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 <h2 title="Enum CommonCRS" class="title">Enum CommonCRS</h2>
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 <pre>public enum <span class="typeNameLabel">CommonCRS</span>
 extends <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Enum.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang" class="externalLink">Enum</a>&lt;<a href="CommonCRS.html" title="enum in org.apache.sis.referencing">CommonCRS</a>&gt;</pre>
 <div class="block">Frequently-used geodetic CRS and datum that are guaranteed to be available in SIS.
  Methods in this enumeration are shortcuts for object definitions in the EPSG database.
  If there is no EPSG database available, or if the query failed, or if there is no EPSG definition for an object,
  then <code>CommonCRS</code> fallback on hard-coded values. Consequently, those methods never return <code>null</code>.

  <p>Referencing objects are cached after creation. Invoking the same method on the same <code>CommonCRS</code>
  instance twice will return the same <a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/IdentifiedObject.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing" class="externalLink"><code>IdentifiedObject</code></a> instance, unless the internal cache has been cleared
  (e.g. the application is running in a container environment and some modules have been installed or uninstalled).</p>

  <p><b>Example:</b> the following code fetches a geographic Coordinate Reference System using
  (<var>longitude</var>, <var>latitude</var>) axis order on the <a href="#WGS84"><code>WGS84</code></a> geodetic datum:</p>

  <blockquote><pre>GeographicCRS crs = CommonCRS.WGS84.<b>normalizedGeographic</b>();</pre></blockquote>

  For each enumeration value, the name of the CRS, datum and ellipsoid objects may or may not be the same.
  Below is an alphabetical list of object names available in this enumeration:

  <blockquote><table class="sis">
    <caption>Geodetic objects accessible by enumeration constants</caption>
    <tr><th>Name or alias</th>                                     <th>Object type</th>           <th>Enumeration value</th></tr>
    <tr><td>Clarke 1866</td>                                       <td>Ellipsoid</td>             <td><a href="#NAD27"><code>NAD27</code></a></td></tr>
    <tr><td>European Datum 1950 (ED50)</td>                        <td>CRS, datum</td>            <td><a href="#ED50"><code>ED50</code></a></td></tr>
    <tr><td>European Terrestrial Reference Frame (ETRS) 1989</td>  <td>CRS, datum</td>            <td><a href="#ETRS89"><code>ETRS89</code></a></td></tr>
    <tr><td>European Terrestrial Reference System (ETRF) 1989</td> <td>CRS, datum</td>            <td><a href="#ETRS89"><code>ETRS89</code></a></td></tr>
    <tr><td>Greenwich</td>                                         <td>Prime meridian</td>        <td><a href="#WGS84"><code>WGS84</code></a>, <a href="#WGS72"><code>WGS72</code></a>, <a href="#ETRS89"><code>ETRS89</code></a>, <a href="#NAD83"><code>NAD83</code></a>, <a href="#NAD27"><code>NAD27</code></a>, <a href="#ED50"><code>ED50</code></a>, <a href="#SPHERE"><code>SPHERE</code></a></td></tr>
    <tr><td>GRS 1980</td>                                          <td>Ellipsoid</td>             <td><a href="#GRS1980"><code>GRS1980</code></a>, <a href="#ETRS89"><code>ETRS89</code></a>, <a href="#NAD83"><code>NAD83</code></a></td></tr>
    <tr><td>GRS 1980 Authalic Sphere</td>                          <td>Ellipsoid</td>             <td><a href="#SPHERE"><code>SPHERE</code></a></td></tr>
    <tr><td>Hayford 1909</td>                                      <td>Ellipsoid</td>             <td><a href="#ED50"><code>ED50</code></a></td></tr>
    <tr><td>International 1924</td>                                <td>Ellipsoid</td>             <td><a href="#ED50"><code>ED50</code></a></td></tr>
    <tr><td>International 1979</td>                                <td>Ellipsoid</td>             <td><a href="#ETRS89"><code>ETRS89</code></a>, <a href="#NAD83"><code>NAD83</code></a></td></tr>
    <tr><td>North American Datum 1927</td>                         <td>CRS, datum</td>            <td><a href="#NAD27"><code>NAD27</code></a></td></tr>
    <tr><td>North American Datum 1983</td>                         <td>CRS, datum</td>            <td><a href="#NAD83"><code>NAD83</code></a></td></tr>
    <tr><td>NWL 10D</td>                                           <td>Ellipsoid</td>             <td><a href="#WGS72"><code>WGS72</code></a></td></tr>
    <tr><td>World Geodetic System (WGS) 1972</td>                  <td>CRS, datum, ellipsoid</td> <td><a href="#WGS72"><code>WGS72</code></a></td></tr>
    <tr><td>World Geodetic System (WGS) 1984</td>                  <td>CRS, datum, ellipsoid</td> <td><a href="#WGS84"><code>WGS84</code></a></td></tr>
  </table></blockquote></div>
 <dl>
 <dt><span class="simpleTagLabel">Since:</span></dt>
 <dd>0.4</dd>
 <dt><span class="seeLabel">See Also:</span></dt>
 <dd><a href="factory/CommonAuthorityFactory.html" title="class in org.apache.sis.referencing.factory"><code>CommonAuthorityFactory</code></a></dd>

