1">// Register the DataFrame as a table.</span>
<span class="n">peopleDataFrame</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">registerTempTable</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;people&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="c1">// SQL can be run over RDDs that have been registered as tables.</span>
<span class="n">DataFrame</span> <span class="n">results</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">sql</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT name FROM people&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="c1">// The results of SQL queries are DataFrames and support all the normal RDD operations.</span>
<span class="c1">// The columns of a row in the result can be accessed by ordinal.</span>
<span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">names</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">results</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">javaRDD</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">map</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Row</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">String</span><span class="o">&gt;()</span> <span class="o">{</span>
<span class="kd">public</span> <span class="n">String</span> <span class="nf">call</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">Row</span> <span class="n">row</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="o">{</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&quot;Name: &quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">row</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">getString</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
<span class="o">}).</span><span class="na">collect</span><span class="o">();</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="python">
<p>When a dictionary of kwargs cannot be defined ahead of time (for example,
the structure of records is encoded in a string, or a text dataset will be parsed and
fields will be projected differently for different users),
a <code>DataFrame</code> can be created programmatically with three steps.</p>
<ol>
<li>Create an RDD of tuples or lists from the original RDD;</li>
<li>Create the schema represented by a <code>StructType</code> matching the structure of
tuples or lists in the RDD created in the step 1.</li>
<li>Apply the schema to the RDD via <code>createDataFrame</code> method provided by <code>SQLContext</code>.</li>
</ol>
<p>For example:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="c"># Import SQLContext and data types</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyspark.sql</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SQLContext</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyspark.sql.types</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>
<span class="c"># sc is an existing SparkContext.</span>
<span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SQLContext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Load a text file and convert each line to a tuple.</span>
<span class="n">lines</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">textFile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.txt&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">parts</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">lines</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">l</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">l</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;,&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">people</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strip</span><span class="p">()))</span>
<span class="c"># The schema is encoded in a string.</span>
<span class="n">schemaString</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;name age&quot;</span>
<span class="n">fields</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">StructField</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">field_name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">StringType</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">field_name</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">schemaString</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">()]</span>
<span class="n">schema</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">StructType</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fields</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Apply the schema to the RDD.</span>
<span class="n">schemaPeople</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">createDataFrame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">people</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">schema</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Register the DataFrame as a table.</span>
<span class="n">schemaPeople</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">registerTempTable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;people&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># SQL can be run over DataFrames that have been registered as a table.</span>
<span class="n">results</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT name FROM people&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># The results of SQL queries are RDDs and support all the normal RDD operations.</span>
<span class="n">names</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">results</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;Name: &quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">names</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<h1 id="data-sources">Data Sources</h1>
<p>Spark SQL supports operating on a variety of data sources through the <code>DataFrame</code> interface.
A DataFrame can be operated on as normal RDDs and can also be registered as a temporary table.
Registering a DataFrame as a table allows you to run SQL queries over its data. This section
describes the general methods for loading and saving data using the Spark Data Sources and then
goes into specific options that are available for the built-in data sources.</p>
<h2 id="generic-loadsave-functions">Generic Load/Save Functions</h2>
<p>In the simplest form, the default data source (<code>parquet</code> unless otherwise configured by
<code>spark.sql.sources.default</code>) will be used for all operations.</p>
<div class="codetabs">
<div data-lang="scala">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scala" data-lang="scala"><span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">df</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/users.parquet&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;favorite_color&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;namesAndFavColors.parquet&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="java">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-java" data-lang="java"><span class="n">DataFrame</span> <span class="n">df</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">read</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/users.parquet&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">select</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;favorite_color&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="na">write</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">save</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;namesAndFavColors.parquet&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="python">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="n">df</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/users.parquet&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;favorite_color&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;namesAndFavColors.parquet&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="r">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-r" data-lang="r">df <span class="o">&lt;-</span> loadDF<span class="p">(</span>sqlContext<span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;people.parquet&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
saveDF<span class="p">(</span>select<span class="p">(</span>df<span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">&quot;namesAndAges.parquet&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<h3 id="manually-specifying-options">Manually Specifying Options</h3>
<p>You can also manually specify the data source that will be used along with any extra options
that you would like to pass to the data source. Data sources are specified by their fully qualified
name (i.e., <code>org.apache.spark.sql.parquet</code>), but for built-in sources you can also use their short
names (<code>json</code>, <code>parquet</code>, <code>jdbc</code>). DataFrames of any type can be converted into other types
using this syntax.</p>
<div class="codetabs">
<div data-lang="scala">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scala" data-lang="scala"><span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">df</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;json&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.json&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;parquet&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;namesAndAges.parquet&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="java">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-java" data-lang="java"><span class="n">DataFrame</span> <span class="n">df</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">read</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">format</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;json&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.json&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">select</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="na">write</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">format</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;parquet&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="na">save</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;namesAndAges.parquet&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="python">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="n">df</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.json&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">format</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;json&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;namesAndAges.parquet&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">format</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;parquet&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="r">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-r" data-lang="r">df <span class="o">&lt;-</span> loadDF<span class="p">(</span>sqlContext<span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;people.json&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;json&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
saveDF<span class="p">(</span>select<span class="p">(</span>df<span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">&quot;namesAndAges.parquet&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;parquet&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<h3 id="save-modes">Save Modes</h3>
<p>Save operations can optionally take a <code>SaveMode</code>, that specifies how to handle existing data if
present. It is important to realize that these save modes do not utilize any locking and are not
atomic. Additionally, when performing a <code>Overwrite</code>, the data will be deleted before writing out the
new data.</p>
<table class="table">
<tr><th>Scala/Java</th><th>Any Language</th><th>Meaning</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SaveMode.ErrorIfExists</code> (default)</td>
<td><code>"error"</code> (default)</td>
<td>
When saving a DataFrame to a data source, if data already exists,
an exception is expected to be thrown.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SaveMode.Append</code></td>
<td><code>"append"</code></td>
<td>
When saving a DataFrame to a data source, if data/table already exists,
contents of the DataFrame are expected to be appended to existing data.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SaveMode.Overwrite</code></td>
<td><code>"overwrite"</code></td>
<td>
Overwrite mode means that when saving a DataFrame to a data source,
if data/table already exists, existing data is expected to be overwritten by the contents of
the DataFrame.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SaveMode.Ignore</code></td>
<td><code>"ignore"</code></td>
<td>
Ignore mode means that when saving a DataFrame to a data source, if data already exists,
the save operation is expected to not save the contents of the DataFrame and to not
change the existing data. This is similar to a <code>CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS</code> in SQL.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3 id="saving-to-persistent-tables">Saving to Persistent Tables</h3>
<p>When working with a <code>HiveContext</code>, <code>DataFrames</code> can also be saved as persistent tables using the
<code>saveAsTable</code> command. Unlike the <code>registerTempTable</code> command, <code>saveAsTable</code> will materialize the
contents of the dataframe and create a pointer to the data in the HiveMetastore. Persistent tables
will still exist even after your Spark program has restarted, as long as you maintain your connection
to the same metastore. A DataFrame for a persistent table can be created by calling the <code>table</code>
method on a <code>SQLContext</code> with the name of the table.</p>
<p>By default <code>saveAsTable</code> will create a &#8220;managed table&#8221;, meaning that the location of the data will
be controlled by the metastore. Managed tables will also have their data deleted automatically
when a table is dropped.</p>
<h2 id="parquet-files">Parquet Files</h2>
<p><a href="http://parquet.io">Parquet</a> is a columnar format that is supported by many other data processing systems.
