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| <meta itemprop="headline" content="ServiceComb中的数据最终一致性方案 - part 2"> |
| <meta itemprop="description" content="ServiceComb中的分布式Saga设计"> |
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| <h1 class="page__title" itemprop="headline">ServiceComb中的数据最终一致性方案 - part 2 |
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| 少于 1 分钟 阅读 |
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| <p>在我的前一篇<a href="/cn/docs/distributed_saga_1/">文章</a>，我谈到怎么用<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">Saga</a>解决行程规划应用的数据一致性问题。 |
| 现在让我们尝试设计实现Saga。</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="saga-log">Saga Log</h2> |
| <p>Saga保证所有的子事务都得以完成或补偿，但Saga系统本身也可能会崩溃。Saga崩溃时可能处于以下几个状态：</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>Saga收到事务请求，但尚未开始。因子事务对应的微服务状态未被Saga修改，我们什么也不需要做。</li> |
| <li>一些子事务已经完成。重启后，Saga必须接着上次完成的事务恢复。</li> |
| <li>子事务已开始，但尚未完成。由于远程服务可能已完成事务，也可能事务失败，甚至服务请求超时，saga只能重新发起之前未确认完成的子事务。这意味着子事务必须幂等。</li> |
| <li>子事务失败，其补偿事务尚未开始。Saga必须在重启后执行对应补偿事务。</li> |
| <li>补偿事务已开始但尚未完成。解决方案与上一个相同。这意味着补偿事务也必须是幂等的。</li> |
| <li>所有子事务或补偿事务均已完成，与第一种情况相同。</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <p>为了恢复到上述状态，我们必须追踪子事务及补偿事务的每一步。我们决定通过事件的方式达到以上要求，并将以下事件保存在名为saga log的持久存储中：</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><strong>Saga started event</strong> 保存整个saga请求，其中包括多个事务/补偿请求</li> |
| <li><strong>Transaction started event</strong> 保存对应事务请求</li> |
| <li><strong>Transaction ended event</strong> 保存对应事务请求及其回复</li> |
| <li><strong>Transaction aborted event</strong> 保存对应事务请求和失败的原因</li> |
| <li><strong>Transaction compensated event</strong> 保存对应补偿请求及其回复</li> |
| <li><strong>Saga ended event</strong> 标志着saga事务请求的结束，不需要保存任何内容</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <p><img src="/assets/images/saga.events.png" alt="Events" class="align-center" /></p> |
| |
| <p>通过将这些事件持久化在saga log中，我们可以将saga恢复到上述任何状态。</p> |
| |
| <p>由于Saga只需要做事件的持久化，而事件内容以JSON的形式存储，Saga log的实现非常灵活，数据库（SQL或NoSQL），持久消息队列，甚至普通文件可以用作事件存储， |
| 当然有些能更快得帮saga恢复状态。</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="saga请求的数据结构">Saga请求的数据结构</h2> |
| <p>在我们的业务场景下，航班预订、租车、和酒店预订没有依赖关系，可以并行处理，但对于我们的客户来说，只在所有预订成功后一次付费更加友好。 |
| 那么这四个服务的事务关系可以用下图表示：</p> |
| |
| <p><img src="/assets/images/saga.transactions.png" alt="Transactions" class="align-center" /></p> |
| |
| <p>将行程规划请求的数据结构实现为<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_acyclic_graph">有向非循环图</a>恰好合适。 |
| 图的根是saga启动任务，叶是saga结束任务。</p> |
| |
| <p><img src="/assets/images/saga.graph.png" alt="Request Graph" class="align-center" /></p> |
| |
| <h2 id="parallel-saga">Parallel Saga</h2> |
| <p>如上所述，航班预订，租车和酒店预订可以并行处理。但是这样做会造成另一个问题：如果航班预订失败，而租车正在处理怎么办？我们不能一直等待租车服务回应， |
| 因为不知道需要等多久。</p> |
| |
| <p>最好的办法是再次发送租车请求，获得回应，以便我们能够继续补偿操作。但如果租车服务永不回应，我们可能需要采取回退措施，比如手动干预。</p> |
| |
| <p>超时的预订请求可能最后仍被租车服务收到，这时服务已经处理了相同的预订和取消请求。</p> |
| |
| <p><img src="/assets/images/saga.commutative.png" alt="Network Latency" class="align-center" /></p> |
| |
| <p>因此，服务的实现必须保证补偿请求执行以后，再次收到的对应事务请求无效。 |
| Caitie McCaffrey在她的演讲<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1H6tounpnG8">Distributed Sagas: A Protocol for Coordinating Microservices</a>中把这个称为<strong>可交换的补偿请求 (commutative compensating request)</strong> 。</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="acid-and-saga">ACID and Saga</h2> |
| <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACID">ACID</a>是具有以下属性的一致性模型:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>原子性（Atomicity）</li> |
| <li>一致性（Consistency）</li> |
| <li>隔离性（Isolation）</li> |
| <li>持久性（Durability）</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <p>Saga不提供ACID保证，因为原子性和隔离性不能得到满足。原<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">论文</a>描述如下：</p> |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>full atomicity is not provided. That is, sagas may view the partial results of other sagas [<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">1</a>]</p> |
| </blockquote> |
| |
| <p>通过saga log，saga可以保证一致性和持久性。</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="saga-架构">Saga 架构</h2> |
| <p>最后，我们的Saga架构如下</p> |
| |
| <p><img src="/assets/images/saga.design.png" alt="Saga Architecture" class="align-center" /></p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li>Saga Execution Component解析请求JSON并构建请求图</li> |
| <li>TaskRunner 用任务队列确保请求的执行顺序</li> |
| <li>TaskConsumer 处理Saga任务，将事件写入saga log，并将请求发送到远程服务</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <h2 id="总结">总结</h2> |
| <p>本文讨论了如何实现saga，通过saga log来保存事务和补偿事件。也提到如何从saga log中持久化的事件恢复崩溃的saga系统。 |
| 为了满足saga的一致性保证，微服务的设计有以下几个要求：</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>事务和赔偿请求必须幂等</li> |
| <li>补偿请求必须可交换（commutative）</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <h2 id="references">References</h2> |
| <ol> |
| <li><a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">Original Paper on Sagas</a> by By Hector Garcia-Molina & Kenneth Salem</li> |
| </ol> |
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