 <p><font size="-1">Defined in the <code>sis-referencing</code> module</font></p>
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 <tr>
 <th class="colFirst" scope="col">Modifier and Type</th>
 <th class="colSecond" scope="col">Class</th>
 <th class="colLast" scope="col">Description</th>
 </tr>
 <tr class="altColor">
 <td class="colFirst"><code>static class&nbsp;</code></td>
 <th class="colSecond" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="CommonCRS.Temporal.html" title="enum in org.apache.sis.referencing">CommonCRS.Temporal</a></span></code></th>
 <td class="colLast">
 <div class="block">Frequently-used temporal CRS and datum that are guaranteed to be available in SIS.</div>
 </td>
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 <tr class="rowColor">
 <td class="colFirst"><code>static class&nbsp;</code></td>
 <th class="colSecond" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="CommonCRS.Vertical.html" title="enum in org.apache.sis.referencing">CommonCRS.Vertical</a></span></code></th>
 <td class="colLast">
 <div class="block">Frequently-used vertical CRS and datum that are guaranteed to be available in SIS.</div>
 </td>
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 <th class="colLast" scope="col">Description</th>
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 <th class="colFirst" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="#ED50">ED50</a></span></code></th>
 <td class="colLast">
 <div class="block">European Datum 1950.</div>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="rowColor">
 <th class="colFirst" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="#ETRS89">ETRS89</a></span></code></th>
 <td class="colLast">
 <div class="block">European Terrestrial Reference System 1989.</div>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="altColor">
 <th class="colFirst" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="#GRS1980">GRS1980</a></span></code></th>
 <td class="colLast">
 <div class="block">Unknown datum based upon the GRS 1980 ellipsoid.</div>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="rowColor">
 <th class="colFirst" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="#NAD27">NAD27</a></span></code></th>
 <td class="colLast">
 <div class="block">North American Datum 1927.</div>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="altColor">
 <th class="colFirst" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="#NAD83">NAD83</a></span></code></th>
 <td class="colLast">
 <div class="block">North American Datum 1983.</div>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="rowColor">
 <th class="colFirst" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="#SPHERE">SPHERE</a></span></code></th>
 <td class="colLast">
 <div class="block">Unspecified datum based upon the GRS 1980 Authalic Sphere.</div>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="altColor">
 <th class="colFirst" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="#WGS72">WGS72</a></span></code></th>
 <td class="colLast">
 <div class="block">World Geodetic System 1972.</div>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="rowColor">
 <th class="colFirst" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="#WGS84">WGS84</a></span></code></th>
 <td class="colLast">
 <div class="block">World Geodetic System 1984.</div>
 </td>
 </tr>
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 <caption><span id="t0" class="activeTableTab"><span>All Methods</span><span class="tabEnd">&nbsp;</span></span><span id="t1" class="tableTab"><span><a href="javascript:show(1);">Static Methods</a></span><span class="tabEnd">&nbsp;</span></span><span id="t2" class="tableTab"><span><a href="javascript:show(2);">Instance Methods</a></span><span class="tabEnd">&nbsp;</span></span><span id="t4" class="tableTab"><span><a href="javascript:show(8);">Concrete Methods</a></span><span class="tabEnd">&nbsp;</span></span></caption>
 <tr>
 <th class="colFirst" scope="col">Modifier and Type</th>
 <th class="colSecond" scope="col">Method</th>
 <th class="colLast" scope="col">Description</th>
 </tr>
 <tr id="i0" class="altColor">
 <td class="colFirst"><code><a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/datum/GeodeticDatum.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.datum" class="externalLink">GeodeticDatum</a></code></td>
 <th class="colSecond" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="#datum()">datum</a></span>()</code></th>
 <td class="colLast">
 <div class="block">Returns the geodetic datum associated to this geodetic object.</div>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr id="i1" class="rowColor">
 <td class="colFirst"><code>static <a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/crs/GeographicCRS.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.crs" class="externalLink">GeographicCRS</a></code></td>
 <th class="colSecond" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="#defaultGeographic()">defaultGeographic</a></span>()</code></th>
 <td class="colLast">
 <div class="block">Returns the default two-dimensional normalized geographic CRS.</div>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr id="i2" class="altColor">
 <td class="colFirst"><code><a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/datum/Ellipsoid.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.datum" class="externalLink">Ellipsoid</a></code></td>
 <th class="colSecond" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="#ellipsoid()">ellipsoid</a></span>()</code></th>
 <td class="colLast">
 <div class="block">Returns the ellipsoid associated to this geodetic object.</div>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr id="i3" class="rowColor">
 <td class="colFirst"><code>static <a href="CommonCRS.html" title="enum in org.apache.sis.referencing">CommonCRS</a></code></td>
 <th class="colSecond" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="#forDatum(org.opengis.referencing.crs.CoordinateReferenceSystem)">forDatum</a></span>&#8203;(<a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/crs/CoordinateReferenceSystem.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.crs" class="externalLink">CoordinateReferenceSystem</a>&nbsp;crs)</code></th>
 <td class="colLast">
 <div class="block">Returns the <code>CommonCRS</code> enumeration value for the datum of the given CRS.</div>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr id="i4" class="altColor">
 <td class="colFirst"><code><a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/crs/GeocentricCRS.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.crs" class="externalLink">GeocentricCRS</a></code></td>
 <th class="colSecond" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="#geocentric()">geocentric</a></span>()</code></th>
 <td class="colLast">
 <div class="block">Returns the geocentric CRS using a Cartesian coordinate system.</div>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr id="i5" class="rowColor">
 <td class="colFirst"><code><a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/crs/GeographicCRS.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.crs" class="externalLink">GeographicCRS</a></code></td>
 <th class="colSecond" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="#geographic()">geographic</a></span>()</code></th>
 <td class="colLast">
 <div class="block">Returns the two-dimensional geographic CRS with axes in the standard (<var>latitude</var>, <var>longitude</var>)
  order.</div>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr id="i6" class="altColor">
 <td class="colFirst"><code><a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/crs/GeographicCRS.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.crs" class="externalLink">GeographicCRS</a></code></td>
 <th class="colSecond" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="#geographic3D()">geographic3D</a></span>()</code></th>
 <td class="colLast">
 <div class="block">Returns the three-dimensional geographic CRS with axes in the standard (<var>latitude</var>,
  <var>longitude</var>, <var>height</var>) order.</div>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr id="i7" class="rowColor">
 <td class="colFirst"><code><a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/crs/GeographicCRS.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.crs" class="externalLink">GeographicCRS</a></code></td>
 <th class="colSecond" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="#normalizedGeographic()">normalizedGeographic</a></span>()</code></th>
 <td class="colLast">
 <div class="block">Returns a two-dimensional geographic CRS with axes in the non-standard but computationally convenient
  (<var>longitude</var>, <var>latitude</var>) order.</div>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr id="i8" class="altColor">
 <td class="colFirst"><code><a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/datum/PrimeMeridian.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.datum" class="externalLink">PrimeMeridian</a></code></td>
 <th class="colSecond" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="#primeMeridian()">primeMeridian</a></span>()</code></th>
 <td class="colLast">
 <div class="block">Returns the prime meridian associated to this geodetic object.</div>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr id="i9" class="rowColor">
 <td class="colFirst"><code><a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/crs/GeocentricCRS.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.crs" class="externalLink">GeocentricCRS</a></code></td>
 <th class="colSecond" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="#spherical()">spherical</a></span>()</code></th>
 <td class="colLast">
 <div class="block">Returns the geocentric CRS using a spherical coordinate system.</div>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr id="i10" class="altColor">
 <td class="colFirst"><code><a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/crs/ProjectedCRS.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.crs" class="externalLink">ProjectedCRS</a></code></td>
 <th class="colSecond" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="#universal(double,double)">universal</a></span>&#8203;(double&nbsp;latitude,
          double&nbsp;longitude)</code></th>
 <td class="colLast">
 <div class="block">Returns a Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) or a Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) projection
  for the zone containing the given point.</div>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr id="i11" class="rowColor">
 <td class="colFirst"><code>static <a href="CommonCRS.html" title="enum in org.apache.sis.referencing">CommonCRS</a></code></td>
 <th class="colSecond" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="#valueOf(java.lang.String)">valueOf</a></span>&#8203;(<a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang" class="externalLink">String</a>&nbsp;name)</code></th>
 <td class="colLast">
 <div class="block">Returns the enum constant of this type with the specified name.</div>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr id="i12" class="altColor">
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 <th class="colSecond" scope="row"><code><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="#values()">values</a></span>()</code></th>
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 <code><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#getClass()" title="class or interface in java.lang" class="externalLink">getClass</a>, <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#notify()" title="class or interface in java.lang" class="externalLink">notify</a>, <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#notifyAll()" title="class or interface in java.lang" class="externalLink">notifyAll</a>, <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#wait()" title="class or interface in java.lang" class="externalLink">wait</a>, <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#wait(long)" title="class or interface in java.lang" class="externalLink">wait</a>, <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html?is-external=true#wait(long,int)" title="class or interface in java.lang" class="externalLink">wait</a></code></li>
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 <pre>public static final&nbsp;<a href="CommonCRS.html" title="enum in org.apache.sis.referencing">CommonCRS</a> WGS84</pre>
 <div class="block">World Geodetic System 1984.
  This is the default CRS for most <code>org.apache.sis</code> packages.