Spark SQL provides support for both reading and writing Parquet files that automatically preserves the schema
of the original data.</p>
<h3 id="loading-data-programmatically">Loading Data Programmatically</h3>
<p>Using the data from the above example:</p>
<div class="codetabs">
<div data-lang="scala">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scala" data-lang="scala"><span class="c1">// sqlContext from the previous example is used in this example.</span>
<span class="c1">// This is used to implicitly convert an RDD to a DataFrame.</span>
<span class="k">import</span> <span class="nn">sqlContext.implicits._</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">people</span><span class="k">:</span> <span class="kt">RDD</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="kt">Person</span><span class="o">]</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="c1">// An RDD of case class objects, from the previous example.</span>
<span class="c1">// The RDD is implicitly converted to a DataFrame by implicits, allowing it to be stored using Parquet.</span>
<span class="n">people</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parquet</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;people.parquet&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// Read in the parquet file created above. Parquet files are self-describing so the schema is preserved.</span>
<span class="c1">// The result of loading a Parquet file is also a DataFrame.</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">parquetFile</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parquet</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;people.parquet&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">//Parquet files can also be registered as tables and then used in SQL statements.</span>
<span class="n">parquetFile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">registerTempTable</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;parquetFile&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">teenagers</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT name FROM parquetFile WHERE age &gt;= 13 AND age &lt;= 19&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="n">teenagers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">=&gt;</span> <span class="s">&quot;Name: &quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">)).</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="n">foreach</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">println</span><span class="o">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="java">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-java" data-lang="java"><span class="c1">// sqlContext from the previous example is used in this example.</span>
<span class="n">DataFrame</span> <span class="n">schemaPeople</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="c1">// The DataFrame from the previous example.</span>
<span class="c1">// DataFrames can be saved as Parquet files, maintaining the schema information.</span>
<span class="n">schemaPeople</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">write</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">parquet</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;people.parquet&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="c1">// Read in the Parquet file created above. Parquet files are self-describing so the schema is preserved.</span>
<span class="c1">// The result of loading a parquet file is also a DataFrame.</span>
<span class="n">DataFrame</span> <span class="n">parquetFile</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">read</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">parquet</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;people.parquet&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="c1">// Parquet files can also be registered as tables and then used in SQL statements.</span>
<span class="n">parquetFile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">registerTempTable</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;parquetFile&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="n">DataFrame</span> <span class="n">teenagers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">sql</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT name FROM parquetFile WHERE age &gt;= 13 AND age &lt;= 19&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">teenagerNames</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">teenagers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">javaRDD</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">map</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">Function</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Row</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">String</span><span class="o">&gt;()</span> <span class="o">{</span>
<span class="kd">public</span> <span class="n">String</span> <span class="nf">call</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">Row</span> <span class="n">row</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="o">{</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&quot;Name: &quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">row</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">getString</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
<span class="o">}).</span><span class="na">collect</span><span class="o">();</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="python">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="c"># sqlContext from the previous example is used in this example.</span>
<span class="n">schemaPeople</span> <span class="c"># The DataFrame from the previous example.</span>
<span class="c"># DataFrames can be saved as Parquet files, maintaining the schema information.</span>
<span class="n">schemaPeople</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parquet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;people.parquet&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Read in the Parquet file created above. Parquet files are self-describing so the schema is preserved.</span>
<span class="c"># The result of loading a parquet file is also a DataFrame.</span>
<span class="n">parquetFile</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parquet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;people.parquet&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Parquet files can also be registered as tables and then used in SQL statements.</span>
<span class="n">parquetFile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">registerTempTable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;parquetFile&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">teenagers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT name FROM parquetFile WHERE age &gt;= 13 AND age &lt;= 19&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">teenNames</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">teenagers</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;Name: &quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">teenName</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">teenNames</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">teenName</span><span class="p">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="r">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-r" data-lang="r"><span class="c1"># sqlContext from the previous example is used in this example.</span>
schemaPeople <span class="c1"># The DataFrame from the previous example.</span>
<span class="c1"># DataFrames can be saved as Parquet files, maintaining the schema information.</span>
saveAsParquetFile<span class="p">(</span>schemaPeople<span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;people.parquet&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Read in the Parquet file created above. Parquet files are self-describing so the schema is preserved.</span>
<span class="c1"># The result of loading a parquet file is also a DataFrame.</span>
parquetFile <span class="o">&lt;-</span> parquetFile<span class="p">(</span>sqlContext<span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;people.parquet&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Parquet files can also be registered as tables and then used in SQL statements.</span>
registerTempTable<span class="p">(</span>parquetFile<span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;parquetFile&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
teenagers <span class="o">&lt;-</span> sql<span class="p">(</span>sqlContext<span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;SELECT name FROM parquetFile WHERE age &gt;= 13 AND age &lt;= 19&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
teenNames <span class="o">&lt;-</span> map<span class="p">(</span>teenagers<span class="p">,</span> <span class="kr">function</span><span class="p">(</span>p<span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="kp">paste</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;Name:&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> p<span class="o">$</span>name<span class="p">)})</span>
<span class="kr">for</span> <span class="p">(</span>teenName <span class="kr">in</span> collect<span class="p">(</span>teenNames<span class="p">))</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kp">cat</span><span class="p">(</span>teenName<span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;\n&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">}</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="python">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="c"># sqlContext is an existing HiveContext</span>
<span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;REFRESH TABLE my_table&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="sql">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-sql" data-lang="sql"><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TEMPORARY</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">parquetTable</span>
<span class="k">USING</span> <span class="n">org</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">apache</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">spark</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="k">sql</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">parquet</span>
<span class="k">OPTIONS</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">path</span> <span class="ss">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.parquet&quot;</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">parquetTable</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<h3 id="partition-discovery">Partition Discovery</h3>
<p>Table partitioning is a common optimization approach used in systems like Hive. In a partitioned
table, data are usually stored in different directories, with partitioning column values encoded in
the path of each partition directory. The Parquet data source is now able to discover and infer
partitioning information automatically. For example, we can store all our previously used
population data into a partitioned table using the following directory structure, with two extra
columns, <code>gender</code> and <code>country</code> as partitioning columns:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-text" data-lang="text">path
└── to
└── table
├── gender=male
│   ├── ...
│   │
│   ├── country=US
│   │   └── data.parquet
│   ├── country=CN
│   │   └── data.parquet
│   └── ...
└── gender=female
   ├── ...
   │
   ├── country=US
   │   └── data.parquet
   ├── country=CN
   │   └── data.parquet
   └── ...</code></pre></div>
<p>By passing <code>path/to/table</code> to either <code>SQLContext.read.parquet</code> or <code>SQLContext.read.load</code>, Spark SQL
will automatically extract the partitioning information from the paths.
Now the schema of the returned DataFrame becomes:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-text" data-lang="text">root
|-- name: string (nullable = true)
|-- age: long (nullable = true)
|-- gender: string (nullable = true)
|-- country: string (nullable = true)</code></pre></div>
<p>Notice that the data types of the partitioning columns are automatically inferred. Currently,
numeric data types and string type are supported. Sometimes users may not want to automatically
infer the data types of the partitioning columns. For these use cases, the automatic type inference
can be configured by <code>spark.sql.sources.partitionColumnTypeInference.enabled</code>, which is default to
<code>true</code>. When type inference is disabled, string type will be used for the partitioning columns.</p>
<h3 id="schema-merging">Schema Merging</h3>
<p>Like ProtocolBuffer, Avro, and Thrift, Parquet also supports schema evolution. Users can start with
a simple schema, and gradually add more columns to the schema as needed. In this way, users may end
up with multiple Parquet files with different but mutually compatible schemas. The Parquet data
source is now able to automatically detect this case and merge schemas of all these files.</p>
<p>Since schema merging is a relatively expensive operation, and is not a necessity in most cases, we
turned it off by default starting from 1.5.0. You may enable it by</p>
<ol>
<li>setting data source option <code>mergeSchema</code> to <code>true</code> when reading Parquet files (as shown in the
examples below), or</li>
<li>setting the global SQL option <code>spark.sql.parquet.mergeSchema</code> to <code>true</code>.</li>
</ol>
<div class="codetabs">
<div data-lang="scala">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scala" data-lang="scala"><span class="c1">// sqlContext from the previous example is used in this example.</span>
<span class="c1">// This is used to implicitly convert an RDD to a DataFrame.</span>
<span class="k">import</span> <span class="nn">sqlContext.implicits._</span>
<span class="c1">// Create a simple DataFrame, stored into a partition directory</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">df1</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">makeRDD</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="k">=&gt;</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">)).</span><span class="n">toDF</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;single&quot;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;double&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="n">df1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parquet</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;data/test_table/key=1&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// Create another DataFrame in a new partition directory,</span>
<span class="c1">// adding a new column and dropping an existing column</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">df2</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">makeRDD</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="mi">6</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="k">=&gt;</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">)).</span><span class="n">toDF</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;single&quot;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;triple&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="n">df2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parquet</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;data/test_table/key=2&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// Read the partitioned table</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">df3</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">option</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;mergeSchema&quot;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;true&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="n">parquet</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;data/test_table&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="n">df3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">printSchema</span><span class="o">()</span>
<span class="c1">// The final schema consists of all 3 columns in the Parquet files together</span>
<span class="c1">// with the partitioning column appeared in the partition directory paths.</span>
<span class="c1">// root</span>
<span class="c1">// |-- single: int (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c1">// |-- double: int (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c1">// |-- triple: int (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c1">// |-- key : int (nullable = true)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="python">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="c"># sqlContext from the previous example is used in this example.</span>
<span class="c"># Create a simple DataFrame, stored into a partition directory</span>
<span class="n">df1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">createDataFrame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parallelize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">))</span>\
<span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">single</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">double</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="n">df1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parquet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;data/test_table/key=1&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Create another DataFrame in a new partition directory,</span>
<span class="c"># adding a new column and dropping an existing column</span>
<span class="n">df2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">createDataFrame</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parallelize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">11</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Row</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">single</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">triple</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="n">df2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parquet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;data/test_table/key=2&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Read the partitioned table</span>
<span class="n">df3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;mergeSchema&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;true&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parquet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;data/test_table&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">df3</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">printSchema</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c"># The final schema consists of all 3 columns in the Parquet files together</span>
<span class="c"># with the partitioning column appeared in the partition directory paths.</span>
<span class="c"># root</span>
<span class="c"># |-- single: int (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c"># |-- double: int (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c"># |-- triple: int (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c"># |-- key : int (nullable = true)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="r">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-r" data-lang="r"><span class="c1"># sqlContext from the previous example is used in this example.</span>
<span class="c1"># Create a simple DataFrame, stored into a partition directory</span>
saveDF<span class="p">(</span>df1<span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;data/test_table/key=1&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;parquet&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;overwrite&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Create another DataFrame in a new partition directory,</span>
<span class="c1"># adding a new column and dropping an existing column</span>
saveDF<span class="p">(</span>df2<span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;data/test_table/key=2&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;parquet&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;overwrite&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Read the partitioned table</span>
df3 <span class="o">&lt;-</span> loadDF<span class="p">(</span>sqlContext<span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;data/test_table&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;parquet&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> mergeSchema<span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;true&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
printSchema<span class="p">(</span>df3<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># The final schema consists of all 3 columns in the Parquet files together</span>
<span class="c1"># with the partitioning column appeared in the partition directory paths.</span>
<span class="c1"># root</span>
<span class="c1"># |-- single: int (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c1"># |-- double: int (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c1"># |-- triple: int (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c1"># |-- key : int (nullable = true)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<h3 id="hive-metastore-parquet-table-conversion">Hive metastore Parquet table conversion</h3>
<p>When reading from and writing to Hive metastore Parquet tables, Spark SQL will try to use its own
Parquet support instead of Hive SerDe for better performance. This behavior is controlled by the
<code>spark.sql.hive.convertMetastoreParquet</code> configuration, and is turned on by default.</p>
<h4 id="hiveparquet-schema-reconciliation">Hive/Parquet Schema Reconciliation</h4>
<p>There are two key differences between Hive and Parquet from the perspective of table schema
processing.</p>
<ol>
<li>Hive is case insensitive, while Parquet is not</li>
<li>Hive considers all columns nullable, while nullability in Parquet is significant</li>
</ol>
<p>Due to this reason, we must reconcile Hive metastore schema with Parquet schema when converting a
Hive metastore Parquet table to a Spark SQL Parquet table. The reconciliation rules are:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Fields that have the same name in both schema must have the same data type regardless of
nullability. The reconciled field should have the data type of the Parquet side, so that
nullability is respected.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The reconciled schema contains exactly those fields defined in Hive metastore schema.</p>
<ul>
<li>Any fields that only appear in the Parquet schema are dropped in the reconciled schema.</li>
<li>Any fileds that only appear in the Hive metastore schema are added as nullable field in the
reconciled schema.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="metadata-refreshing">Metadata Refreshing</h4>
<p>Spark SQL caches Parquet metadata for better performance. When Hive metastore Parquet table
conversion is enabled, metadata of those converted tables are also cached. If these tables are
updated by Hive or other external tools, you need to refresh them manually to ensure consistent
metadata.</p>
<div class="codetabs">
<div data-lang="scala">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scala" data-lang="scala"><span class="c1">// sqlContext is an existing HiveContext</span>
<span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">refreshTable</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;my_table&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="java">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-java" data-lang="java"><span class="c1">// sqlContext is an existing HiveContext</span>
<span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">refreshTable</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;my_table&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="python">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="c"># sqlContext is an existing HiveContext</span>
<span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">refreshTable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;my_table&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="sql">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-sql" data-lang="sql"><span class="n">REFRESH</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">my_table</span><span class="p">;</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<h3 id="configuration">Configuration</h3>
<p>Configuration of Parquet can be done using the <code>setConf</code> method on <code>SQLContext</code> or by running
<code>SET key=value</code> commands using SQL.</p>
<table class="table">
<tr><th>Property Name</th><th>Default</th><th>Meaning</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>spark.sql.parquet.binaryAsString</code></td>
<td>false</td>
<td>
Some other Parquet-producing systems, in particular Impala, Hive, and older versions of Spark SQL, do
not differentiate between binary data and strings when writing out the Parquet schema. This
flag tells Spark SQL to interpret binary data as a string to provide compatibility with these systems.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>spark.sql.parquet.int96AsTimestamp</code></td>
<td>true</td>
<td>
Some Parquet-producing systems, in particular Impala and Hive, store Timestamp into INT96. This
flag tells Spark SQL to interpret INT96 data as a timestamp to provide compatibility with these systems.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>spark.sql.parquet.cacheMetadata</code></td>
<td>true</td>
<td>
Turns on caching of Parquet schema metadata. Can speed up querying of static data.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>spark.sql.parquet.compression.codec</code></td>
<td>gzip</td>
<td>
Sets the compression codec use when writing Parquet files. Acceptable values include:
uncompressed, snappy, gzip, lzo.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>spark.sql.parquet.filterPushdown</code></td>
<td>true</td>
<td>Enables Parquet filter push-down optimization when set to true.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>spark.sql.hive.convertMetastoreParquet</code></td>
<td>true</td>
<td>
When set to false, Spark SQL will use the Hive SerDe for parquet tables instead of the built in
support.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>spark.sql.parquet.output.committer.class</code></td>
<td><code>org.apache.parquet.hadoop.<br />ParquetOutputCommitter</code></td>
<td>
<p>
The output committer class used by Parquet. The specified class needs to be a subclass of
<code>org.apache.hadoop.<br />mapreduce.OutputCommitter</code>. Typically, it's also a
subclass of <code>org.apache.parquet.hadoop.ParquetOutputCommitter</code>.
