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| Highway |
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| 使用 Edge Service 做网关 |
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| <span class="md-ellipsis"> |
| 使用 `zuul` 和 `spring cloud gateway` 做网关 |
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| nginx 网关简单介绍 |
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| <label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_16" id="__nav_16_label" tabindex="0"> |
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| 安全特性参考 |
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| <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> |
| </label> |
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| <nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_16_label" aria-expanded="false"> |
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| 使用RSA认证 |
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| <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> |
| Table of contents |
| </label> |
| <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix> |
| |
| <li class="md-nav__item"> |
| <a href="#_2" class="md-nav__link"> |
| <span class="md-ellipsis"> |
| 兼容性场景和分类 |
| </span> |
| </a> |
| |
| </li> |
| |
| <li class="md-nav__item"> |
| <a href="#servicecomb" class="md-nav__link"> |
| <span class="md-ellipsis"> |
| ServiceComb 的兼容性策略 |
| </span> |
| </a> |
| |
| </li> |
| |
| </ul> |
| |
| </nav> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| |
| |
| |
| <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content"> |
| <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset"> |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| <h1 id="_1">兼容问题和兼容性策略</h1> |
| <p>兼容是被广泛讨论的问题，大量开发者也关注 ServiceComb 的兼容性如何。 写这篇文章的触发点是在 ServiceComb 中 |
| 回答了<a href="https://github.com/apache/servicecomb-java-chassis/issues/1785">一个关于兼容的问题</a> 。 在 |
| 这个问题中， 开发者为了隐藏系统内部的变化，需要在代码中额外增加特殊逻辑，以保障使用者不感知这个变化。 这个问题 |
| 反映了兼容问题的两面性：（1）保持兼容可以屏蔽使用者对于变化的感知，维持现有功能的稳定性，降低引入新版本的成本， |
| 减少对现有系统功能的影响；（2）保持兼容需要在代码中增加复杂性，这些复杂性可能并不是实现现实业务逻辑必须的，继而 |
| 给现有系统功能的可靠性带来间接影响；从开发者的角度，做不兼容性重构通常是不得已而为之，或者由于现有接口设计不 |
| 合理影响扩展，或者存在某些未考虑的缺陷，不期望使用者继续使用。如果保持兼容，使用者不能感知到这个变化， |
| 直到该功能在实际环境出现问题，增加了问题发现时间。</p> |