  <blockquote><table class="compact">
  <caption>WGS84 properties</caption>
    <tr><th>WMS identifier:</th>          <td>CRS:84</td></tr>
    <tr><th>EPSG identifiers:</th>        <td>4326 &nbsp;(<i>datum:</i> 6326, &nbsp;<i>ellipsoid:</i> 7030)</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Primary names:</th>           <td>"WGS 84" &nbsp;(<i>datum:</i> "World Geodetic System 1984")</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Abbreviations or aliases:</th><td>(<i>datum:</i> "WGS 84", &nbsp;<i>ellipsoid:</i> "WGS84")</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Prime meridian:</th>          <td>Greenwich</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Semi-major axis length:</th>  <td>6378137</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Semi-minor axis length:</th>  <td>6356752 <i>(approximated)</i></td></tr>
    <tr><th>Inverse flattening:</th>      <td>298.257223563 <i>(definitive)</i></td></tr>
    <tr><th>Ellipsoid axes unit:</th>     <td><a href="../measure/Units.html#METRE"><code>Units.METRE</code></a></td></tr>
    <tr><th>UTM zones:</th>               <td>1 to 60 in North and South hemispheres</td></tr>
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 <pre>public static final&nbsp;<a href="CommonCRS.html" title="enum in org.apache.sis.referencing">CommonCRS</a> WGS72</pre>
 <div class="block">World Geodetic System 1972.

  <blockquote><table class="compact">
  <caption>WGS72 properties</caption>
    <tr><th>EPSG identifiers:</th>        <td>4322 &nbsp;(<i>datum:</i> 6322, &nbsp;<i>ellipsoid:</i> 7043)</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Primary names:</th>           <td>"WGS 72" &nbsp;(<i>datum:</i> "World Geodetic System 1972")</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Abbreviations or aliases:</th><td>(<i>datum:</i> "WGS 72", &nbsp;<i>ellipsoid:</i> "NWL 10D")</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Prime meridian:</th>          <td>Greenwich</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Semi-major axis length:</th>  <td>6378135</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Semi-minor axis length:</th>  <td>6356751 <i>(approximated)</i></td></tr>
    <tr><th>Inverse flattening:</th>      <td>298.26 <i>(definitive)</i></td></tr>
    <tr><th>Ellipsoid axes unit:</th>     <td><a href="../measure/Units.html#METRE"><code>Units.METRE</code></a></td></tr>
    <tr><th>UTM zones:</th>               <td>1 to 60 in North and South hemispheres</td></tr>
  </table></blockquote></div>
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 <pre>public static final&nbsp;<a href="CommonCRS.html" title="enum in org.apache.sis.referencing">CommonCRS</a> NAD83</pre>
 <div class="block">North American Datum 1983.
  The ellipsoid is <cite>"GRS 1980"</cite>, also known as <cite>"International 1979"</cite>.
  This ellipsoid is very close, but not identical, to the <a href="#WGS84">WGS84</a> one.

  <blockquote><table class="compact">
  <caption>NAD83 properties</caption>
    <tr><th>WMS identifier:</th>          <td>CRS:83</td></tr>
    <tr><th>EPSG identifiers:</th>        <td>4269 &nbsp;(<i>datum:</i> 6269, &nbsp;<i>ellipsoid:</i> 7019)</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Primary names:</th>           <td>"NAD83" &nbsp;(<i>datum:</i> "North American Datum 1983", &nbsp;<i>ellipsoid:</i> "GRS 1980")</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Abbreviations or aliases:</th><td>"NAD83 (1986)" &nbsp;(<i>ellipsoid:</i> "International 1979")</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Prime meridian:</th>          <td>Greenwich</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Semi-major axis length:</th>  <td>6378137</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Semi-minor axis length:</th>  <td>6356752 <i>(approximated)</i></td></tr>
    <tr><th>Inverse flattening:</th>      <td>298.257222101 <i>(definitive)</i></td></tr>
    <tr><th>Ellipsoid axes unit:</th>     <td><a href="../measure/Units.html#METRE"><code>Units.METRE</code></a></td></tr>
    <tr><th>UTM zones:</th>               <td>1 to 23 in the North hemisphere</td></tr>
  </table></blockquote>

  <div class="note"><b>Note:</b>
  <a href="#ETRS89"><code>ETRS89</code></a> uses the same ellipsoid for a different datum.
  The <cite>Web Map Server</cite> <code>"CRS:83"</code> authority code uses the NAD83 datum,
  while the <code>"IGNF:MILLER"</code> authority code uses the GRS80 datum.</div></div>
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 <pre>public static final&nbsp;<a href="CommonCRS.html" title="enum in org.apache.sis.referencing">CommonCRS</a> NAD27</pre>
 <div class="block">North American Datum 1927.