</p>
<p>
<b>Note:</b>
<ul>
<li>
This option is automatically ignored if <code>spark.speculation</code> is turned on.
</li>
<li>
This option must be set via Hadoop <code>Configuration</code> rather than Spark
<code>SQLConf</code>.
</li>
<li>
This option overrides <code>spark.sql.sources.<br />outputCommitterClass</code>.
</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p>
Spark SQL comes with a builtin
<code>org.apache.spark.sql.<br />parquet.DirectParquetOutputCommitter</code>, which can be more
efficient then the default Parquet output committer when writing data to S3.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>spark.sql.parquet.mergeSchema</code></td>
<td><code>false</code></td>
<td>
<p>
When true, the Parquet data source merges schemas collected from all data files, otherwise the
schema is picked from the summary file or a random data file if no summary file is available.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2 id="json-datasets">JSON Datasets</h2>
<div class="codetabs">
<div data-lang="scala">
<p>Spark SQL can automatically infer the schema of a JSON dataset and load it as a DataFrame.
This conversion can be done using <code>SQLContext.read.json()</code> on either an RDD of String,
or a JSON file.</p>
<p>Note that the file that is offered as <em>a json file</em> is not a typical JSON file. Each
line must contain a separate, self-contained valid JSON object. As a consequence,
a regular multi-line JSON file will most often fail.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scala" data-lang="scala"><span class="c1">// sc is an existing SparkContext.</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">org</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">apache</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">spark</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nc">SQLContext</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// A JSON dataset is pointed to by path.</span>
<span class="c1">// The path can be either a single text file or a directory storing text files.</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">path</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.json&quot;</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">people</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// The inferred schema can be visualized using the printSchema() method.</span>
<span class="n">people</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">printSchema</span><span class="o">()</span>
<span class="c1">// root</span>
<span class="c1">// |-- age: integer (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c1">// |-- name: string (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c1">// Register this DataFrame as a table.</span>
<span class="n">people</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">registerTempTable</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;people&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// SQL statements can be run by using the sql methods provided by sqlContext.</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">teenagers</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT name FROM people WHERE age &gt;= 13 AND age &lt;= 19&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// Alternatively, a DataFrame can be created for a JSON dataset represented by</span>
<span class="c1">// an RDD[String] storing one JSON object per string.</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">anotherPeopleRDD</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parallelize</span><span class="o">(</span>
<span class="s">&quot;&quot;&quot;{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Yin&quot;,&quot;address&quot;:{&quot;city&quot;:&quot;Columbus&quot;,&quot;state&quot;:&quot;Ohio&quot;}}&quot;&quot;&quot;</span> <span class="o">::</span> <span class="nc">Nil</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">anotherPeople</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">anotherPeopleRDD</span><span class="o">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="java">
<p>Spark SQL can automatically infer the schema of a JSON dataset and load it as a DataFrame.
This conversion can be done using <code>SQLContext.read().json()</code> on either an RDD of String,
or a JSON file.</p>
<p>Note that the file that is offered as <em>a json file</em> is not a typical JSON file. Each
line must contain a separate, self-contained valid JSON object. As a consequence,
a regular multi-line JSON file will most often fail.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-java" data-lang="java"><span class="c1">// sc is an existing JavaSparkContext.</span>
<span class="n">SQLContext</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">org</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">apache</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">spark</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">sql</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">SQLContext</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="c1">// A JSON dataset is pointed to by path.</span>
<span class="c1">// The path can be either a single text file or a directory storing text files.</span>
<span class="n">DataFrame</span> <span class="n">people</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">read</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">json</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.json&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="c1">// The inferred schema can be visualized using the printSchema() method.</span>
<span class="n">people</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">printSchema</span><span class="o">();</span>
<span class="c1">// root</span>
<span class="c1">// |-- age: integer (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c1">// |-- name: string (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c1">// Register this DataFrame as a table.</span>
<span class="n">people</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">registerTempTable</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;people&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="c1">// SQL statements can be run by using the sql methods provided by sqlContext.</span>
<span class="n">DataFrame</span> <span class="n">teenagers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">sql</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT name FROM people WHERE age &gt;= 13 AND age &lt;= 19&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="c1">// Alternatively, a DataFrame can be created for a JSON dataset represented by</span>
<span class="c1">// an RDD[String] storing one JSON object per string.</span>
<span class="n">List</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">jsonData</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Arrays</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">asList</span><span class="o">(</span>
<span class="s">&quot;{\&quot;name\&quot;:\&quot;Yin\&quot;,\&quot;address\&quot;:{\&quot;city\&quot;:\&quot;Columbus\&quot;,\&quot;state\&quot;:\&quot;Ohio\&quot;}}&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="n">JavaRDD</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">anotherPeopleRDD</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">parallelize</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">jsonData</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="n">DataFrame</span> <span class="n">anotherPeople</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">read</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">json</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">anotherPeopleRDD</span><span class="o">);</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="python">
<p>Spark SQL can automatically infer the schema of a JSON dataset and load it as a DataFrame.
This conversion can be done using <code>SQLContext.read.json</code> on a JSON file.</p>
<p>Note that the file that is offered as <em>a json file</em> is not a typical JSON file. Each
line must contain a separate, self-contained valid JSON object. As a consequence,
a regular multi-line JSON file will most often fail.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="c"># sc is an existing SparkContext.</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyspark.sql</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SQLContext</span>
<span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SQLContext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># A JSON dataset is pointed to by path.</span>
<span class="c"># The path can be either a single text file or a directory storing text files.</span>
<span class="n">people</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">json</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.json&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># The inferred schema can be visualized using the printSchema() method.</span>
<span class="n">people</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">printSchema</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c"># root</span>
<span class="c"># |-- age: integer (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c"># |-- name: string (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c"># Register this DataFrame as a table.</span>
<span class="n">people</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">registerTempTable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;people&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># SQL statements can be run by using the sql methods provided by `sqlContext`.</span>
<span class="n">teenagers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;SELECT name FROM people WHERE age &gt;= 13 AND age &lt;= 19&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Alternatively, a DataFrame can be created for a JSON dataset represented by</span>
<span class="c"># an RDD[String] storing one JSON object per string.</span>
<span class="n">anotherPeopleRDD</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parallelize</span><span class="p">([</span>
<span class="s">&#39;{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Yin&quot;,&quot;address&quot;:{&quot;city&quot;:&quot;Columbus&quot;,&quot;state&quot;:&quot;Ohio&quot;}}&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="n">anotherPeople</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">jsonRDD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">anotherPeopleRDD</span><span class="p">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="r">
<p>Spark SQL can automatically infer the schema of a JSON dataset and load it as a DataFrame. using
the <code>jsonFile</code> function, which loads data from a directory of JSON files where each line of the
files is a JSON object.</p>
<p>Note that the file that is offered as <em>a json file</em> is not a typical JSON file. Each
line must contain a separate, self-contained valid JSON object. As a consequence,
a regular multi-line JSON file will most often fail.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-r" data-lang="r"><span class="c1"># sc is an existing SparkContext.</span>
sqlContext <span class="o">&lt;-</span> sparkRSQL.init<span class="p">(</span>sc<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># A JSON dataset is pointed to by path.</span>
<span class="c1"># The path can be either a single text file or a directory storing text files.</span>
path <span class="o">&lt;-</span> <span class="s">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.json&quot;</span>
<span class="c1"># Create a DataFrame from the file(s) pointed to by path</span>
people <span class="o">&lt;-</span> jsonFile<span class="p">(</span>sqlContext<span class="p">,</span> path<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># The inferred schema can be visualized using the printSchema() method.</span>
printSchema<span class="p">(</span>people<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># root</span>
<span class="c1"># |-- age: integer (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c1"># |-- name: string (nullable = true)</span>
<span class="c1"># Register this DataFrame as a table.</span>
registerTempTable<span class="p">(</span>people<span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;people&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># SQL statements can be run by using the sql methods provided by `sqlContext`.</span>
teenagers <span class="o">&lt;-</span> sql<span class="p">(</span>sqlContext<span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;SELECT name FROM people WHERE age &gt;= 13 AND age &lt;= 19&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="sql">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-sql" data-lang="sql"><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TEMPORARY</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">jsonTable</span>
<span class="k">USING</span> <span class="n">org</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">apache</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">spark</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="k">sql</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">json</span>
<span class="k">OPTIONS</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">path</span> <span class="ss">&quot;examples/src/main/resources/people.json&quot;</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">jsonTable</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 id="hive-tables">Hive Tables</h2>
<p>Spark SQL also supports reading and writing data stored in <a href="http://hive.apache.org/">Apache Hive</a>.
