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<b>Common Table Expression</b>
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PIVOT Clause
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<h1 class="title">Common Table Expression (CTE)</h1>
<h3 id="description">Description</h3>
<p>A common table expression (CTE) defines a temporary result set that a user can reference possibly multiple times within the scope of a SQL statement. A CTE is used mainly in a SELECT statement.</p>
<h3 id="syntax">Syntax</h3>
<div class="language-sql highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">common_table_expression</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...</span> <span class="p">]</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<p>While <code class="highlighter-rouge">common_table_expression</code> is defined as</p>
<div class="language-sql highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="n">expression_name</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="k">column_name</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">...</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">[</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">query</span> <span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
<h3 id="parameters">Parameters</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>expression_name</strong></p>
<p>Specifies a name for the common table expression.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>query</strong></p>
<p>A <a href="sql-ref-syntax-qry-select.html">SELECT statement</a>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="examples">Examples</h3>
<div class="language-sql highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="c1">-- CTE with multiple column aliases</span>
<span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">WHERE</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="k">AND</span> <span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">---+---+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">---+---+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">---+---+</span>
<span class="c1">-- CTE in CTE definition</span>
<span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">t2</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">t2</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">---+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">---+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">---+</span>
<span class="c1">-- CTE in subquery</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="k">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">c</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">c</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">t</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">------+</span>
<span class="o">|</span><span class="k">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">c</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">------+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">------+</span>
<span class="c1">-- CTE in subquery expression</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">t</span>
<span class="p">);</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">----------------+</span>
<span class="o">|</span><span class="n">scalarsubquery</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">----------------+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">----------------+</span>
<span class="c1">-- CTE in CREATE VIEW statement</span>
<span class="k">CREATE</span> <span class="k">VIEW</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="k">AS</span>
<span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">c</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">---+---+---+---+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="k">c</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">d</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">---+---+---+---+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">---+---+---+---+</span>
<span class="c1">-- If name conflict is detected in nested CTE, then AnalysisException is thrown by default.</span>
<span class="c1">-- SET spark.sql.legacy.ctePrecedencePolicy = CORRECTED (which is recommended),</span>
<span class="c1">-- inner CTE definitions take precedence over outer definitions.</span>
<span class="k">SET</span> <span class="n">spark</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="k">sql</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">legacy</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">ctePrecedencePolicy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">CORRECTED</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">WITH</span>
<span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="n">t2</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="k">WITH</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="k">AS</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">t</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">FROM</span> <span class="n">t2</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">---+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">---+</span>
<span class="o">|</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">|</span>
<span class="o">+</span><span class="c1">---+</span>
</code></pre></div></div>
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