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| <meta itemprop="headline" content="Eventual Data Consistency Solution in ServiceComb - part 1"> |
| <meta itemprop="description" content="The background of data consistency problem in the scenario of microservice architecture"> |
| <meta itemprop="datePublished" content="September 13, 2017"> |
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| <header> |
| <h1 class="page__title" itemprop="headline">Eventual Data Consistency Solution in ServiceComb - part 1 |
| </h1> |
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| 5 minute read |
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| <section class="page__content" itemprop="text"> |
| <p>Data consistency is a critical aspect of many systems, especially in cloud and microservice environment. We recently |
| released <a href="https://github.com/apache/incubator-servicecomb-saga">Saga</a> project under ServiceComb to address data consistency issue. |
| But why is data consistency so important and what is Saga?</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="data-consistency-of-monolithic-applications">Data Consistency of Monolithic Applications</h2> |
| <p>Imagine we are a giant corporation who runs an airline, a car rental company, and a hotel chain. We provide one-stop trip |
| planning experience for our customers, so that they only have to provide a destination and we will book a flight, rent a |
| car, and reserve a hotel room for them. From the business point of view, we have to make sure <strong>bookings with all the three |
| are successful to make a successful trip plan, or there will be no plan</strong>.</p> |
| |
| <p>This requirement is easily satisfied with our current monolithic application. We just had to wrap all the three bookings |
| in a single database transaction and they would all be done successfully or none was done.</p> |
| |
| <p><img src="/assets/images/saga.monolithic.png" alt="Monolithic Application" class="align-center" /></p> |
| |
| <p>When this feature released, our business was happy, and our customer was happy.</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="data-consistency-in-the-microservice-scenario">Data Consistency in the Microservice Scenario</h2> |
| <p>In a few years, our corporation is doing so well on this trip planning business and our customers grow over tenfold. As |
| more services provided by our airline, car rental company, and hotel chain, our application and development teams also |
| grow. Now our monolith is so big and complex that not a single person understands how everything works together. What's |
| even worse is that it takes weeks for all the development teams to put together their changes for a new release. Our business |
| is not happy, since our market share is dropping due to the delay of our new features.</p> |
| |
| <p>We decide to split our monolith into four microservices, flight booking, car rental, hotel reservation, and payment, after |
| several rounds of discussions. Services use their own database and communicate through HTTP requests. They are released |
| according to their own schedule to meet the market needs. But we face a new problem: how do we ensure the original business |
| rule of bookings with all three services must be successful to make a trip plan? A service cannot just access another's |
| database, because it violates the service boundary and services may not use the same database technology.</p> |
| |
| <p><img src="/assets/images/saga.service.boundary.png" alt="Service Boundary" class="align-center" /></p> |
| |
| <h2 id="sagas">Sagas</h2> |
| <p>We found a <a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">great paper</a> by Hector & Kenneth on the Internet talking about data consistency issues and this paper mentioned |
| a terminology named Saga.</p> |
| |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>A saga refers to a long live transaction that can be broken into a collection of sub-transactions that can be interleaved |
| in any way with other transactions. Each sub transactions in this case is a real transaction in the sense that it preserves |
| database consistency. [<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">1</a>]</p> |
| </blockquote> |
| |
| <p>In case of our business, a trip transaction is a saga which consists of four sub-transactions: flight booking, car rental, |
| hotel reservation, and payment.</p> |
| |
| <p><img src="/assets/images/saga.transactions.png" alt="Transactions" class="align-center" /></p> |
| |
| <p>Saga is also described in <a href="http://www.chrisrichardson.net/">Chris Richardson</a>'s article: <a href="http://microservices.io/patterns/data/saga.html">Pattern: Saga</a>.</p> |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>Chris Richardson is an experienced software architect, author of POJOs in Action and the creator of the original CloudFoundry.com. [3]</p> |
| </blockquote> |
| |
| <p>Caitie McCaffrey also showed how she applied saga pattern in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_4">Halo 4</a> by Microsoft in <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDuwrtwYHu8">her talk</a>.</p> |
| |
| <h3 id="how-saga-works">How Saga Works</h3> |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>The transactions in a saga are related to each other and should be executed as a (non-atomic) unit. Any partial executions |
| of the saga are undesirable, and if they occur, must be compensated for. To amend partial executions, each saga transaction |
| T<sub>1</sub> should be provided with a compensating transaction C<sub>1</sub>.[<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">1</a>]</p> |
| </blockquote> |
| |
| <p>We define the following transactions and their corresponding compensations for our services according to the rule above:</p> |
| |
| <table> |
| <thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th style="text-align: center">Service</th> |
| <th style="text-align: center">Transaction</th> |
| <th style="text-align: center">Compensation</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead> |
| <tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td style="text-align: center">flight booking</td> |
