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             <h1 class="title">Machine Learning Library (MLlib) Guide</h1>


           <p>MLlib is Spark&#8217;s scalable machine learning library consisting of common learning algorithms and utilities,
 including classification, regression, clustering, collaborative
 filtering, dimensionality reduction, as well as underlying optimization primitives, as outlined below:</p>

 <ul>
   <li><a href="mllib-data-types.html">Data types</a></li>
   <li><a href="mllib-statistics.html">Basic statistics</a>
     <ul>
       <li>summary statistics</li>
       <li>correlations</li>
       <li>stratified sampling</li>
       <li>hypothesis testing</li>
       <li>random data generation  </li>
     </ul>
   </li>
   <li><a href="mllib-classification-regression.html">Classification and regression</a>
     <ul>
       <li><a href="mllib-linear-methods.html">linear models (SVMs, logistic regression, linear regression)</a></li>
       <li><a href="mllib-naive-bayes.html">naive Bayes</a></li>
       <li><a href="mllib-decision-tree.html">decision trees</a></li>
       <li><a href="mllib-ensembles.html">ensembles of trees</a> (Random Forests and Gradient-Boosted Trees)</li>
       <li><a href="mllib-isotonic-regression.html">isotonic regression</a></li>
     </ul>
   </li>
   <li><a href="mllib-collaborative-filtering.html">Collaborative filtering</a>
     <ul>
       <li>alternating least squares (ALS)</li>
     </ul>
   </li>
   <li><a href="mllib-clustering.html">Clustering</a>
     <ul>
       <li><a href="mllib-clustering.html#k-means">k-means</a></li>
       <li><a href="mllib-clustering.html#gaussian-mixture">Gaussian mixture</a></li>
       <li><a href="mllib-clustering.html#power-iteration-clustering-pic">power iteration clustering (PIC)</a></li>
       <li><a href="mllib-clustering.html#latent-dirichlet-allocation-lda">latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA)</a></li>
       <li><a href="mllib-clustering.html#streaming-k-means">streaming k-means</a></li>
     </ul>
   </li>
   <li><a href="mllib-dimensionality-reduction.html">Dimensionality reduction</a>
     <ul>
       <li>singular value decomposition (SVD)</li>
       <li>principal component analysis (PCA)</li>
     </ul>
   </li>
   <li><a href="mllib-feature-extraction.html">Feature extraction and transformation</a></li>
   <li><a href="mllib-frequent-pattern-mining.html">Frequent pattern mining</a>
     <ul>
       <li>FP-growth</li>
     </ul>
   </li>
   <li><a href="mllib-optimization.html">Optimization (developer)</a>
     <ul>
       <li>stochastic gradient descent</li>
       <li>limited-memory BFGS (L-BFGS)</li>
     </ul>
   </li>
 </ul>

 <p>MLlib is under active development.
 The APIs marked <code>Experimental</code>/<code>DeveloperApi</code> may change in future releases,
 and the migration guide below will explain all changes between releases.</p>

 <h1 id="sparkml-high-level-apis-for-ml-pipelines">spark.ml: high-level APIs for ML pipelines</h1>

 <p>Spark 1.2 introduced a new package called <code>spark.ml</code>, which aims to provide a uniform set of
 high-level APIs that help users create and tune practical machine learning pipelines.
 It is currently an alpha component, and we would like to hear back from the community about
 how it fits real-world use cases and how it could be improved.</p>

 <p>Note that we will keep supporting and adding features to <code>spark.mllib</code> along with the
 development of <code>spark.ml</code>.
 Users should be comfortable using <code>spark.mllib</code> features and expect more features coming.
 Developers should contribute new algorithms to <code>spark.mllib</code> and can optionally contribute
 to <code>spark.ml</code>.</p>

 <p>See the <strong><a href="ml-guide.html">spark.ml programming guide</a></strong> for more information on this package.</p>