  <blockquote><table class="compact">
  <caption>NAD27 properties</caption>
    <tr><th>WMS identifier:</th>          <td>CRS:27</td></tr>
    <tr><th>EPSG identifiers:</th>        <td>4267 &nbsp;(<i>datum:</i> 6267, &nbsp;<i>ellipsoid:</i> 7008)</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Primary names:</th>           <td>"NAD27" &nbsp;(<i>datum:</i> "North American Datum 1927", &nbsp;<i>ellipsoid:</i> "Clarke 1866")</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Abbreviations or aliases:</th><td>(<i>datum:</i> "NAD27")</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Prime meridian:</th>          <td>Greenwich</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Semi-major axis length:</th>  <td>6378206.4</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Semi-minor axis length:</th>  <td>6356583.8 <i>(definitive)</i></td></tr>
    <tr><th>Ellipsoid axes unit:</th>     <td><a href="../measure/Units.html#METRE"><code>Units.METRE</code></a></td></tr>
    <tr><th>UTM zones:</th>               <td>1 to 22 in the North hemisphere</td></tr>
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 <pre>public static final&nbsp;<a href="CommonCRS.html" title="enum in org.apache.sis.referencing">CommonCRS</a> ETRS89</pre>
 <div class="block">European Terrestrial Reference System 1989.
  The ellipsoid is <cite>"GRS 1980"</cite>, also known as <cite>"International 1979"</cite>.
  This ellipsoid is very close, but not identical, to the <a href="#WGS84">WGS84</a> one.

  <blockquote><table class="compact">
  <caption>ETRS89 properties</caption>
    <tr><th>EPSG identifiers:</th>        <td>4258 &nbsp;(<i>datum:</i> 6258, &nbsp;<i>ellipsoid:</i> 7019)</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Primary names:</th>           <td>"ETRS89" &nbsp;(<i>datum:</i> "European Terrestrial Reference System 1989", &nbsp;<i>ellipsoid:</i> "GRS 1980")</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Abbreviations or aliases:</th><td>"ETRF89", "EUREF89", "ETRS89-GRS80" &nbsp;(<i>ellipsoid:</i> "International 1979")</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Prime meridian:</th>          <td>Greenwich</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Semi-major axis length:</th>  <td>6378137</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Semi-minor axis length:</th>  <td>6356752 <i>(approximated)</i></td></tr>
    <tr><th>Inverse flattening:</th>      <td>298.257222101 <i>(definitive)</i></td></tr>
    <tr><th>Ellipsoid axes unit:</th>     <td><a href="../measure/Units.html#METRE"><code>Units.METRE</code></a></td></tr>
    <tr><th>UTM zones:</th>               <td>28 to 37 in the North hemisphere</td></tr>
  </table></blockquote>

  <div class="note"><b>Note:</b>
  <a href="#NAD83"><code>NAD83</code></a> uses the same ellipsoid for a different datum.
  The <cite>Web Map Server</cite> <code>"CRS:83"</code> authority code uses the NAD83 datum,
  while the <code>"IGNF:MILLER"</code> authority code uses the GRS80 datum.</div></div>
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 <pre>public static final&nbsp;<a href="CommonCRS.html" title="enum in org.apache.sis.referencing">CommonCRS</a> ED50</pre>
 <div class="block">European Datum 1950.

  <blockquote><table class="compact">
  <caption>ED50 properties</caption>
    <tr><th>EPSG identifiers:</th>        <td>4230 &nbsp;(<i>datum:</i> 6230, &nbsp;<i>ellipsoid:</i> 7022)</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Primary names:</th>           <td>"ED50" &nbsp;(<i>datum:</i> "European Datum 1950", &nbsp;<i>ellipsoid:</i> "International 1924")</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Abbreviations or aliases:</th><td>(<i>datum:</i> "ED50", <i>ellipsoid:</i> "Hayford 1909")</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Prime meridian:</th>          <td>Greenwich</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Semi-major axis length:</th>  <td>6378388</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Semi-minor axis length:</th>  <td>6356912 <i>(approximated)</i></td></tr>
    <tr><th>Inverse flattening:</th>      <td>297 <i>(definitive)</i></td></tr>
    <tr><th>Ellipsoid axes unit:</th>     <td><a href="../measure/Units.html#METRE"><code>Units.METRE</code></a></td></tr>
    <tr><th>UTM zones:</th>               <td>28 to 38 in the North hemisphere</td></tr>
  </table></blockquote></div>
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 <pre>public static final&nbsp;<a href="CommonCRS.html" title="enum in org.apache.sis.referencing">CommonCRS</a> GRS1980</pre>
 <div class="block">Unknown datum based upon the GRS 1980 ellipsoid.
  Use only in cases where geodetic datum is unknown.

  <blockquote><table class="compact">
  <caption>GRS1980 properties</caption>
    <tr><th>EPSG identifiers:</th>        <td>4019 &nbsp;(<i>datum:</i> 6019, &nbsp;<i>ellipsoid:</i> 7019)</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Primary names:</th>           <td>"Unknown datum based upon the GRS 1980 ellipsoid."</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Prime meridian:</th>          <td>Greenwich</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Semi-major axis length:</th>  <td>6378137</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Semi-minor axis length:</th>  <td>6356752 <i>(approximated)</i></td></tr>
    <tr><th>Inverse flattening:</th>      <td>298.257222101 <i>(definitive)</i></td></tr>
    <tr><th>Ellipsoid axes unit:</th>     <td><a href="../measure/Units.html#METRE"><code>Units.METRE</code></a></td></tr>
  </table></blockquote></div>
 <dl>
 <dt><span class="simpleTagLabel">Since:</span></dt>
 <dd>1.0</dd>
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 <pre>public static final&nbsp;<a href="CommonCRS.html" title="enum in org.apache.sis.referencing">CommonCRS</a> SPHERE</pre>
 <div class="block">Unspecified datum based upon the GRS 1980 Authalic Sphere.