| <p>软件不可能一开始就被设计的完美，因此兼容性问题会一直存在。需要结合兼容性的场景和兼容性的影响，综合评估兼容策略， |
| 使得既保持引入新版本的效率，又能够在每次升级新版本的时候，修复已知问题，让版本升级变得更有价值。</p> |
| <h2 id="_2">兼容性场景和分类</h2> |
| <p>为了评估兼容性的影响，需要细化兼容性的场景和分类。</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>运行时兼容。考虑一压缩文件的程序 <code>zip.exe</code>， 这个程序在老版本的 windows 里面可以正常运行，然后将这个 |
| 程序拷贝到新版本的 windows 里面，如果仍然可以执行，那么认为是运行时兼容；再考虑使用老版本 JDK 执行的 |
| 程序 <code>hello.jar</code>， 使用新版本 JDK ，如果仍然可以执行，那么认为是运行时兼容的。 运行时兼容通常 |
| 适用于操作系统，运行容器等基础软件平台，或者实现标准协议的运行环境，如 JSP/Servlet 的实现 Tomcat。 |
| 在早些时候，这些基础软件平台的兼容性一直做的不错，随着技术发展越来越快，用户对于体验要求越来越高， |
| 基础软件平台在保持兼容性的方面越来越放开，兼容版本越来越少。比如 windows 10 的版本并不兼容部分老的 |
| 执行程序，JDK 12 也不再兼容部分 jar 包，苹果的平台一直采取的是一种积极的向前看的策略，多数新版本 |
| 平台的推出，都要求应用使用新版本平台重新编译后在应用市场发布。 </p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>编译时兼容。编译时兼容是组件/模块类软件常见的兼容性类型，比如 ServiceComb， 通常作为运行程序的一部分， |
| 通过编译工具，与业务代码一起编译为可执行的程序。 以 ServiceComb 为例，使用它的应用程序采用 maven 工具 |
| 进行编译，如果能够通过修改依赖的 pom 的版本号，编译通过，并且功能没有变化，那么就认为是编译时兼容。 编译可以认为是开发 |
| 过程的一部分，不兼容导致的编译失败，通常不会给最终用户带来影响，组件使用者通过修改编译不通过的模块，使用 |
| 新提供的 API，就能够编译通过。编译不兼容的修正会涉及接口的替换，如果新替换的接口与老接口功能不一致，而 |
| 开发者又没有针对这些变更的功能进行测试，则可能将问题遗漏到最终用户。 修正编译不兼容问题需要有替换的接口，如果 |
| 没有可替换的接口，那么开发者没法使用新版本，这个不会给最终用户带来影响，开发者需要联系组件提供者提供对应的 |
| 解决方案满足要求。组件的编译时兼容做的比较好的一般是一些算法类、协议类组件，比如 JDK 的数据结构库，jackson |
| 的 JSON 解析库，越是面向应用层，编译不兼容的情况越是发生频繁，比如 spring cloud 相关的库。</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>服务接口兼容。 服务接口是应用服务化以后出现的概念，通常表示为应用对外提供的 REST 接口。 服务接口由于都是 |
| 在线使用，一旦接口变化，就可能对使用者的业务系统产生影响。服务接口的兼容性问题，使用者也无法通过离线编译 |
| 发现，所有的问题都是对用户产生影响后才被发现，因此服务接口的兼容显得尤其重要。 </p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>根据上面的兼容性场景，可以按照兼容性符合度，分为下面几类。</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>完美。完美运行时兼容代表老的应用程序，不需要重新编译就可以在新环境执行；完美编译时兼容代表使用新版本编译时 |
| 不会出现编译错误，并且运行时行为一致。</li> |
| <li>恰当。恰当运行时兼容代表老的应用程序，使用新平台提供的编译/打包等工具重新编译修改，如果存在失败，根据相关的指引 |
| 修复重新发布，能够继续运行，在新平台运行的效果和老版本一致。恰当编译时兼容指存在编译失败，使用新版本的API替换 |
| 老的API编译通过后，应用程序的行为和老版本一致。恰当兼容和修改工作量有关系，比如老版本切换为新版本，如果工作量 |
| 能够控制在1人天， 可以认为是恰当兼容。 </li> |
| <li>不兼容。不兼容指修改工作量超过可接纳的限度，或者某个接口没有替换方案。</li> |
| </ul> |
| <h2 id="servicecomb">ServiceComb 的兼容性策略</h2> |
| <p>ServiceComb 存在多个不同的组件，对于中间件类服务，比如 servicecomb-service-center 的兼容性策略是 |
| 服务接口兼容。 对于开发 SDK 类，比如 servicecomb-java-chassis 的兼容性策略是<code>恰当的编译时兼容</code>。 </p> |