 <h1 id="dependencies">Dependencies</h1>

 <p>MLlib uses the linear algebra package
 <a href="http://www.scalanlp.org/">Breeze</a>, which depends on
 <a href="https://github.com/fommil/netlib-java">netlib-java</a> for optimised
 numerical processing. If natives are not available at runtime, you
 will see a warning message and a pure JVM implementation will be used
 instead.</p>

 <p>To learn more about the benefits and background of system optimised
 natives, you may wish to watch Sam Halliday&#8217;s ScalaX talk on
 <a href="http://fommil.github.io/scalax14/#/">High Performance Linear Algebra in Scala</a>).</p>

 <p>Due to licensing issues with runtime proprietary binaries, we do not
 include <code>netlib-java</code>&#8217;s native proxies by default. To configure
 <code>netlib-java</code> / Breeze to use system optimised binaries, include
 <code>com.github.fommil.netlib:all:1.1.2</code> (or build Spark with
 <code>-Pnetlib-lgpl</code>) as a dependency of your project and read the
 <a href="https://github.com/fommil/netlib-java">netlib-java</a> documentation for
 your platform&#8217;s additional installation instructions.</p>

 <p>MLlib also uses <a href="https://github.com/mikiobraun/jblas">jblas</a> which
 will require you to install the
 <a href="https://github.com/mikiobraun/jblas/wiki/Missing-Libraries">gfortran runtime library</a>
 if it is not already present on your nodes.</p>

 <p>To use MLlib in Python, you will need <a href="http://www.numpy.org">NumPy</a>
 version 1.4 or newer.</p>

 <hr />

 <h1 id="migration-guide">Migration Guide</h1>

 <p>For the <code>spark.ml</code> package, please see the <a href="ml-guide.html#migration-guide">spark.ml Migration Guide</a>.</p>

 <h2 id="from-12-to-13">From 1.2 to 1.3</h2>

 <p>In the <code>spark.mllib</code> package, there were several breaking changes.  The first change (in <code>ALS</code>) is the only one in a component not marked as Alpha or Experimental.</p>

 <ul>
   <li><em>(Breaking change)</em> In <a href="api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.mllib.recommendation.ALS"><code>ALS</code></a>, the extraneous method <code>solveLeastSquares</code> has been removed.  The <code>DeveloperApi</code> method <code>analyzeBlocks</code> was also removed.</li>
   <li><em>(Breaking change)</em> <a href="api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.mllib.feature.StandardScalerModel"><code>StandardScalerModel</code></a> remains an Alpha component. In it, the <code>variance</code> method has been replaced with the <code>std</code> method.  To compute the column variance values returned by the original <code>variance</code> method, simply square the standard deviation values returned by <code>std</code>.</li>
   <li><em>(Breaking change)</em> <a href="api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.mllib.regression.StreamingLinearRegressionWithSGD"><code>StreamingLinearRegressionWithSGD</code></a> remains an Experimental component.  In it, there were two changes:
     <ul>
       <li>The constructor taking arguments was removed in favor of a builder patten using the default constructor plus parameter setter methods.</li>
       <li>Variable <code>model</code> is no longer public.</li>
     </ul>
   </li>
   <li><em>(Breaking change)</em> <a href="api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.mllib.tree.DecisionTree"><code>DecisionTree</code></a> remains an Experimental component.  In it and its associated classes, there were several changes:
     <ul>
       <li>In <code>DecisionTree</code>, the deprecated class method <code>train</code> has been removed.  (The object/static <code>train</code> methods remain.)</li>
       <li>In <code>Strategy</code>, the <code>checkpointDir</code> parameter has been removed.  Checkpointing is still supported, but the checkpoint directory must be set before calling tree and tree ensemble training.</li>
     </ul>
   </li>
   <li><code>PythonMLlibAPI</code> (the interface between Scala/Java and Python for MLlib) was a public API but is now private, declared <code>private[python]</code>.  This was never meant for external use.</li>
   <li>In linear regression (including Lasso and ridge regression), the squared loss is now divided by 2.
 So in order to produce the same result as in 1.2, the regularization parameter needs to be divided by 2 and the step size needs to be multiplied by 2.</li>
 </ul>