However, since Hive has a large number of dependencies, it is not included in the default Spark assembly.
Hive support is enabled by adding the <code>-Phive</code> and <code>-Phive-thriftserver</code> flags to Spark&#8217;s build.
This command builds a new assembly jar that includes Hive. Note that this Hive assembly jar must also be present
on all of the worker nodes, as they will need access to the Hive serialization and deserialization libraries
(SerDes) in order to access data stored in Hive.</p>
<p>Configuration of Hive is done by placing your <code>hive-site.xml</code> file in <code>conf/</code>. Please note when running
the query on a YARN cluster (<code>yarn-cluster</code> mode), the <code>datanucleus</code> jars under the <code>lib_managed/jars</code> directory
and <code>hive-site.xml</code> under <code>conf/</code> directory need to be available on the driver and all executors launched by the
YARN cluster. The convenient way to do this is adding them through the <code>--jars</code> option and <code>--file</code> option of the
<code>spark-submit</code> command.</p>
<div class="codetabs">
<div data-lang="scala">
<p>When working with Hive one must construct a <code>HiveContext</code>, which inherits from <code>SQLContext</code>, and
adds support for finding tables in the MetaStore and writing queries using HiveQL. Users who do
not have an existing Hive deployment can still create a <code>HiveContext</code>. When not configured by the
hive-site.xml, the context automatically creates <code>metastore_db</code> and <code>warehouse</code> in the current
directory.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scala" data-lang="scala"><span class="c1">// sc is an existing SparkContext.</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">org</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">apache</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">spark</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hive</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nc">HiveContext</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS src (key INT, value STRING)&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH &#39;examples/src/main/resources/kv1.txt&#39; INTO TABLE src&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// Queries are expressed in HiveQL</span>
<span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;FROM src SELECT key, value&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="n">foreach</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">println</span><span class="o">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="java">
<p>When working with Hive one must construct a <code>HiveContext</code>, which inherits from <code>SQLContext</code>, and
adds support for finding tables in the MetaStore and writing queries using HiveQL. In addition to
the <code>sql</code> method a <code>HiveContext</code> also provides an <code>hql</code> method, which allows queries to be
expressed in HiveQL.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-java" data-lang="java"><span class="c1">// sc is an existing JavaSparkContext.</span>
<span class="n">HiveContext</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">org</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">apache</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">spark</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">sql</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">hive</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">HiveContext</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">sc</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">sql</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS src (key INT, value STRING)&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">sql</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH &#39;examples/src/main/resources/kv1.txt&#39; INTO TABLE src&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="c1">// Queries are expressed in HiveQL.</span>
<span class="n">Row</span><span class="o">[]</span> <span class="n">results</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">sql</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;FROM src SELECT key, value&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="na">collect</span><span class="o">();</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="python">
<p>When working with Hive one must construct a <code>HiveContext</code>, which inherits from <code>SQLContext</code>, and
adds support for finding tables in the MetaStore and writing queries using HiveQL.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="c"># sc is an existing SparkContext.</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyspark.sql</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">HiveContext</span>
<span class="n">sqlContext</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">HiveContext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sc</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS src (key INT, value STRING)&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH &#39;examples/src/main/resources/kv1.txt&#39; INTO TABLE src&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Queries can be expressed in HiveQL.</span>
<span class="n">results</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;FROM src SELECT key, value&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collect</span><span class="p">()</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="r">
<p>When working with Hive one must construct a <code>HiveContext</code>, which inherits from <code>SQLContext</code>, and
adds support for finding tables in the MetaStore and writing queries using HiveQL.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-r" data-lang="r"><span class="c1"># sc is an existing SparkContext.</span>
sqlContext <span class="o">&lt;-</span> sparkRHive.init<span class="p">(</span>sc<span class="p">)</span>
sql<span class="p">(</span>sqlContext<span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS src (key INT, value STRING)&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
sql<span class="p">(</span>sqlContext<span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH &#39;examples/src/main/resources/kv1.txt&#39; INTO TABLE src&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># Queries can be expressed in HiveQL.</span>
results <span class="o">&lt;-</span> collect<span class="p">(</span>sql<span class="p">(</span>sqlContext<span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;FROM src SELECT key, value&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<h3 id="interacting-with-different-versions-of-hive-metastore">Interacting with Different Versions of Hive Metastore</h3>
<p>One of the most important pieces of Spark SQL&#8217;s Hive support is interaction with Hive metastore,
which enables Spark SQL to access metadata of Hive tables. Starting from Spark 1.4.0, a single binary
build of Spark SQL can be used to query different versions of Hive metastores, using the configuration described below.
Note that independent of the version of Hive that is being used to talk to the metastore, internally Spark SQL
will compile against Hive 1.2.1 and use those classes for internal execution (serdes, UDFs, UDAFs, etc).</p>
<p>The following options can be used to configure the version of Hive that is used to retrieve metadata:</p>
<table class="table">
<tr><th>Property Name</th><th>Default</th><th>Meaning</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>spark.sql.hive.metastore.version</code></td>
<td><code>1.2.1</code></td>
<td>
Version of the Hive metastore. Available
options are <code>0.12.0</code> through <code>1.2.1</code>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>spark.sql.hive.metastore.jars</code></td>
<td><code>builtin</code></td>
<td>
Location of the jars that should be used to instantiate the HiveMetastoreClient. This
property can be one of three options:
<ol>
<li><code>builtin</code></li>
Use Hive 1.2.1, which is bundled with the Spark assembly jar when <code>-Phive</code> is
enabled. When this option is chosen, <code>spark.sql.hive.metastore.version</code> must be
either <code>1.2.1</code> or not defined.
<li><code>maven</code></li>
Use Hive jars of specified version downloaded from Maven repositories. This configuration
is not generally recommended for production deployments.
<li>A classpath in the standard format for the JVM. This classpath must include all of Hive
and its dependencies, including the correct version of Hadoop. These jars only need to be
present on the driver, but if you are running in yarn cluster mode then you must ensure
they are packaged with you application.</li>
</ol>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>spark.sql.hive.metastore.sharedPrefixes</code></td>
<td><code>com.mysql.jdbc,<br />org.postgresql,<br />com.microsoft.sqlserver,<br />oracle.jdbc</code></td>
<td>
<p>
A comma separated list of class prefixes that should be loaded using the classloader that is
shared between Spark SQL and a specific version of Hive. An example of classes that should
be shared is JDBC drivers that are needed to talk to the metastore. Other classes that need
to be shared are those that interact with classes that are already shared. For example,
custom appenders that are used by log4j.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>spark.sql.hive.metastore.barrierPrefixes</code></td>
<td><code>(empty)</code></td>
<td>
<p>
A comma separated list of class prefixes that should explicitly be reloaded for each version
of Hive that Spark SQL is communicating with. For example, Hive UDFs that are declared in a
prefix that typically would be shared (i.e. <code>org.apache.spark.*</code>).
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2 id="jdbc-to-other-databases">JDBC To Other Databases</h2>
<p>Spark SQL also includes a data source that can read data from other databases using JDBC. This
functionality should be preferred over using <a href="api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.rdd.JdbcRDD">JdbcRDD</a>.
This is because the results are returned
as a DataFrame and they can easily be processed in Spark SQL or joined with other data sources.
The JDBC data source is also easier to use from Java or Python as it does not require the user to
provide a ClassTag.
(Note that this is different than the Spark SQL JDBC server, which allows other applications to
run queries using Spark SQL).</p>
<p>To get started you will need to include the JDBC driver for you particular database on the
spark classpath. For example, to connect to postgres from the Spark Shell you would run the
following command:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="nv">SPARK_CLASSPATH</span><span class="o">=</span>postgresql-9.3-1102-jdbc41.jar bin/spark-shell</code></pre></div>
<p>Tables from the remote database can be loaded as a DataFrame or Spark SQL Temporary table using
the Data Sources API. The following options are supported:</p>
<table class="table">
<tr><th>Property Name</th><th>Meaning</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>url</code></td>
<td>
The JDBC URL to connect to.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>dbtable</code></td>
<td>
The JDBC table that should be read. Note that anything that is valid in a <code>FROM</code> clause of
a SQL query can be used. For example, instead of a full table you could also use a
subquery in parentheses.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>driver</code></td>
<td>
The class name of the JDBC driver needed to connect to this URL. This class will be loaded
on the master and workers before running an JDBC commands to allow the driver to
register itself with the JDBC subsystem.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>partitionColumn, lowerBound, upperBound, numPartitions</code></td>
<td>
These options must all be specified if any of them is specified. They describe how to
partition the table when reading in parallel from multiple workers.