| <p>相对于实际情况，上面的策略描述仍然比较简单，因为实际情况比设想的情况要复杂的多。本文关于兼容性场景的描述， |
| 并不能概况所有的兼容性场景，比如对于 SDK 类，也可能存在运行时兼容的要求，特别是有些业务系统是基于老的构建 |
| 工具，比如 ANT 的情况，业务可能需要替换 jar 的方式满足兼容性要求。 SDK 类也存在服务接口兼容的要求，比如 |
| 通过 SDK 的 <code>HIGHWAY</code> 发布接口，如果 <code>HIGHWAY</code> 底层的通信协议或者编解码方式发生变化，则可能导致服务 |
| 接口不兼容。 </p> |
| <p>为了对各种复杂的兼容性场景进行有效管理，java-chassis 使用 3 位版本号(major.minor.patch)适当区分：</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>patch: 恰当的编译时兼容版本。升级 patch 版本，通常工作量可以控制在1人天以内。patch 版本多数只需要 |
| 升级版本号，然后重新编译发布即可。 少量的版本可能存在影响极小的不兼容调整，比如将方法 <code>wong</code> 重命名 |
| 为 <code>wrong</code>。</li> |
| <li>minor: 恰当的编译时兼容版本。相较于 patch 版本， minor 版本可能存在更多的新特性交付，项目结构存在 |
| 一定程度的重构，使用内部 API 的开发者可能需要解决较多的编译问题，使用新的 API 替换老的 API。minor |
| 版本的升级工作量通常控制在3人天以内。</li> |
| <li>major：提供 major 版本，通常是由于某些特性可能导致运行时兼容问题。比如 <code>2.0.0</code> 版本的 <code>HIGHWAY</code> |
| 协议的修改。 因为运行时兼容出现的时候，只要使用了该功能的所有微服务都需要一并升级，工作量从单个服务提升 |
| 到整个应用，视应用的规模大小，工作量会差别很大。当然并不意味着 major 版本升级一定非常复杂，实际上没有 |
| 使用 <code>HIGHWAY</code> 的情况，2.0.0 升级的工作量仍然不超过一般的 minor 版本。针对 major 版本， |
| ServiceComb 会提供相关的升级指导，帮助开发者评估兼容性影响。</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>java-chassis 自身也使用了大量的三方件，为了更好的平衡升级效率和项目的持续高质量发展，下面总结了一些 |
| 兼容性管理的优秀实践以及对于开发者的建议：</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>尽可能使用核心 API，减少重构对于产品兼容的影响。区分核心 API 是需要一些开发经验的，java-chassis 并 |
| 没有给出核心 API 的范围和独立文档说明。 一个简单的方式是阅读开发指南，开发指南里面提到的使用方法，就是 |
| 核心 API 的内容，比如定义服务接口的 JAX RS 标签或者Spring MVC标签， <code>Handler</code> 和 <code>Invocation</code> |
| 核心模型，以及不同的模块提供的配置项等。 </li> |
| <li>使用非核心 API 的时候，适当增加自动化测试用例。由于业务的需要，使用非核心 API 不可避免，比如有些业务需要 |
| 使用服务中心的 API 更新服务状态，调用 <code>RegistryUtils</code> 的接口。 不用担心这些 API 变化而不敢使用， |
| 先针对使用这些 API 的场景或者直接针对这个 API 写一些自动化测试用例。升级版本的时候，这些 API 的 |
| 原型变化甚至语义变化，都能够及时被发现。 </li> |
| <li>持续升级新版本是一把双刃剑，但总体来讲，收益远大于问题。如果业务系统需要不断的更新，建议就应该在每个产品 |
| 迭代中安排一个任务升级新版本。java-chassis 的每个版本迭代，都固定会安排升级三方件的任务。及时升级版本， |
| 能够快速修复老版本存在的安全漏洞，解决老版本已知的可靠性、性能问题、发现的bug；还能够识别出一些错误的 |
| 废弃用法，及时调整为正确的用法，使用新的版本，更容易从社区获得对于新发现问题的帮助。持续升级是一个系统 |
| 的工程实践，不单单指升级版本，还包括为了预防升级版本给质量带来风险而采取的其他措施，比如自动化测试的持续 |
| 构建，持续集成流水线的构建，定期阅读重要项目的 Release Notes，关注项目发展方向等等。 这种方式是一种主动 |
| 质量加固措施，可以免于问题发生。可惜多数决策者看到的是更新版本带来的问题，看不到预防措施的积极效果， |
| 没有把持续升级作为一项重要的能力建设事项纳入计划，这项能力一直得不到提升，当实施升级的时候，更容易引入故障。</li> |
| </ul> |
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