 <h2 id="previous-spark-versions">Previous Spark Versions</h2>

 <p>Earlier migration guides are archived <a href="mllib-migration-guides.html">on this page</a>.</p>


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	<h1 class="title">Machine Learning Library (MLlib) Guide</h1>


	<p>MLlib is Spark’s scalable machine learning library consisting of common learning algorithms and utilities,
	including classification, regression, clustering, collaborative
	filtering, dimensionality reduction, as well as underlying optimization primitives, as outlined below:</p>

	<ul>
	<li><a href="mllib-data-types.html">Data types</a></li>
	<li><a href="mllib-statistics.html">Basic statistics</a>
	<ul>
	<li>summary statistics</li>
	<li>correlations</li>
	<li>stratified sampling</li>
	<li>hypothesis testing</li>
	<li>random data generation </li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="mllib-classification-regression.html">Classification and regression</a>
	<ul>
	<li><a href="mllib-linear-methods.html">linear models (SVMs, logistic regression, linear regression)</a></li>
	<li><a href="mllib-naive-bayes.html">naive Bayes</a></li>
	<li><a href="mllib-decision-tree.html">decision trees</a></li>
	<li><a href="mllib-ensembles.html">ensembles of trees</a> (Random Forests and Gradient-Boosted Trees)</li>
	<li><a href="mllib-isotonic-regression.html">isotonic regression</a></li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="mllib-collaborative-filtering.html">Collaborative filtering</a>
	<ul>
	<li>alternating least squares (ALS)</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="mllib-clustering.html">Clustering</a>
	<ul>
	<li><a href="mllib-clustering.html#k-means">k-means</a></li>
	<li><a href="mllib-clustering.html#gaussian-mixture">Gaussian mixture</a></li>
	<li><a href="mllib-clustering.html#power-iteration-clustering-pic">power iteration clustering (PIC)</a></li>
	<li><a href="mllib-clustering.html#latent-dirichlet-allocation-lda">latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA)</a></li>
	<li><a href="mllib-clustering.html#streaming-k-means">streaming k-means</a></li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="mllib-dimensionality-reduction.html">Dimensionality reduction</a>
	<ul>
	<li>singular value decomposition (SVD)</li>
	<li>principal component analysis (PCA)</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="mllib-feature-extraction.html">Feature extraction and transformation</a></li>
	<li><a href="mllib-frequent-pattern-mining.html">Frequent pattern mining</a>
	<ul>
	<li>FP-growth</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="mllib-optimization.html">Optimization (developer)</a>
	<ul>
	<li>stochastic gradient descent</li>
	<li>limited-memory BFGS (L-BFGS)</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	</ul>

	<p>MLlib is under active development.
	The APIs marked <code>Experimental</code>/<code>DeveloperApi</code> may change in future releases,
	and the migration guide below will explain all changes between releases.</p>

	<h1 id="sparkml-high-level-apis-for-ml-pipelines">spark.ml: high-level APIs for ML pipelines</h1>

	<p>Spark 1.2 introduced a new package called <code>spark.ml</code>, which aims to provide a uniform set of
	high-level APIs that help users create and tune practical machine learning pipelines.
	It is currently an alpha component, and we would like to hear back from the community about
	how it fits real-world use cases and how it could be improved.</p>

	<p>Note that we will keep supporting and adding features to <code>spark.mllib</code> along with the
	development of <code>spark.ml</code>.
	Users should be comfortable using <code>spark.mllib</code> features and expect more features coming.
	Developers should contribute new algorithms to <code>spark.mllib</code> and can optionally contribute
	to <code>spark.ml</code>.</p>

	<p>See the <strong><a href="ml-guide.html">spark.ml programming guide</a></strong> for more information on this package.</p>

	<h1 id="dependencies">Dependencies</h1>

	<p>MLlib uses the linear algebra package
	<a href="http://www.scalanlp.org/">Breeze</a>, which depends on
	<a href="https://github.com/fommil/netlib-java">netlib-java</a> for optimised
	numerical processing. If natives are not available at runtime, you
	will see a warning message and a pure JVM implementation will be used
	instead.</p>