<code>partitionColumn</code> must be a numeric column from the table in question. Notice
that <code>lowerBound</code> and <code>upperBound</code> are just used to decide the
partition stride, not for filtering the rows in table. So all rows in the table will be
partitioned and returned.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="codetabs">
<div data-lang="scala">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scala" data-lang="scala"><span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">jdbcDF</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;jdbc&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="n">options</span><span class="o">(</span>
<span class="nc">Map</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;url&quot;</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="s">&quot;jdbc:postgresql:dbserver&quot;</span><span class="o">,</span>
<span class="s">&quot;dbtable&quot;</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="s">&quot;schema.tablename&quot;</span><span class="o">)).</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="o">()</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="java">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-java" data-lang="java"><span class="n">Map</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">String</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">options</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">HashMap</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">String</span><span class="o">&gt;();</span>
<span class="n">options</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">put</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;url&quot;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;jdbc:postgresql:dbserver&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="n">options</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">put</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;dbtable&quot;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;schema.tablename&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span>
<span class="n">DataFrame</span> <span class="n">jdbcDF</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">read</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">format</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;jdbc&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span> <span class="n">options</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">options</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">();</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="python">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="n">df</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;jdbc&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">options</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;jdbc:postgresql:dbserver&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dbtable</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;schema.tablename&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">()</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="r">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-r" data-lang="r">df <span class="o">&lt;-</span> loadDF<span class="p">(</span>sqlContext<span class="p">,</span> <span class="kn">source</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;jdbc&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> url<span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;jdbc:postgresql:dbserver&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> dbtable<span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;schema.tablename&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="sql">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-sql" data-lang="sql"><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TEMPORARY</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">jdbcTable</span>
<span class="k">USING</span> <span class="n">org</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">apache</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">spark</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="k">sql</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">jdbc</span>
<span class="k">OPTIONS</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">url</span> <span class="ss">&quot;jdbc:postgresql:dbserver&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">dbtable</span> <span class="ss">&quot;schema.tablename&quot;</span>
<span class="p">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 id="troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</h2>
<ul>
<li>The JDBC driver class must be visible to the primordial class loader on the client session and on all executors. This is because Java&#8217;s DriverManager class does a security check that results in it ignoring all drivers not visible to the primordial class loader when one goes to open a connection. One convenient way to do this is to modify compute_classpath.sh on all worker nodes to include your driver JARs.</li>
<li>Some databases, such as H2, convert all names to upper case. You&#8217;ll need to use upper case to refer to those names in Spark SQL.</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="performance-tuning">Performance Tuning</h1>
<p>For some workloads it is possible to improve performance by either caching data in memory, or by
turning on some experimental options.</p>
<h2 id="caching-data-in-memory">Caching Data In Memory</h2>
<p>Spark SQL can cache tables using an in-memory columnar format by calling <code>sqlContext.cacheTable("tableName")</code> or <code>dataFrame.cache()</code>.
Then Spark SQL will scan only required columns and will automatically tune compression to minimize
memory usage and GC pressure. You can call <code>sqlContext.uncacheTable("tableName")</code> to remove the table from memory.</p>
<p>Configuration of in-memory caching can be done using the <code>setConf</code> method on <code>SQLContext</code> or by running
<code>SET key=value</code> commands using SQL.</p>
<table class="table">
<tr><th>Property Name</th><th>Default</th><th>Meaning</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>spark.sql.inMemoryColumnarStorage.compressed</code></td>
<td>true</td>
<td>
When set to true Spark SQL will automatically select a compression codec for each column based
on statistics of the data.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>spark.sql.inMemoryColumnarStorage.batchSize</code></td>
<td>10000</td>
<td>
Controls the size of batches for columnar caching. Larger batch sizes can improve memory utilization
and compression, but risk OOMs when caching data.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2 id="other-configuration-options">Other Configuration Options</h2>
<p>The following options can also be used to tune the performance of query execution. It is possible
that these options will be deprecated in future release as more optimizations are performed automatically.</p>
<table class="table">
<tr><th>Property Name</th><th>Default</th><th>Meaning</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>spark.sql.autoBroadcastJoinThreshold</code></td>
<td>10485760 (10 MB)</td>
<td>
Configures the maximum size in bytes for a table that will be broadcast to all worker nodes when
performing a join. By setting this value to -1 broadcasting can be disabled. Note that currently
statistics are only supported for Hive Metastore tables where the command
<code>ANALYZE TABLE &lt;tableName&gt; COMPUTE STATISTICS noscan</code> has been run.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>spark.sql.tungsten.enabled</code></td>
<td>true</td>
<td>
When true, use the optimized Tungsten physical execution backend which explicitly manages memory
and dynamically generates bytecode for expression evaluation.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>spark.sql.shuffle.partitions</code></td>
<td>200</td>
<td>
Configures the number of partitions to use when shuffling data for joins or aggregations.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>spark.sql.planner.externalSort</code></td>
<td>true</td>
<td>
When true, performs sorts spilling to disk as needed otherwise sort each partition in memory.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h1 id="distributed-sql-engine">Distributed SQL Engine</h1>
<p>Spark SQL can also act as a distributed query engine using its JDBC/ODBC or command-line interface.
In this mode, end-users or applications can interact with Spark SQL directly to run SQL queries,
without the need to write any code.</p>
<h2 id="running-the-thrift-jdbcodbc-server">Running the Thrift JDBC/ODBC server</h2>
<p>The Thrift JDBC/ODBC server implemented here corresponds to the <a href="https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/Hive/Setting+Up+HiveServer2"><code>HiveServer2</code></a>
in Hive 1.2.1 You can test the JDBC server with the beeline script that comes with either Spark or Hive 1.2.1.</p>
<p>To start the JDBC/ODBC server, run the following in the Spark directory:</p>
<pre><code>./sbin/start-thriftserver.sh
</code></pre>
<p>This script accepts all <code>bin/spark-submit</code> command line options, plus a <code>--hiveconf</code> option to
specify Hive properties. You may run <code>./sbin/start-thriftserver.sh --help</code> for a complete list of
all available options. By default, the server listens on localhost:10000. You may override this
behaviour via either environment variables, i.e.:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="nb">export </span><span class="nv">HIVE_SERVER2_THRIFT_PORT</span><span class="o">=</span>&lt;listening-port&gt;
<span class="nb">export </span><span class="nv">HIVE_SERVER2_THRIFT_BIND_HOST</span><span class="o">=</span>&lt;listening-host&gt;
./sbin/start-thriftserver.sh <span class="se">\</span>
--master &lt;master-uri&gt; <span class="se">\</span>
...</code></pre></div>
<p>or system properties:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">./sbin/start-thriftserver.sh <span class="se">\</span>
--hiveconf hive.server2.thrift.port<span class="o">=</span>&lt;listening-port&gt; <span class="se">\</span>
--hiveconf hive.server2.thrift.bind.host<span class="o">=</span>&lt;listening-host&gt; <span class="se">\</span>
--master &lt;master-uri&gt;
...</code></pre></div>
<p>Now you can use beeline to test the Thrift JDBC/ODBC server:</p>
<pre><code>./bin/beeline
</code></pre>
<p>Connect to the JDBC/ODBC server in beeline with:</p>
<pre><code>beeline&gt; !connect jdbc:hive2://localhost:10000
</code></pre>
<p>Beeline will ask you for a username and password. In non-secure mode, simply enter the username on
your machine and a blank password. For secure mode, please follow the instructions given in the
<a href="https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/Hive/HiveServer2+Clients">beeline documentation</a>.</p>
<p>Configuration of Hive is done by placing your <code>hive-site.xml</code> file in <code>conf/</code>.</p>
<p>You may also use the beeline script that comes with Hive.</p>
<p>Thrift JDBC server also supports sending thrift RPC messages over HTTP transport.
Use the following setting to enable HTTP mode as system property or in <code>hive-site.xml</code> file in <code>conf/</code>:</p>
<pre><code>hive.server2.transport.mode - Set this to value: http
hive.server2.thrift.http.port - HTTP port number fo listen on; default is 10001
hive.server2.http.endpoint - HTTP endpoint; default is cliservice
</code></pre>
<p>To test, use beeline to connect to the JDBC/ODBC server in http mode with:</p>
<pre><code>beeline&gt; !connect jdbc:hive2://&lt;host&gt;:&lt;port&gt;/&lt;database&gt;?hive.server2.transport.mode=http;hive.server2.thrift.http.path=&lt;http_endpoint&gt;
</code></pre>
<h2 id="running-the-spark-sql-cli">Running the Spark SQL CLI</h2>
<p>The Spark SQL CLI is a convenient tool to run the Hive metastore service in local mode and execute
queries input from the command line. Note that the Spark SQL CLI cannot talk to the Thrift JDBC server.</p>
<p>To start the Spark SQL CLI, run the following in the Spark directory:</p>
<pre><code>./bin/spark-sql
</code></pre>
<p>Configuration of Hive is done by placing your <code>hive-site.xml</code> file in <code>conf/</code>.
You may run <code>./bin/spark-sql --help</code> for a complete list of all available
options.</p>
<h1 id="migration-guide">Migration Guide</h1>
<h2 id="upgrading-from-spark-sql-14-to-15">Upgrading From Spark SQL 1.4 to 1.5</h2>
<ul>
<li>Optimized execution using manually managed memory (Tungsten) is now enabled by default, along with
code generation for expression evaluation. These features can both be disabled by setting
<code>spark.sql.tungsten.enabled</code> to `false.</li>
<li>Parquet schema merging is no longer enabled by default. It can be re-enabled by setting
<code>spark.sql.parquet.mergeSchema</code> to <code>true</code>.</li>
<li>Resolution of strings to columns in python now supports using dots (<code>.</code>) to qualify the column or
access nested values. For example <code>df['table.column.nestedField']</code>. However, this means that if
your column name contains any dots you must now escape them using backticks (e.g., <code>table.`column.with.dots`.nested</code>).</li>
<li>In-memory columnar storage partition pruning is on by default. It can be disabled by setting
<code>spark.sql.inMemoryColumnarStorage.partitionPruning</code> to <code>false</code>.</li>
<li>Unlimited precision decimal columns are no longer supported, instead Spark SQL enforces a maximum
precision of 38. When inferring schema from <code>BigDecimal</code> objects, a precision of (38, 18) is now
used. When no precision is specified in DDL then the default remains <code>Decimal(10, 0)</code>.</li>
<li>Timestamps are now stored at a precision of 1us, rather than 1ns</li>
<li>In the <code>sql</code> dialect, floating point numbers are now parsed as decimal. HiveQL parsing remains
unchanged.</li>
<li>The canonical name of SQL/DataFrame functions are now lower case (e.g. sum vs SUM).</li>
<li>It has been determined that using the DirectOutputCommitter when speculation is enabled is unsafe
and thus this output committer will not be used when speculation is on, independent of configuration.</li>
<li>JSON data source will not automatically load new files that are created by other applications
(i.e. files that are not inserted to the dataset through Spark SQL).