  <blockquote><table class="compact">
  <caption>Sphere properties</caption>
    <tr><th>EPSG identifiers:</th>        <td>4047 &nbsp;(<i>datum:</i> 6047, &nbsp;<i>ellipsoid:</i> 7048)</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Primary names:</th>           <td>"Unspecified datum based upon the GRS 1980 Authalic Sphere"</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Prime meridian:</th>          <td>Greenwich</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Semi-major axis length:</th>  <td>6371007</td></tr>
    <tr><th>Semi-minor axis length:</th>  <td>6371007 <i>(definitive)</i></td></tr>
    <tr><th>Ellipsoid axes unit:</th>     <td><a href="../measure/Units.html#METRE"><code>Units.METRE</code></a></td></tr>
  </table></blockquote></div>
 <dl>
 <dt><span class="seeLabel">See Also:</span></dt>
 <dd><a href="datum/DefaultEllipsoid.html#getAuthalicRadius()"><code>DefaultEllipsoid.getAuthalicRadius()</code></a></dd>
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 <pre class="methodSignature">public static&nbsp;<a href="CommonCRS.html" title="enum in org.apache.sis.referencing">CommonCRS</a>[]&nbsp;values()</pre>
 <div class="block">Returns an array containing the constants of this enum type, in
 the order they are declared. This method may be used to iterate
 over the constants as follows:
 <pre>
 for (CommonCRS c : CommonCRS.values())
 &nbsp;   System.out.println(c);
 </pre></div>
 <dl>
 <dt><span class="returnLabel">Returns:</span></dt>
 <dd>an array containing the constants of this enum type, in the order they are declared</dd>
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 <pre class="methodSignature">public static&nbsp;<a href="CommonCRS.html" title="enum in org.apache.sis.referencing">CommonCRS</a>&nbsp;valueOf&#8203;(<a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang" class="externalLink">String</a>&nbsp;name)</pre>
 <div class="block">Returns the enum constant of this type with the specified name.
 The string must match <i>exactly</i> an identifier used to declare an
 enum constant in this type.  (Extraneous whitespace characters are
 not permitted.)</div>
 <dl>
 <dt><span class="paramLabel">Parameters:</span></dt>
 <dd><code>name</code> - the name of the enum constant to be returned.</dd>
 <dt><span class="returnLabel">Returns:</span></dt>
 <dd>the enum constant with the specified name</dd>
 <dt><span class="throwsLabel">Throws:</span></dt>
 <dd><code><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/IllegalArgumentException.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang" class="externalLink">IllegalArgumentException</a></code> - if this enum type has no constant with the specified name</dd>
 <dd><code><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/NullPointerException.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang" class="externalLink">NullPointerException</a></code> - if the argument is null</dd>
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 <pre class="methodSignature">public static&nbsp;<a href="CommonCRS.html" title="enum in org.apache.sis.referencing">CommonCRS</a>&nbsp;forDatum&#8203;(<a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/crs/CoordinateReferenceSystem.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.crs" class="externalLink">CoordinateReferenceSystem</a>&nbsp;crs)</pre>
 <div class="block">Returns the <code>CommonCRS</code> enumeration value for the datum of the given CRS.
  The given CRS shall comply to the following conditions
  (otherwise an <a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/IllegalArgumentException.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang" class="externalLink"><code>IllegalArgumentException</code></a> is thrown):

  <ul>
    <li>The <code>crs</code> is either an instance of <a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/crs/SingleCRS.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.crs" class="externalLink"><code>SingleCRS</code></a>,
        or an instance of <a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/crs/CompoundCRS.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.crs" class="externalLink"><code>CompoundCRS</code></a>
        with an <a href="CRS.html#getHorizontalComponent(org.opengis.referencing.crs.CoordinateReferenceSystem)">horizontal component</a>.</li>
    <li>The <code>crs</code> or the horizontal component of <code>crs</code> is associated to a <a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/datum/GeodeticDatum.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.datum" class="externalLink"><code>GeodeticDatum</code></a>.</li>
    <li>The geodetic datum either<ul>
      <li>has the same EPSG code than one of the <code>CommonCRS</code> enumeration values, or</li>
      <li>has no EPSG code but is <a href="../util/Utilities.html#equalsIgnoreMetadata(java.lang.Object,java.lang.Object)">equal, ignoring metadata</a>,
        to the <a href="#datum()"><code>datum()</code></a> value of one of the <code>CommonCRS</code> enumeration values.</li>
    </ul></li>
  </ul>

  This method is useful for easier creation of various coordinate reference systems through the
  <a href="#geographic()"><code>geographic()</code></a>, <a href="#geocentric()"><code>geocentric()</code></a> or other convenience methods when the set of datums
  supported by <code>CommonCRS</code> is known to be sufficient.</div>
 <dl>
 <dt><span class="paramLabel">Parameters:</span></dt>
 <dd><code>crs</code> - the coordinate reference system for which to get a <code>CommonCRS</code> value.</dd>
 <dt><span class="returnLabel">Returns:</span></dt>
 <dd>the <code>CommonCRS</code> value for the geodetic datum of the given CRS.</dd>
 <dt><span class="throwsLabel">Throws:</span></dt>
 <dd><code><a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/IllegalArgumentException.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in java.lang" class="externalLink">IllegalArgumentException</a></code> - if no <code>CommonCRS</code> value can be found for the given CRS.</dd>
 <dt><span class="simpleTagLabel">Since:</span></dt>
 <dd>0.8</dd>
 <dt><span class="seeLabel">See Also:</span></dt>
 <dd><a href="#datum()"><code>datum()</code></a></dd>
 </dl>
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 <pre class="methodSignature">public static&nbsp;<a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/crs/GeographicCRS.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.crs" class="externalLink">GeographicCRS</a>&nbsp;defaultGeographic()</pre>
 <div class="block">Returns the default two-dimensional normalized geographic CRS.
  The CRS returned by this method has the following properties:

  <ul>
    <li>Axis order is (<var>longitude</var>, <var>latitude</var>).</li>
    <li>Axis directions are (<a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/cs/AxisDirection.html?is-external=true#EAST" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.cs" class="externalLink">East</a>, <a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/cs/AxisDirection.html?is-external=true#NORTH" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.cs" class="externalLink">North</a>).</li>
    <li>Angular unit is <a href="../measure/Units.html#DEGREE"><code>Units.DEGREE</code></a>.</li>
    <li>Prime meridian in Greenwich.</li>
  </ul>

  <div class="note"><b>Note:</b>
  This method makes no guarantees about the datum. The current default datum is WGS 84,
  but this may change in future SIS versions if a WGS 84 replacement become in wide use.</div>

  This default CRS is assigned to
  <a href="../geometry/GeneralEnvelope.html#%3Cinit%3E(org.opengis.metadata.extent.GeographicBoundingBox)">envelopes created from a geographic bounding box</a>.
  Since ISO 19115 <a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/metadata/extent/GeographicBoundingBox.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.metadata.extent" class="externalLink"><code>GeographicBoundingBox</code></a> is approximated by definition,
  their datum can be arbitrary.</div>
 <dl>
 <dt><span class="returnLabel">Returns:</span></dt>
 <dd>the default two-dimensional geographic CRS with (<var>longitude</var>, <var>latitude</var>) axis order.</dd>
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 <pre class="methodSignature">public&nbsp;<a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/crs/GeographicCRS.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.crs" class="externalLink">GeographicCRS</a>&nbsp;normalizedGeographic()</pre>
 <div class="block">Returns a two-dimensional geographic CRS with axes in the non-standard but computationally convenient
  (<var>longitude</var>, <var>latitude</var>) order. The coordinate system axes will be oriented toward
  <a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/cs/AxisDirection.html?is-external=true#EAST" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.cs" class="externalLink">East</a> and <a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/cs/AxisDirection.html?is-external=true#NORTH" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.cs" class="externalLink">North</a> respectively, with units
  in degrees. The following table summarizes the coordinate reference systems known to this class,
  together with an enumeration value that can be used for fetching that CRS:

  <blockquote><table class="sis">
    <caption>Commonly used geographic CRS</caption>
    <tr><th>Name or alias</th>            <th>Enum</th>            <th>Code</th></tr>
    <tr><td>ED50</td>                     <td><a href="#ED50"><code>ED50</code></a></td>   <td></td></tr>
    <tr><td>ETRS89</td>                   <td><a href="#ETRS89"><code>ETRS89</code></a></td> <td></td></tr>
    <tr><td>NAD27</td>                    <td><a href="#NAD27"><code>NAD27</code></a></td>  <td>CRS:27</td></tr>
    <tr><td>NAD83</td>                    <td><a href="#NAD83"><code>NAD83</code></a></td>  <td>CRS:83</td></tr>
    <tr><td>GRS 1980</td>                 <td><a href="#GRS1980"><code>GRS1980</code></a></td><td></td></tr>
    <tr><td>GRS 1980 Authalic Sphere</td> <td><a href="#SPHERE"><code>SPHERE</code></a></td> <td></td></tr>
    <tr><td>WGS 72</td>                   <td><a href="#WGS72"><code>WGS72</code></a></td>  <td></td></tr>
    <tr><td>WGS 84</td>                   <td><a href="#WGS84"><code>WGS84</code></a></td>  <td>CRS:84</td></tr>
  </table></blockquote></div>
 <dl>
 <dt><span class="returnLabel">Returns:</span></dt>
 <dd>the geographic CRS with non-standard (<var>longitude</var>, <var>latitude</var>) axis order.</dd>
 <dt><span class="seeLabel">See Also:</span></dt>
 <dd><a href="CRS.html#forCode(java.lang.String)"><code>CRS.forCode(String)</code></a>,
 <a href="crs/DefaultGeographicCRS.html#forConvention(org.apache.sis.referencing.cs.AxesConvention)"><code>DefaultGeographicCRS.forConvention(AxesConvention)</code></a>,
 <a href="cs/AxesConvention.html#NORMALIZED"><code>AxesConvention.NORMALIZED</code></a></dd>
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 <pre class="methodSignature">public&nbsp;<a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/crs/GeographicCRS.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.crs" class="externalLink">GeographicCRS</a>&nbsp;geographic()</pre>
 <div class="block">Returns the two-dimensional geographic CRS with axes in the standard (<var>latitude</var>, <var>longitude</var>)
  order. The coordinate system axes will be oriented toward <a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/cs/AxisDirection.html?is-external=true#NORTH" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.cs" class="externalLink">North</a> and
  <a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/cs/AxisDirection.html?is-external=true#EAST" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.cs" class="externalLink">East</a> respectively, with units in degrees.
  The following table summarizes the coordinate reference systems known to this class,
  together with an enumeration value that can be used for fetching that CRS:

  <blockquote><table class="sis">
    <caption>Commonly used geographic CRS</caption>
    <tr><th>Name or alias</th>            <th>Enum</th>            <th>EPSG</th></tr>
    <tr><td>ED50</td>                     <td><a href="#ED50"><code>ED50</code></a></td>   <td>4230</td></tr>
    <tr><td>ETRS89</td>                   <td><a href="#ETRS89"><code>ETRS89</code></a></td> <td>4258</td></tr>
    <tr><td>NAD27</td>                    <td><a href="#NAD27"><code>NAD27</code></a></td>  <td>4267</td></tr>
    <tr><td>NAD83</td>                    <td><a href="#NAD83"><code>NAD83</code></a></td>  <td>4269</td></tr>
    <tr><td>GRS 1980</td>                 <td><a href="#GRS1980"><code>GRS1980</code></a></td><td>4019</td></tr>
    <tr><td>GRS 1980 Authalic Sphere</td> <td><a href="#SPHERE"><code>SPHERE</code></a></td> <td>4047</td></tr>
    <tr><td>WGS 72</td>                   <td><a href="#WGS72"><code>WGS72</code></a></td>  <td>4322</td></tr>
    <tr><td>WGS 84</td>                   <td><a href="#WGS84"><code>WGS84</code></a></td>  <td>4326</td></tr>
  </table></blockquote></div>
 <dl>
 <dt><span class="returnLabel">Returns:</span></dt>
 <dd>the geographic CRS with standard (<var>latitude</var>, <var>longitude</var>) axis order.</dd>
 <dt><span class="seeLabel">See Also:</span></dt>
 <dd><a href="CRS.html#forCode(java.lang.String)"><code>CRS.forCode(String)</code></a>,
 <a href="crs/DefaultGeographicCRS.html" title="class in org.apache.sis.referencing.crs"><code>DefaultGeographicCRS</code></a></dd>
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 <pre class="methodSignature">public&nbsp;<a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/crs/GeographicCRS.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.crs" class="externalLink">GeographicCRS</a>&nbsp;geographic3D()</pre>
 <div class="block">Returns the three-dimensional geographic CRS with axes in the standard (<var>latitude</var>,
  <var>longitude</var>, <var>height</var>) order. The following table summarizes the coordinate
  reference systems known to this class, together with an enumeration value that can be used for
  fetching that CRS:

  <blockquote><table class="sis">
    <caption>Commonly used geographic CRS</caption>
    <tr><th>Name or alias</th>            <th>Enum</th>            <th>EPSG</th></tr>
    <tr><td>ED50</td>                     <td><a href="#ED50"><code>ED50</code></a></td>   <td></td></tr>
    <tr><td>ETRS89</td>                   <td><a href="#ETRS89"><code>ETRS89</code></a></td> <td>4937</td></tr>
    <tr><td>NAD27</td>                    <td><a href="#NAD27"><code>NAD27</code></a></td>  <td></td></tr>
    <tr><td>NAD83</td>                    <td><a href="#NAD83"><code>NAD83</code></a></td>  <td></td></tr>
    <tr><td>GRS 1980</td>                 <td><a href="#GRS1980"><code>GRS1980</code></a></td><td></td></tr>
    <tr><td>GRS 1980 Authalic Sphere</td> <td><a href="#SPHERE"><code>SPHERE</code></a></td> <td></td></tr>
    <tr><td>WGS 72</td>                   <td><a href="#WGS72"><code>WGS72</code></a></td>  <td>4985</td></tr>
    <tr><td>WGS 84</td>                   <td><a href="#WGS84"><code>WGS84</code></a></td>  <td>4979</td></tr>
  </table></blockquote></div>
 <dl>
 <dt><span class="returnLabel">Returns:</span></dt>
 <dd>the three-dimensional geographic CRS associated to this enum.</dd>
 <dt><span class="seeLabel">See Also:</span></dt>
 <dd><a href="CRS.html#forCode(java.lang.String)"><code>CRS.forCode(String)</code></a>,
 <a href="crs/DefaultGeographicCRS.html" title="class in org.apache.sis.referencing.crs"><code>DefaultGeographicCRS</code></a></dd>
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 <pre class="methodSignature">public&nbsp;<a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/crs/GeocentricCRS.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.crs" class="externalLink">GeocentricCRS</a>&nbsp;geocentric()</pre>
 <div class="block">Returns the geocentric CRS using a Cartesian coordinate system. Axis units are metres.
  The following table summarizes the coordinate reference systems known to this class,
  together with an enumeration value that can be used for fetching that CRS:

  <blockquote><table class="sis">
    <caption>Commonly used geocentric CRS</caption>
    <tr><th>Name or alias</th>            <th>Enum</th>            <th>EPSG</th></tr>
    <tr><td>ED50</td>                     <td><a href="#ED50"><code>ED50</code></a></td>   <td></td></tr>
    <tr><td>ETRS89</td>                   <td><a href="#ETRS89"><code>ETRS89</code></a></td> <td>4936</td></tr>
    <tr><td>NAD27</td>                    <td><a href="#NAD27"><code>NAD27</code></a></td>  <td></td></tr>
    <tr><td>NAD83</td>                    <td><a href="#NAD83"><code>NAD83</code></a></td>  <td></td></tr>
    <tr><td>GRS 1980</td>                 <td><a href="#GRS1980"><code>GRS1980</code></a></td><td></td></tr>
    <tr><td>GRS 1980 Authalic Sphere</td> <td><a href="#SPHERE"><code>SPHERE</code></a></td> <td></td></tr>
    <tr><td>WGS 72</td>                   <td><a href="#WGS72"><code>WGS72</code></a></td>  <td>4984</td></tr>
    <tr><td>WGS 84</td>                   <td><a href="#WGS84"><code>WGS84</code></a></td>  <td>4978</td></tr>
  </table></blockquote></div>
 <dl>
 <dt><span class="returnLabel">Returns:</span></dt>
 <dd>the geocentric CRS associated to this enum.</dd>
 <dt><span class="seeLabel">See Also:</span></dt>
 <dd><a href="CRS.html#forCode(java.lang.String)"><code>CRS.forCode(String)</code></a>,
 <a href="crs/DefaultGeocentricCRS.html" title="class in org.apache.sis.referencing.crs"><code>DefaultGeocentricCRS</code></a></dd>
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 <pre class="methodSignature">public&nbsp;<a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/crs/GeocentricCRS.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.crs" class="externalLink">GeocentricCRS</a>&nbsp;spherical()</pre>
 <div class="block">Returns the geocentric CRS using a spherical coordinate system. Axes are:

  <ol>
    <li>Spherical latitude in degrees oriented toward <a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/cs/AxisDirection.html?is-external=true#NORTH" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.cs" class="externalLink">north</a>.</li>
    <li>Spherical longitude in degrees oriented toward <a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/cs/AxisDirection.html?is-external=true#EAST" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.cs" class="externalLink">east</a>.</li>
    <li>Geocentric radius in metres oriented toward <a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/cs/AxisDirection.html?is-external=true#UP" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.cs" class="externalLink">up</a>.</li>
  </ol></div>
 <dl>
 <dt><span class="returnLabel">Returns:</span></dt>
 <dd>the geocentric CRS associated to this enum.</dd>
 <dt><span class="simpleTagLabel">Since:</span></dt>
 <dd>0.7</dd>
 <dt><span class="seeLabel">See Also:</span></dt>
 <dd><a href="crs/DefaultGeocentricCRS.html" title="class in org.apache.sis.referencing.crs"><code>DefaultGeocentricCRS</code></a></dd>
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 <pre class="methodSignature">public&nbsp;<a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/datum/GeodeticDatum.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.datum" class="externalLink">GeodeticDatum</a>&nbsp;datum()</pre>
 <div class="block">Returns the geodetic datum associated to this geodetic object.
  The following table summarizes the datums known to this class,
  together with an enumeration value that can be used for fetching that datum:

  <blockquote><table class="sis">
    <caption>Commonly used geodetic datums</caption>
    <tr><th>Name or alias</th>                                     <th>Enum</th>            <th>EPSG</th></tr>
    <tr><td>European Datum 1950</td>                               <td><a href="#ED50"><code>ED50</code></a></td>   <td>6230</td></tr>
    <tr><td>European Terrestrial Reference System 1989</td>        <td><a href="#ETRS89"><code>ETRS89</code></a></td> <td>6258</td></tr>
    <tr><td>North American Datum 1927</td>                         <td><a href="#NAD27"><code>NAD27</code></a></td>  <td>6267</td></tr>
    <tr><td>North American Datum 1983</td>                         <td><a href="#NAD83"><code>NAD83</code></a></td>  <td>6269</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Not specified (based on GRS 1980 ellipsoid)</td>       <td><a href="#GRS1980"><code>GRS1980</code></a></td><td>6019</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Not specified (based on GRS 1980 Authalic Sphere)</td> <td><a href="#SPHERE"><code>SPHERE</code></a></td> <td>6047</td></tr>
    <tr><td>World Geodetic System 1972</td>                        <td><a href="#WGS72"><code>WGS72</code></a></td>  <td>6322</td></tr>
    <tr><td>World Geodetic System 1984</td>                        <td><a href="#WGS84"><code>WGS84</code></a></td>  <td>6326</td></tr>
  </table></blockquote></div>
 <dl>
 <dt><span class="returnLabel">Returns:</span></dt>
 <dd>the geodetic datum associated to this enum.</dd>
 <dt><span class="seeLabel">See Also:</span></dt>
 <dd><a href="#forDatum(org.opengis.referencing.crs.CoordinateReferenceSystem)"><code>forDatum(CoordinateReferenceSystem)</code></a>,
 <a href="datum/DefaultGeodeticDatum.html" title="class in org.apache.sis.referencing.datum"><code>DefaultGeodeticDatum</code></a></dd>
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 <pre class="methodSignature">public&nbsp;<a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/datum/Ellipsoid.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.datum" class="externalLink">Ellipsoid</a>&nbsp;ellipsoid()</pre>
 <div class="block">Returns the ellipsoid associated to this geodetic object.
  The following table summarizes the ellipsoids known to this class,
  together with an enumeration value that can be used for fetching that ellipsoid:

  <blockquote><table class="sis">
    <caption>Commonly used ellipsoids</caption>
    <tr><th>Name or alias</th>                    <th>Enum</th>            <th>EPSG</th></tr>
    <tr><td>Clarke 1866</td>                      <td><a href="#NAD27"><code>NAD27</code></a></td>  <td>7008</td></tr>
    <tr><td>GRS 1980 Authalic Sphere</td>         <td><a href="#SPHERE"><code>SPHERE</code></a></td> <td>7048</td></tr>
    <tr><td>International 1924</td>               <td><a href="#ED50"><code>ED50</code></a></td>   <td>7022</td></tr>
    <tr><td>International 1979 / GRS 1980</td>    <td><a href="#ETRS89"><code>ETRS89</code></a></td> <td>7019</td></tr>
    <tr><td>World Geodetic System (WGS) 1972</td> <td><a href="#WGS72"><code>WGS72</code></a></td>  <td>7043</td></tr>
    <tr><td>World Geodetic System (WGS) 1984</td> <td><a href="#WGS84"><code>WGS84</code></a></td>  <td>7030</td></tr>
  </table></blockquote></div>
 <dl>
 <dt><span class="returnLabel">Returns:</span></dt>
 <dd>the ellipsoid associated to this enum.</dd>
 <dt><span class="seeLabel">See Also:</span></dt>
 <dd><a href="datum/DefaultEllipsoid.html" title="class in org.apache.sis.referencing.datum"><code>DefaultEllipsoid</code></a></dd>
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 <pre class="methodSignature">public&nbsp;<a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/datum/PrimeMeridian.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.datum" class="externalLink">PrimeMeridian</a>&nbsp;primeMeridian()</pre>
 <div class="block">Returns the prime meridian associated to this geodetic object.
  The following table summarizes the prime meridians known to this class,
  together with an enumeration value that can be used for fetching that prime meridian:

  <blockquote><table class="sis">
    <caption>Commonly used prime meridians</caption>
    <tr><th>Name or alias</th> <th>Enum</th>           <th>EPSG</th></tr>
    <tr><td>Greenwich</td>     <td><a href="#WGS84"><code>WGS84</code></a></td> <td>8901</td></tr>
  </table></blockquote></div>
 <dl>
 <dt><span class="returnLabel">Returns:</span></dt>
 <dd>the prime meridian associated to this enum.</dd>
 <dt><span class="seeLabel">See Also:</span></dt>
 <dd><a href="datum/DefaultPrimeMeridian.html" title="class in org.apache.sis.referencing.datum"><code>DefaultPrimeMeridian</code></a></dd>
 </dl>
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 <pre class="methodSignature">public&nbsp;<a href="http://www.geoapi.org/3.0/javadoc/org/opengis/referencing/crs/ProjectedCRS.html?is-external=true" title="class or interface in org.opengis.referencing.crs" class="externalLink">ProjectedCRS</a>&nbsp;universal&#8203;(double&nbsp;latitude,
                               double&nbsp;longitude)</pre>
 <div class="block">Returns a Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) or a Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) projection
  for the zone containing the given point.
  There is a total of 120 UTM zones, with 60 zones in the North hemisphere and 60 zones in the South hemisphere.
  The projection zone is determined from the arguments as below:

  <ul class="verbose">
    <li>If the <var>latitude</var> argument is less than 80°S or equal or greater than 84°N,
        then a <cite>Universal Polar Stereographic</cite> projection is created.</li>
    <li>Otherwise a <cite>Universal Transverse Mercator</cite> projection is created as below:
      <ul class="verbose">
        <li>The sign of the <var>latitude</var> argument determines the hemisphere:
            North for positive latitudes (including positive zero) or
            South for negative latitudes (including negative zero).
            The latitude magnitude is ignored, except for the special cases documented below
            and for ensuring that the latitude is inside the [-90 … 90]° range.</li>
        <li>The value of the <var>longitude</var> argument determines the 6°-width zone,
            numbered from 1 for the zone starting at 180°W up to 60 for the zone finishing at 180°E.
            Longitudes outside the [-180 … 180]° range will be rolled as needed before to compute the zone.</li>
        <li>Calculation of UTM zone involves two special cases (if those special cases are not desired,
            they can be avoided by making sure that the given latitude is below 56°N):
          <ul>
            <li>Between 56°N and 64°N, zone 32 is widened to 9° (at the expense of zone 31)
                to accommodate southwest Norway.</li>
            <li>Between 72°N and 84°N, zones 33 and 35 are widened to 12° to accommodate Svalbard.
                To compensate for these 12° wide zones, zones 31 and 37 are widened to 9° and
                zones 32, 34, and 36 are eliminated.</li>
          </ul>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </li>
  </ul>

  <div class="note"><b>Tip:</b>
  for "straight" UTM zone calculation without any special case (neither Norway, Svalbard or Universal Polar
  Stereographic projection), one can replace the <code>latitude</code> argument by <code>Math.signum(latitude)</code>.
  For using a specific zone number, one can additionally replace the <code>longitude</code> argument by
  <code>zone * 6 - 183</code>.</div>

  The map projection uses the following parameters:

  <table class="sis">
    <caption>Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) projection parameters</caption>
    <tr>
      <th>Parameter name</th>
      <th>UTM parameter value</th>
      <th>UPS parameter value</th>
    </tr><tr>
      <td>Latitude of natural origin</td>
      <td>0°</td>
      <td>90°N or 90°S depending on the sign of given latitude</td>
    </tr><tr>
      <td>Longitude of natural origin</td>
      <td>Central meridian of the UTM zone containing the given longitude</td>
      <td>0°</td>
    </tr><tr>
      <td>Scale factor at natural origin</td>
      <td>0.9996</td>
      <td>0.994</td>
    </tr><tr>
      <td>False easting</td>
      <td>500 000 metres</td>
      <td>2 000 000 metres</td>
    </tr><tr>
      <td>False northing</td>
      <td>0 (North hemisphere) or 10 000 000 (South hemisphere) metres</td>
      <td>2 000 000 metres</td>
    </tr>
  </table>

  The coordinate system axes are (Easting, Northing) in metres.

  <div class="note"><b>Warning:</b>
  be aware of parameter order! For this method, latitude is first.
  This order is for consistency with the non-normalized <a href="#geographic()">geographic</a> CRS
  of all items in this <code>CommonCRS</code> enumeration.</div></div>
 <dl>
 <dt><span class="paramLabel">Parameters:</span></dt>
 <dd><code>latitude</code> - a latitude in the desired UTM or UPS projection zone.</dd>
 <dd><code>longitude</code> - a longitude in the desired UTM or UPS projection zone.</dd>
 <dt><span class="returnLabel">Returns:</span></dt>
 <dd>a Universal Transverse Mercator or Polar Stereographic projection for the zone containing the given point.</dd>
 <dt><span class="simpleTagLabel">Since:</span></dt>
 <dd>0.8</dd>
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