	<p>To learn more about the benefits and background of system optimised
	natives, you may wish to watch Sam Halliday’s ScalaX talk on
	<a href="http://fommil.github.io/scalax14/#/">High Performance Linear Algebra in Scala</a>).</p>

	<p>Due to licensing issues with runtime proprietary binaries, we do not
	include <code>netlib-java</code>’s native proxies by default. To configure
	<code>netlib-java</code> / Breeze to use system optimised binaries, include
	<code>com.github.fommil.netlib:all:1.1.2</code> (or build Spark with
	<code>-Pnetlib-lgpl</code>) as a dependency of your project and read the
	<a href="https://github.com/fommil/netlib-java">netlib-java</a> documentation for
	your platform’s additional installation instructions.</p>

	<p>MLlib also uses <a href="https://github.com/mikiobraun/jblas">jblas</a> which
	will require you to install the
	<a href="https://github.com/mikiobraun/jblas/wiki/Missing-Libraries">gfortran runtime library</a>
	if it is not already present on your nodes.</p>

	<p>To use MLlib in Python, you will need <a href="http://www.numpy.org">NumPy</a>
	version 1.4 or newer.</p>

	<hr />

	<h1 id="migration-guide">Migration Guide</h1>

	<p>For the <code>spark.ml</code> package, please see the <a href="ml-guide.html#migration-guide">spark.ml Migration Guide</a>.</p>

	<h2 id="from-12-to-13">From 1.2 to 1.3</h2>

	<p>In the <code>spark.mllib</code> package, there were several breaking changes. The first change (in <code>ALS</code>) is the only one in a component not marked as Alpha or Experimental.</p>

	<ul>
	<li><em>(Breaking change)</em> In <a href="api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.mllib.recommendation.ALS"><code>ALS</code></a>, the extraneous method <code>solveLeastSquares</code> has been removed. The <code>DeveloperApi</code> method <code>analyzeBlocks</code> was also removed.</li>
	<li><em>(Breaking change)</em> <a href="api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.mllib.feature.StandardScalerModel"><code>StandardScalerModel</code></a> remains an Alpha component. In it, the <code>variance</code> method has been replaced with the <code>std</code> method. To compute the column variance values returned by the original <code>variance</code> method, simply square the standard deviation values returned by <code>std</code>.</li>
	<li><em>(Breaking change)</em> <a href="api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.mllib.regression.StreamingLinearRegressionWithSGD"><code>StreamingLinearRegressionWithSGD</code></a> remains an Experimental component. In it, there were two changes:
	<ul>
	<li>The constructor taking arguments was removed in favor of a builder patten using the default constructor plus parameter setter methods.</li>
	<li>Variable <code>model</code> is no longer public.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li><em>(Breaking change)</em> <a href="api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.mllib.tree.DecisionTree"><code>DecisionTree</code></a> remains an Experimental component. In it and its associated classes, there were several changes:
	<ul>
	<li>In <code>DecisionTree</code>, the deprecated class method <code>train</code> has been removed. (The object/static <code>train</code> methods remain.)</li>
	<li>In <code>Strategy</code>, the <code>checkpointDir</code> parameter has been removed. Checkpointing is still supported, but the checkpoint directory must be set before calling tree and tree ensemble training.</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li><code>PythonMLlibAPI</code> (the interface between Scala/Java and Python for MLlib) was a public API but is now private, declared <code>private[python]</code>. This was never meant for external use.</li>
	<li>In linear regression (including Lasso and ridge regression), the squared loss is now divided by 2.
	So in order to produce the same result as in 1.2, the regularization parameter needs to be divided by 2 and the step size needs to be multiplied by 2.</li>
	</ul>

	<h2 id="previous-spark-versions">Previous Spark Versions</h2>

	<p>Earlier migration guides are archived <a href="mllib-migration-guides.html">on this page</a>.</p>


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