For a JSON persistent table (i.e. the metadata of the table is stored in Hive Metastore),
users can use <code>REFRESH TABLE</code> SQL command or <code>HiveContext</code>&#8217;s <code>refreshTable</code> method
to include those new files to the table. For a DataFrame representing a JSON dataset, users need to recreate
the DataFrame and the new DataFrame will include new files.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="upgrading-from-spark-sql-13-to-14">Upgrading from Spark SQL 1.3 to 1.4</h2>
<h4 id="dataframe-data-readerwriter-interface">DataFrame data reader/writer interface</h4>
<p>Based on user feedback, we created a new, more fluid API for reading data in (<code>SQLContext.read</code>)
and writing data out (<code>DataFrame.write</code>),
and deprecated the old APIs (e.g. <code>SQLContext.parquetFile</code>, <code>SQLContext.jsonFile</code>).</p>
<p>See the API docs for <code>SQLContext.read</code> (
<a href="api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.sql.SQLContext@read:DataFrameReader">Scala</a>,
<a href="api/java/org/apache/spark/sql/SQLContext.html#read()">Java</a>,
<a href="api/python/pyspark.sql.html#pyspark.sql.SQLContext.read">Python</a>
) and <code>DataFrame.write</code> (
<a href="api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.sql.DataFrame@write:DataFrameWriter">Scala</a>,
<a href="api/java/org/apache/spark/sql/DataFrame.html#write()">Java</a>,
<a href="api/python/pyspark.sql.html#pyspark.sql.DataFrame.write">Python</a>
) more information.</p>
<h4 id="dataframegroupby-retains-grouping-columns">DataFrame.groupBy retains grouping columns</h4>
<p>Based on user feedback, we changed the default behavior of <code>DataFrame.groupBy().agg()</code> to retain the
grouping columns in the resulting <code>DataFrame</code>. To keep the behavior in 1.3, set <code>spark.sql.retainGroupColumns</code> to <code>false</code>.</p>
<div class="codetabs">
<div data-lang="scala">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scala" data-lang="scala"><span class="c1">// In 1.3.x, in order for the grouping column &quot;department&quot; to show up,</span>
<span class="c1">// it must be included explicitly as part of the agg function call.</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">groupBy</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;department&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="n">agg</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">$</span><span class="s">&quot;department&quot;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">max</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="o">),</span> <span class="n">sum</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;expense&quot;</span><span class="o">))</span>
<span class="c1">// In 1.4+, grouping column &quot;department&quot; is included automatically.</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">groupBy</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;department&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="n">agg</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">max</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="o">),</span> <span class="n">sum</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;expense&quot;</span><span class="o">))</span>
<span class="c1">// Revert to 1.3 behavior (not retaining grouping column) by:</span>
<span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setConf</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;spark.sql.retainGroupColumns&quot;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;false&quot;</span><span class="o">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="java">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-java" data-lang="java"><span class="c1">// In 1.3.x, in order for the grouping column &quot;department&quot; to show up,</span>
<span class="c1">// it must be included explicitly as part of the agg function call.</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">groupBy</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;department&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="na">agg</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">col</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;department&quot;</span><span class="o">),</span> <span class="n">max</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="o">),</span> <span class="n">sum</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;expense&quot;</span><span class="o">));</span>
<span class="c1">// In 1.4+, grouping column &quot;department&quot; is included automatically.</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">groupBy</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;department&quot;</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="na">agg</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">max</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="o">),</span> <span class="n">sum</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;expense&quot;</span><span class="o">));</span>
<span class="c1">// Revert to 1.3 behavior (not retaining grouping column) by:</span>
<span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">setConf</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;spark.sql.retainGroupColumns&quot;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;false&quot;</span><span class="o">);</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="python">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pyspark.sql.functions</span> <span class="kn">as</span> <span class="nn">func</span>
<span class="c"># In 1.3.x, in order for the grouping column &quot;department&quot; to show up,</span>
<span class="c"># it must be included explicitly as part of the agg function call.</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">groupBy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;department&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">agg</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;department&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;expense&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="c"># In 1.4+, grouping column &quot;department&quot; is included automatically.</span>
<span class="n">df</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">groupBy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;department&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">agg</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;expense&quot;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="c"># Revert to 1.3.x behavior (not retaining grouping column) by:</span>
<span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setConf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;spark.sql.retainGroupColumns&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&quot;false&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 id="upgrading-from-spark-sql-10-12-to-13">Upgrading from Spark SQL 1.0-1.2 to 1.3</h2>
<p>In Spark 1.3 we removed the &#8220;Alpha&#8221; label from Spark SQL and as part of this did a cleanup of the
available APIs. From Spark 1.3 onwards, Spark SQL will provide binary compatibility with other
releases in the 1.X series. This compatibility guarantee excludes APIs that are explicitly marked
as unstable (i.e., DeveloperAPI or Experimental).</p>
<h4 id="rename-of-schemardd-to-dataframe">Rename of SchemaRDD to DataFrame</h4>
<p>The largest change that users will notice when upgrading to Spark SQL 1.3 is that <code>SchemaRDD</code> has
been renamed to <code>DataFrame</code>. This is primarily because DataFrames no longer inherit from RDD
directly, but instead provide most of the functionality that RDDs provide though their own
implementation. DataFrames can still be converted to RDDs by calling the <code>.rdd</code> method.</p>
<p>In Scala there is a type alias from <code>SchemaRDD</code> to <code>DataFrame</code> to provide source compatibility for
some use cases. It is still recommended that users update their code to use <code>DataFrame</code> instead.
Java and Python users will need to update their code.</p>
<h4 id="unification-of-the-java-and-scala-apis">Unification of the Java and Scala APIs</h4>
<p>Prior to Spark 1.3 there were separate Java compatible classes (<code>JavaSQLContext</code> and <code>JavaSchemaRDD</code>)
that mirrored the Scala API. In Spark 1.3 the Java API and Scala API have been unified. Users
of either language should use <code>SQLContext</code> and <code>DataFrame</code>. In general theses classes try to
use types that are usable from both languages (i.e. <code>Array</code> instead of language specific collections).
In some cases where no common type exists (e.g., for passing in closures or Maps) function overloading
is used instead.</p>
<p>Additionally the Java specific types API has been removed. Users of both Scala and Java should
use the classes present in <code>org.apache.spark.sql.types</code> to describe schema programmatically.</p>
<h4 id="isolation-of-implicit-conversions-and-removal-of-dsl-package-scala-only">Isolation of Implicit Conversions and Removal of dsl Package (Scala-only)</h4>
<p>Many of the code examples prior to Spark 1.3 started with <code>import sqlContext._</code>, which brought
all of the functions from sqlContext into scope. In Spark 1.3 we have isolated the implicit
conversions for converting <code>RDD</code>s into <code>DataFrame</code>s into an object inside of the <code>SQLContext</code>.
Users should now write <code>import sqlContext.implicits._</code>.</p>
<p>Additionally, the implicit conversions now only augment RDDs that are composed of <code>Product</code>s (i.e.,
case classes or tuples) with a method <code>toDF</code>, instead of applying automatically.</p>
<p>When using function inside of the DSL (now replaced with the <code>DataFrame</code> API) users used to import
<code>org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.dsl</code>. Instead the public dataframe functions API should be used:
<code>import org.apache.spark.sql.functions._</code>.</p>
<h4 id="removal-of-the-type-aliases-in-orgapachesparksql-for-datatype-scala-only">Removal of the type aliases in org.apache.spark.sql for DataType (Scala-only)</h4>
<p>Spark 1.3 removes the type aliases that were present in the base sql package for <code>DataType</code>. Users
should instead import the classes in <code>org.apache.spark.sql.types</code></p>
<h4 id="udf-registration-moved-to-sqlcontextudf-java--scala">UDF Registration Moved to <code>sqlContext.udf</code> (Java &amp; Scala)</h4>
<p>Functions that are used to register UDFs, either for use in the DataFrame DSL or SQL, have been
moved into the udf object in <code>SQLContext</code>.</p>
<div class="codetabs">
<div data-lang="scala">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scala" data-lang="scala"><span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">udf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;strLen&quot;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="k">:</span> <span class="kt">String</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="k">=&gt;</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">length</span><span class="o">())</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="java">
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-java" data-lang="java"><span class="n">sqlContext</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">udf</span><span class="o">().</span><span class="na">register</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">&quot;strLen&quot;</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="n">String</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">length</span><span class="o">(),</span> <span class="n">DataTypes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">IntegerType</span><span class="o">);</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Python UDF registration is unchanged.</p>
<h4 id="python-datatypes-no-longer-singletons">Python DataTypes No Longer Singletons</h4>
<p>When using DataTypes in Python you will need to construct them (i.e. <code>StringType()</code>) instead of
referencing a singleton.</p>
<h2 id="migration-guide-for-shark-users">Migration Guide for Shark Users</h2>
<h3 id="scheduling">Scheduling</h3>
<p>To set a <a href="job-scheduling.html#fair-scheduler-pools">Fair Scheduler</a> pool for a JDBC client session,
users can set the <code>spark.sql.thriftserver.scheduler.pool</code> variable:</p>
<pre><code>SET spark.sql.thriftserver.scheduler.pool=accounting;
</code></pre>
<h3 id="reducer-number">Reducer number</h3>
<p>In Shark, default reducer number is 1 and is controlled by the property <code>mapred.reduce.tasks</code>. Spark
SQL deprecates this property in favor of <code>spark.sql.shuffle.partitions</code>, whose default value
is 200. Users may customize this property via <code>SET</code>:</p>
<pre><code>SET spark.sql.shuffle.partitions=10;
SELECT page, count(*) c
FROM logs_last_month_cached
GROUP BY page ORDER BY c DESC LIMIT 10;
</code></pre>
<p>You may also put this property in <code>hive-site.xml</code> to override the default value.</p>
<p>For now, the <code>mapred.reduce.tasks</code> property is still recognized, and is converted to
<code>spark.sql.shuffle.partitions</code> automatically.</p>
<h3 id="caching">Caching</h3>
<p>The <code>shark.cache</code> table property no longer exists, and tables whose name end with <code>_cached</code> are no
longer automatically cached. Instead, we provide <code>CACHE TABLE</code> and <code>UNCACHE TABLE</code> statements to
let user control table caching explicitly:</p>
<pre><code>CACHE TABLE logs_last_month;
UNCACHE TABLE logs_last_month;
</code></pre>
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> <code>CACHE TABLE tbl</code> is now <strong>eager</strong> by default not <strong>lazy</strong>. Don’t need to trigger cache materialization manually anymore.</p>
<p>Spark SQL newly introduced a statement to let user control table caching whether or not lazy since Spark 1.2.0:</p>
<pre><code>CACHE [LAZY] TABLE [AS SELECT] ...
