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<h1 class="title">HAVING Clause</h1>
<h3 id="description">Description</h3>
<p>The <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">HAVING</code> clause is used to filter the results produced by
<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">GROUP BY</code> based on the specified condition. It is often used
in conjunction with a <a href="sql-ref-syntax-qry-select-groupby.html">GROUP BY</a>
clause.</p>
<h3 id="syntax">Syntax</h3>
<div class="language-sql highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">HAVING</span> <span class="n">boolean_expression</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<h3 id="parameters">Parameters</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>boolean_expression</strong></p>
<p>Specifies any expression that evaluates to a result type <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">boolean</code>. Two or
more expressions may be combined together using the logical
operators ( <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">AND</code>, <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">OR</code> ).</p>
<p><strong>Note</strong></p>
<p>The expressions specified in the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">HAVING</code> clause can only refer to:</p>
<ol>
<li>Constants</li>
<li>Expressions that appear in GROUP BY</li>
<li>Aggregate functions</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="examples">Examples</h3>
<div class="language-sql highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">TABLE</span> <span class="n">dealer</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">id</span> <span class="nb">INT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">city</span> <span class="n">STRING</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">car_model</span> <span class="n">STRING</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">quantity</span> <span class="nb">INT</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">INSERT</span> <span class="k">INTO</span> <span class="n">dealer</span> <span class="k">VALUES</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Fremont'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Honda Civic'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Fremont'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Honda Accord'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">15</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Fremont'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Honda CRV'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Dublin'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Honda Civic'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Dublin'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Honda Accord'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Dublin'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Honda CRV'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">300</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'San Jose'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Honda Civic'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">300</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'San Jose'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Honda Accord'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">-- `HAVING` clause referring to column in `GROUP BY`.</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">city</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">quantity</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="k">sum</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">dealer</span> <span class="k">GROUP</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">city</span> <span class="k">HAVING</span> <span class="n">city</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'Fremont'</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-------+---+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">city</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">sum</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-------+---+</span>
<span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Fremont</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">32</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-------+---+</span>
<span class="c1">-- `HAVING` clause referring to aggregate function.</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">city</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">quantity</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="k">sum</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">dealer</span> <span class="k">GROUP</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">city</span> <span class="k">HAVING</span> <span class="k">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">quantity</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">15</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-------+---+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">city</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">sum</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-------+---+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Dublin</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">33</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Fremont</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">32</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-------+---+</span>
<span class="c1">-- `HAVING` clause referring to aggregate function by its alias.</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">city</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">quantity</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="k">sum</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">dealer</span> <span class="k">GROUP</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">city</span> <span class="k">HAVING</span> <span class="k">sum</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">15</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-------+---+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">city</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">sum</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-------+---+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Dublin</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">33</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Fremont</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">32</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">-------+---+</span>
<span class="c1">-- `HAVING` clause referring to a different aggregate function than what is present in</span>
<span class="c1">-- `SELECT` list.</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">city</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">quantity</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="k">sum</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">dealer</span> <span class="k">GROUP</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">city</span> <span class="k">HAVING</span> <span class="k">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">quantity</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">15</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">------+---+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">city</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">sum</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">------+---+</span>
<span class="o">|</span><span class="n">Dublin</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">33</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">------+---+</span>
<span class="c1">-- `HAVING` clause referring to constant expression.</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="n">city</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">quantity</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="k">sum</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">dealer</span> <span class="k">GROUP</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">city</span> <span class="k">HAVING</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="k">ORDER</span> <span class="k">BY</span> <span class="n">city</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">--------+---+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">city</span><span class="o">|</span><span class="k">sum</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">--------+---+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Dublin</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">33</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">Fremont</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">32</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">|</span><span class="n">San</span> <span class="n">Jose</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">13</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">--------+---+</span>
<span class="c1">-- `HAVING` clause without a `GROUP BY` clause.</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="k">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">quantity</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="k">sum</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">dealer</span> <span class="k">HAVING</span> <span class="k">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">quantity</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">---+</span>
<span class="o">|</span><span class="k">sum</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">---+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">78</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">---+</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<h3 id="related-statements">Related Statements</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="sql-ref-syntax-qry-select.html">SELECT Main</a></li>
<li><a href="sql-ref-syntax-qry-select-where.html">WHERE Clause</a></li>
<li><a href="sql-ref-syntax-qry-select-groupby.html">GROUP BY Clause</a></li>
<li><a href="sql-ref-syntax-qry-select-orderby.html">ORDER BY Clause</a></li>
<li><a href="sql-ref-syntax-qry-select-sortby.html">SORT BY Clause</a></li>
<li><a href="sql-ref-syntax-qry-select-clusterby.html">CLUSTER BY Clause</a></li>
<li><a href="sql-ref-syntax-qry-select-distribute-by.html">DISTRIBUTE BY Clause</a></li>
<li><a href="sql-ref-syntax-qry-select-limit.html">LIMIT Clause</a></li>
<li><a href="sql-ref-syntax-qry-select-case.html">CASE Clause</a></li>
<li><a href="sql-ref-syntax-qry-select-pivot.html">PIVOT Clause</a></li>
<li><a href="sql-ref-syntax-qry-select-lateral-view.html">LATERAL VIEW Clause</a></li>
</ul>
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