| <td style="text-align: center">book flight</td> |
| <td style="text-align: center">cancel booking</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td style="text-align: center">car rental</td> |
| <td style="text-align: center">rent car</td> |
| <td style="text-align: center">cancel booking</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td style="text-align: center">hotel reservation</td> |
| <td style="text-align: center">reserve room</td> |
| <td style="text-align: center">cancel reservation</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td style="text-align: center">payment</td> |
| <td style="text-align: center">pay</td> |
| <td style="text-align: center">refund</td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody> |
| </table> |
| |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>Once compensating transactions C<sub>1</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>, …, C<sub>n-1</sub> are defined for saga T<sub>1</sub>, T<sub>2</sub>, …, T<sub>n</sub>, |
| then the system can make the following guarantee [<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">1</a>]</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>either the sequence T<sub>1</sub>, T<sub>2</sub>, …, T<sub>n</sub> (which is the preferable one)</li> |
| <li>or the sequence T<sub>1</sub>, T<sub>2</sub>, …, T<sub>j</sub>, C<sub>j</sub>, …, C<sub>2</sub>, C<sub>1</sub>, for some 0 < j < n, will be executed</li> |
| </ul> |
| </blockquote> |
| |
| <p>In another word, with the above defined transaction/compensation pairs, saga guarantees the following business rules are met:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>all the bookings are either executed successfully, or cancelled if any of them fails</li> |
| <li>if the payment fails in the last step, all bookings are cancelled too</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <h3 id="saga-recovery">Saga Recovery</h3> |
| <p>Two types of saga recovery were described in the <a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">original paper</a>:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><strong>backward recovery</strong> <em>compensates</em> all completed transactions if one failed</li> |
| <li><strong>forward recovery</strong> <em>retries</em> failed transactions, assuming every sub-transaction will eventually succeed</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <p>Apparently there is no need for compensating transactions in forward recovery, which is useful if sub-transactions will |
| always succeed (eventually) or compensations are very hard or impossible for your business.</p> |
| |
| <p>Theoretically compensating transactions shall never fail. However, in the distributed world, servers may go down, network |
| can fail, and even data centers may go dark. What can we do in such situations? The last resort is to have fallbacks which |
| may involve manual intervention.</p> |
| |
| <h3 id="the-restrictions-of-saga">The Restrictions of Saga</h3> |
| <p>That looks promising. Are all long live transactions can be done this way? There are a few restrictions:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>A saga only permits two levels of nesting, the top level saga and simple transactions [<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">1</a>]</li> |
| <li>At the outer level, full atomicity is not provided. That is, sagas may view the partial results of other sagas [<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">1</a>]</li> |
| <li>Each sub-transaction should be an independent atomic action [2]</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <p>In our case, flight booking, car rental, hotel reservation, and payment are naturally independent actions and transaction |
| of each can be performed atomically with their corresponding databases.</p> |
| |
| <p>We don't need atomicity at the trip transaction level either. One user may book the last seat on a flight which gets |
| cancelled later due to insufficient balance in credit card. Another user may see the flight fully booked and one seat freed |
| up for booking due to the cancellation. He/she can grab the last flight seat and complete the trip plan. It does not really |
| matter to our business.</p> |
| |
| <p>There are also things to consider on compensations.</p> |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>The compensating transaction undoes, from a semantic point of view, any of the actions performed by T<sub>i</sub>, but |
| does not necessarily return the database to the state that existed when the execution of T<sub>i</sub> began. (For instance, |
| if a transaction fires a missile, it may not be possible to undo this action) [<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">1</a>]</p> |
| </blockquote> |
| |
| <p>However, this is not a problem at all for our business. And it is still possible to compensate for actions hard to undo. For |
| example, a transaction sending an email can be compensated by sending another email explaining the problem.</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="summary">Summary</h2> |
| <p>Now we have a solution to tackle our data consistency issue with saga. It allows us to either successfully perform all |
| transactions or compensate succeeded ones in case any fails. Although saga does not provide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACID">ACID</a> guarantee, it still suits |
| many scenarios where eventual data consistency is enough. How do we design a saga system? Let's address the question in our |
| next blog post.</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="references">References</h2> |
| <ol> |
| <li><a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">Original Paper on Sagas</a> by By Hector Garcia-Molina & Kenneth Salem</li> |
| <li>Gifford, David K and James E Donahue, “Coordinating Independent Atomic Actions”, Proceedings of IEEE COMPCON, San Francisco, CA, February, 1985</li> |
| <li>Chris Richardson: http://www.chrisrichardson.net/</li> |
| <li>ServiceComb Saga Project: https://github.com/apache/incubator-servicecomb-saga</li> |
| </ol> |
| |
| |
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