</code></pre>
<p>Several caching related features are not supported yet:</p>
<ul>
<li>User defined partition level cache eviction policy</li>
<li>RDD reloading</li>
<li>In-memory cache write through policy</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="compatibility-with-apache-hive">Compatibility with Apache Hive</h2>
<p>Spark SQL is designed to be compatible with the Hive Metastore, SerDes and UDFs.
Currently Hive SerDes and UDFs are based on Hive 1.2.1,
and Spark SQL can be connected to different versions of Hive Metastore
(from 0.12.0 to 1.2.1. Also see http://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-programming-guide.html#interacting-with-different-versions-of-hive-metastore).</p>
<h4 id="deploying-in-existing-hive-warehouses">Deploying in Existing Hive Warehouses</h4>
<p>The Spark SQL Thrift JDBC server is designed to be &#8220;out of the box&#8221; compatible with existing Hive
installations. You do not need to modify your existing Hive Metastore or change the data placement
or partitioning of your tables.</p>
<h3 id="supported-hive-features">Supported Hive Features</h3>
<p>Spark SQL supports the vast majority of Hive features, such as:</p>
<ul>
<li>Hive query statements, including:
<ul>
<li><code>SELECT</code></li>
<li><code>GROUP BY</code></li>
<li><code>ORDER BY</code></li>
<li><code>CLUSTER BY</code></li>
<li><code>SORT BY</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>All Hive operators, including:
<ul>
<li>Relational operators (<code>=</code>, <code>⇔</code>, <code>==</code>, <code>&lt;&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, <code>&gt;=</code>, <code>&lt;=</code>, etc)</li>
<li>Arithmetic operators (<code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code>*</code>, <code>/</code>, <code>%</code>, etc)</li>
<li>Logical operators (<code>AND</code>, <code>&amp;&amp;</code>, <code>OR</code>, <code>||</code>, etc)</li>
<li>Complex type constructors</li>
<li>Mathematical functions (<code>sign</code>, <code>ln</code>, <code>cos</code>, etc)</li>
<li>String functions (<code>instr</code>, <code>length</code>, <code>printf</code>, etc)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>User defined functions (UDF)</li>
<li>User defined aggregation functions (UDAF)</li>
<li>User defined serialization formats (SerDes)</li>
<li>Window functions</li>
<li>Joins
<ul>
<li><code>JOIN</code></li>
<li><code>{LEFT|RIGHT|FULL} OUTER JOIN</code></li>
<li><code>LEFT SEMI JOIN</code></li>
<li><code>CROSS JOIN</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Unions</li>
<li>Sub-queries
<ul>
<li><code>SELECT col FROM ( SELECT a + b AS col from t1) t2</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Sampling</li>
<li>Explain</li>
<li>Partitioned tables including dynamic partition insertion</li>
<li>View</li>
<li>All Hive DDL Functions, including:
<ul>
<li><code>CREATE TABLE</code></li>
<li><code>CREATE TABLE AS SELECT</code></li>
<li><code>ALTER TABLE</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Most Hive Data types, including:
<ul>
<li><code>TINYINT</code></li>
<li><code>SMALLINT</code></li>
<li><code>INT</code></li>
<li><code>BIGINT</code></li>
<li><code>BOOLEAN</code></li>
<li><code>FLOAT</code></li>
<li><code>DOUBLE</code></li>
<li><code>STRING</code></li>
<li><code>BINARY</code></li>
<li><code>TIMESTAMP</code></li>
<li><code>DATE</code></li>
<li><code>ARRAY&lt;&gt;</code></li>
<li><code>MAP&lt;&gt;</code></li>
<li><code>STRUCT&lt;&gt;</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="unsupported-hive-functionality">Unsupported Hive Functionality</h3>
<p>Below is a list of Hive features that we don&#8217;t support yet. Most of these features are rarely used
in Hive deployments.</p>
<p><strong>Major Hive Features</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Tables with buckets: bucket is the hash partitioning within a Hive table partition. Spark SQL
doesn&#8217;t support buckets yet.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Esoteric Hive Features</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><code>UNION</code> type</li>
<li>Unique join</li>
<li>Column statistics collecting: Spark SQL does not piggyback scans to collect column statistics at
the moment and only supports populating the sizeInBytes field of the hive metastore.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Hive Input/Output Formats</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>File format for CLI: For results showing back to the CLI, Spark SQL only supports TextOutputFormat.</li>
<li>Hadoop archive</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Hive Optimizations</strong></p>
<p>A handful of Hive optimizations are not yet included in Spark. Some of these (such as indexes) are
less important due to Spark SQL&#8217;s in-memory computational model. Others are slotted for future
releases of Spark SQL.</p>
<ul>
<li>Block level bitmap indexes and virtual columns (used to build indexes)</li>
<li>Automatically determine the number of reducers for joins and groupbys: Currently in Spark SQL, you
need to control the degree of parallelism post-shuffle using &#8220;<code>SET spark.sql.shuffle.partitions=[num_tasks];</code>&#8221;.</li>
<li>Meta-data only query: For queries that can be answered by using only meta data, Spark SQL still
launches tasks to compute the result.</li>
<li>Skew data flag: Spark SQL does not follow the skew data flags in Hive.</li>
<li><code>STREAMTABLE</code> hint in join: Spark SQL does not follow the <code>STREAMTABLE</code> hint.</li>
<li>Merge multiple small files for query results: if the result output contains multiple small files,
Hive can optionally merge the small files into fewer large files to avoid overflowing the HDFS
metadata. Spark SQL does not support that.</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="reference">Reference</h1>
<h2 id="data-types">Data Types</h2>
<p>Spark SQL and DataFrames support the following data types:</p>
<ul>
<li>Numeric types
<ul>
<li><code>ByteType</code>: Represents 1-byte signed integer numbers.
The range of numbers is from <code>-128</code> to <code>127</code>.</li>
<li><code>ShortType</code>: Represents 2-byte signed integer numbers.
The range of numbers is from <code>-32768</code> to <code>32767</code>.</li>
<li><code>IntegerType</code>: Represents 4-byte signed integer numbers.
The range of numbers is from <code>-2147483648</code> to <code>2147483647</code>.</li>
<li><code>LongType</code>: Represents 8-byte signed integer numbers.
The range of numbers is from <code>-9223372036854775808</code> to <code>9223372036854775807</code>.</li>
<li><code>FloatType</code>: Represents 4-byte single-precision floating point numbers.</li>
<li><code>DoubleType</code>: Represents 8-byte double-precision floating point numbers.</li>
<li><code>DecimalType</code>: Represents arbitrary-precision signed decimal numbers. Backed internally by <code>java.math.BigDecimal</code>. A <code>BigDecimal</code> consists of an arbitrary precision integer unscaled value and a 32-bit integer scale.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>String type
<ul>
<li><code>StringType</code>: Represents character string values.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Binary type
<ul>
<li><code>BinaryType</code>: Represents byte sequence values.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Boolean type
<ul>
<li><code>BooleanType</code>: Represents boolean values.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Datetime type
<ul>
<li><code>TimestampType</code>: Represents values comprising values of fields year, month, day,
hour, minute, and second.</li>
<li><code>DateType</code>: Represents values comprising values of fields year, month, day.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Complex types
<ul>
<li><code>ArrayType(elementType, containsNull)</code>: Represents values comprising a sequence of
elements with the type of <code>elementType</code>. <code>containsNull</code> is used to indicate if
elements in a <code>ArrayType</code> value can have <code>null</code> values.</li>
<li><code>MapType(keyType, valueType, valueContainsNull)</code>:
Represents values comprising a set of key-value pairs. The data type of keys are
described by <code>keyType</code> and the data type of values are described by <code>valueType</code>.
For a <code>MapType</code> value, keys are not allowed to have <code>null</code> values. <code>valueContainsNull</code>
is used to indicate if values of a <code>MapType</code> value can have <code>null</code> values.</li>
<li><code>StructType(fields)</code>: Represents values with the structure described by
a sequence of <code>StructField</code>s (<code>fields</code>).
<ul>
<li><code>StructField(name, dataType, nullable)</code>: Represents a field in a <code>StructType</code>.
The name of a field is indicated by <code>name</code>. The data type of a field is indicated
by <code>dataType</code>. <code>nullable</code> is used to indicate if values of this fields can have
<code>null</code> values.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="codetabs">
<div data-lang="scala">
<p>All data types of Spark SQL are located in the package <code>org.apache.spark.sql.types</code>.
You can access them by doing</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-scala" data-lang="scala"><span class="k">import</span> <span class="nn">org.apache.spark.sql.types._</span></code></pre></div>
<table class="table">
<tr>
<th style="width:20%">Data type</th>
<th style="width:40%">Value type in Scala</th>
<th>API to access or create a data type</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>ByteType</b> </td>
<td> Byte </td>
<td>
ByteType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>ShortType</b> </td>
<td> Short </td>
<td>
ShortType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>IntegerType</b> </td>
<td> Int </td>
<td>
IntegerType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>LongType</b> </td>
<td> Long </td>
<td>
LongType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>FloatType</b> </td>
<td> Float </td>
<td>
FloatType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>DoubleType</b> </td>
<td> Double </td>
<td>
DoubleType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>DecimalType</b> </td>
<td> java.math.BigDecimal </td>
<td>
DecimalType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>StringType</b> </td>
<td> String </td>
<td>
StringType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>BinaryType</b> </td>
<td> Array[Byte] </td>
<td>
BinaryType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>BooleanType</b> </td>
<td> Boolean </td>
<td>
BooleanType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>TimestampType</b> </td>
<td> java.sql.Timestamp </td>
<td>
TimestampType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>DateType</b> </td>
<td> java.sql.Date </td>
<td>
DateType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>ArrayType</b> </td>
<td> scala.collection.Seq </td>
<td>
ArrayType(<i>elementType</i>, [<i>containsNull</i>])<br />
<b>Note:</b> The default value of <i>containsNull</i> is <i>true</i>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>MapType</b> </td>
<td> scala.collection.Map </td>
<td>
MapType(<i>keyType</i>, <i>valueType</i>, [<i>valueContainsNull</i>])<br />
<b>Note:</b> The default value of <i>valueContainsNull</i> is <i>true</i>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>StructType</b> </td>
<td> org.apache.spark.sql.Row </td>
<td>
StructType(<i>fields</i>)<br />
<b>Note:</b> <i>fields</i> is a Seq of StructFields. Also, two fields with the same
name are not allowed.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>StructField</b> </td>
<td> The value type in Scala of the data type of this field
(For example, Int for a StructField with the data type IntegerType) </td>
<td>
StructField(<i>name</i>, <i>dataType</i>, <i>nullable</i>)
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div data-lang="java">
<p>All data types of Spark SQL are located in the package of
<code>org.apache.spark.sql.types</code>. To access or create a data type,
please use factory methods provided in
<code>org.apache.spark.sql.types.DataTypes</code>.</p>
<table class="table">
<tr>
<th style="width:20%">Data type</th>
<th style="width:40%">Value type in Java</th>
<th>API to access or create a data type</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>ByteType</b> </td>
<td> byte or Byte </td>
<td>
DataTypes.ByteType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>ShortType</b> </td>
<td> short or Short </td>
<td>
DataTypes.ShortType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>IntegerType</b> </td>
<td> int or Integer </td>
<td>
DataTypes.IntegerType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>LongType</b> </td>
<td> long or Long </td>
<td>
DataTypes.LongType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>FloatType</b> </td>
<td> float or Float </td>
<td>
DataTypes.FloatType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>DoubleType</b> </td>
<td> double or Double </td>
<td>
DataTypes.DoubleType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>DecimalType</b> </td>
<td> java.math.BigDecimal </td>
<td>
DataTypes.createDecimalType()<br />
DataTypes.createDecimalType(<i>precision</i>, <i>scale</i>).
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>StringType</b> </td>
<td> String </td>
<td>
DataTypes.StringType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>BinaryType</b> </td>
<td> byte[] </td>
<td>
DataTypes.BinaryType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>BooleanType</b> </td>
<td> boolean or Boolean </td>
<td>
DataTypes.BooleanType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>TimestampType</b> </td>
<td> java.sql.Timestamp </td>
<td>
DataTypes.TimestampType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>DateType</b> </td>
<td> java.sql.Date </td>
<td>
DataTypes.DateType
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>ArrayType</b> </td>
<td> java.util.List </td>
<td>
DataTypes.createArrayType(<i>elementType</i>)<br />
<b>Note:</b> The value of <i>containsNull</i> will be <i>true</i><br />
DataTypes.createArrayType(<i>elementType</i>, <i>containsNull</i>).
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>MapType</b> </td>
<td> java.util.Map </td>
<td>
DataTypes.createMapType(<i>keyType</i>, <i>valueType</i>)<br />
<b>Note:</b> The value of <i>valueContainsNull</i> will be <i>true</i>.<br />
DataTypes.createMapType(<i>keyType</i>, <i>valueType</i>, <i>valueContainsNull</i>)<br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>StructType</b> </td>
<td> org.apache.spark.sql.Row </td>
<td>
DataTypes.createStructType(<i>fields</i>)<br />
<b>Note:</b> <i>fields</i> is a List or an array of StructFields.
Also, two fields with the same name are not allowed.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>StructField</b> </td>
<td> The value type in Java of the data type of this field
(For example, int for a StructField with the data type IntegerType) </td>
<td>
DataTypes.createStructField(<i>name</i>, <i>dataType</i>, <i>nullable</i>)
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div data-lang="python">
<p>All data types of Spark SQL are located in the package of <code>pyspark.sql.types</code>.
You can access them by doing</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyspark.sql.types</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="o">*</span></code></pre></div>
<table class="table">
<tr>
<th style="width:20%">Data type</th>
<th style="width:40%">Value type in Python</th>
<th>API to access or create a data type</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>ByteType</b> </td>
<td>
int or long <br />
<b>Note:</b> Numbers will be converted to 1-byte signed integer numbers at runtime.
Please make sure that numbers are within the range of -128 to 127.
</td>
<td>
ByteType()
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>ShortType</b> </td>
<td>
int or long <br />
<b>Note:</b> Numbers will be converted to 2-byte signed integer numbers at runtime.
Please make sure that numbers are within the range of -32768 to 32767.
</td>
<td>
ShortType()
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>IntegerType</b> </td>
<td> int or long </td>
<td>
IntegerType()
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>LongType</b> </td>
<td>
long <br />
<b>Note:</b> Numbers will be converted to 8-byte signed integer numbers at runtime.
Please make sure that numbers are within the range of
-9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807.
Otherwise, please convert data to decimal.Decimal and use DecimalType.
</td>
<td>
LongType()
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>FloatType</b> </td>
<td>
float <br />
<b>Note:</b> Numbers will be converted to 4-byte single-precision floating
point numbers at runtime.
</td>
<td>
FloatType()
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>DoubleType</b> </td>
<td> float </td>
<td>
DoubleType()
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>DecimalType</b> </td>
<td> decimal.Decimal </td>
<td>
DecimalType()
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>StringType</b> </td>
<td> string </td>
<td>
StringType()
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>BinaryType</b> </td>
<td> bytearray </td>
<td>
BinaryType()
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>BooleanType</b> </td>
<td> bool </td>
<td>
BooleanType()
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>TimestampType</b> </td>
<td> datetime.datetime </td>
<td>
TimestampType()
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>DateType</b> </td>
<td> datetime.date </td>
<td>
DateType()
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>ArrayType</b> </td>
<td> list, tuple, or array </td>
<td>
ArrayType(<i>elementType</i>, [<i>containsNull</i>])<br />
<b>Note:</b> The default value of <i>containsNull</i> is <i>True</i>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>MapType</b> </td>
<td> dict </td>
<td>
MapType(<i>keyType</i>, <i>valueType</i>, [<i>valueContainsNull</i>])<br />
<b>Note:</b> The default value of <i>valueContainsNull</i> is <i>True</i>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>StructType</b> </td>
<td> list or tuple </td>
<td>
StructType(<i>fields</i>)<br />
<b>Note:</b> <i>fields</i> is a Seq of StructFields. Also, two fields with the same
name are not allowed.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>StructField</b> </td>
<td> The value type in Python of the data type of this field
(For example, Int for a StructField with the data type IntegerType) </td>
<td>
StructField(<i>name</i>, <i>dataType</i>, <i>nullable</i>)
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div data-lang="r">
<table class="table">
<tr>
<th style="width:20%">Data type</th>
<th style="width:40%">Value type in R</th>
<th>API to access or create a data type</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>ByteType</b> </td>
<td>
integer <br />
<b>Note:</b> Numbers will be converted to 1-byte signed integer numbers at runtime.
Please make sure that numbers are within the range of -128 to 127.
</td>
<td>
"byte"
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>ShortType</b> </td>
<td>
integer <br />
<b>Note:</b> Numbers will be converted to 2-byte signed integer numbers at runtime.
Please make sure that numbers are within the range of -32768 to 32767.
</td>
<td>
"short"
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>IntegerType</b> </td>
<td> integer </td>
<td>
"integer"
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>LongType</b> </td>
<td>
integer <br />
<b>Note:</b> Numbers will be converted to 8-byte signed integer numbers at runtime.
Please make sure that numbers are within the range of
-9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807.
Otherwise, please convert data to decimal.Decimal and use DecimalType.
</td>
<td>
"long"
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>FloatType</b> </td>
<td>
numeric <br />
<b>Note:</b> Numbers will be converted to 4-byte single-precision floating
point numbers at runtime.
</td>
<td>
"float"
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>DoubleType</b> </td>
<td> numeric </td>
<td>
"double"
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>DecimalType</b> </td>
<td> Not supported </td>
<td>
Not supported
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>StringType</b> </td>
<td> character </td>
<td>
"string"
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>BinaryType</b> </td>
<td> raw </td>
<td>
"binary"
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>BooleanType</b> </td>
<td> logical </td>
<td>
"bool"
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>TimestampType</b> </td>
<td> POSIXct </td>
<td>
"timestamp"
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>DateType</b> </td>
<td> Date </td>
<td>
"date"
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>ArrayType</b> </td>
<td> vector or list </td>
<td>
list(type="array", elementType=<i>elementType</i>, containsNull=[<i>containsNull</i>])<br />
<b>Note:</b> The default value of <i>containsNull</i> is <i>True</i>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>MapType</b> </td>
<td> environment </td>
<td>
list(type="map", keyType=<i>keyType</i>, valueType=<i>valueType</i>, valueContainsNull=[<i>valueContainsNull</i>])<br />
<b>Note:</b> The default value of <i>valueContainsNull</i> is <i>True</i>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>StructType</b> </td>
<td> named list</td>
<td>
list(type="struct", fields=<i>fields</i>)<br />
<b>Note:</b> <i>fields</i> is a Seq of StructFields. Also, two fields with the same
name are not allowed.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <b>StructField</b> </td>
<td> The value type in R of the data type of this field
(For example, integer for a StructField with the data type IntegerType) </td>
<td>
list(name=<i>name</i>, type=<i>dataType</i>, nullable=<i>nullable</i>)
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<h2 id="nan-semantics">NaN Semantics</h2>
<p>There is specially handling for not-a-number (NaN) when dealing with <code>float</code> or <code>double</code> types that
does not exactly match standard floating point semantics.
Specifically:</p>
<ul>
<li>NaN = NaN returns true.</li>
<li>In aggregations all NaN values are grouped together.</li>
<li>NaN is treated as a normal value in join keys.</li>
<li>NaN values go last when in ascending order, larger than any other numeric value.</li>
</ul>
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