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| <meta itemprop="headline" content="ServiceComb中的数据最终一致性方案 - part 1"> |
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| <h1 class="page__title" itemprop="headline">ServiceComb中的数据最终一致性方案 - part 1 |
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| 少于 1 分钟 阅读 |
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| <p>数据一致性是许多系统的关键部分，特别是在微服务和云的环境下。我们最近在ServiceComb下发布了<a href="https://github.com/apache/incubator-servicecomb-saga">Saga</a>项目， |
| 以解决数据一致性问题。但为什么数据一致性如此重要？Saga又是什么？</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="单体应用的数据一致性">单体应用的数据一致性</h2> |
| <p>想象一下如果我们经营着一家大型企业，下属有航空公司、租车公司、和连锁酒店。我们为客户提供一站式的旅游行程规划服务，这样客户只需要提供出行目的地， |
| 我们帮助客户预订机票、租车、以及预订酒店。从业务的角度，我们必须保证<strong>上述三个服务的预订都完成才能满足一个成功的旅游行程，否则不能成行</strong>。</p> |
| |
| <p>我们的单体应用要满足这个需求非常简单，只需将这个三个服务请求放到同一个数据库事务中，数据库会帮我们保证全部成功或者全部回滚。</p> |
| |
| <p><img src="/assets/images/saga.monolithic.png" alt="单体应用" class="align-center" /></p> |
| |
| <p>当这个功能上线以后，公司非常满意，客户也非常高兴。</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="微服务场景下的数据一致性">微服务场景下的数据一致性</h2> |
| <p>这几年中，我们的行程规划服务非常成功，企业蒸蒸日上，用户量也翻了数十倍。企业的下属航空公司、租车公司、和连锁酒店也相继推出了更多服务以满足客户需求， |
| 我们的应用和开发团队也因此日渐庞大。如今我们的单体应用已变得如此复杂，以至于没人了解整个应用是怎么运作的。更糟的是新功能的上线现在需要所有研发团队合作， |
| 日夜奋战数周才能完成。看着市场占有率每况愈下，公司高层对研发部门越来越不满意。</p> |
| |
| <p>经过数轮讨论，我们最终决定将庞大的单体应用一分为四：机票预订服务、租车服务、酒店预订服务、和支付服务。服务各自使用自己的数据库，并通过HTTP协议通信。 |
| 负责各服务的团队根据市场需求按照自己的开发节奏发版上线。如今我们面临新的挑战：如何保证最初<strong>三个服务的预订都完成才能满足一个成功的旅游行程， |
| 否则不能成行</strong>的业务规则？现在服务有各自的边界，而且数据库选型也不尽相同，通过数据库保证数据一致性的方案已不可行。</p> |
| |
| <p><img src="/assets/images/saga.service.boundary.png" alt="服务边界" class="align-center" /></p> |
| |
| <h2 id="sagas">Sagas</h2> |
| <p>幸运的是我们在互联网找到一篇精彩的<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">论文</a>，文中提出的数据一致性解决方案<em>Saga</em>恰好满足我们的业务要求。</p> |
| |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>Saga是一个长活事务，可被分解成可以交错运行的子事务集合。其中每个子事务都是一个保持数据库一致性的真实事务。[<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">1</a>]</p> |
| </blockquote> |
| |
| <p>在我们的业务场景下，一个行程规划的事务就是一个Saga，其中包含四个子事务：机票预订、租车、酒店预订、和支付。</p> |
| |
| <p><img src="/assets/images/saga.transactions.png" alt="事务" class="align-center" /></p> |
| |
| <p><a href="http://www.chrisrichardson.net/">Chris Richardson</a>在他的文章<a href="http://microservices.io/patterns/data/saga.html">Pattern: Saga</a>中对Saga有所描述。 |
| Caitie McCaffrey也在她的<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDuwrtwYHu8">演讲</a>中提到如何在微软的<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_4">光晕 4</a>游戏中如何应用saga解决数据一致性问题。</p> |
| |
| <h3 id="saga的运行原理">Saga的运行原理</h3> |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>Saga中的事务相互关联，应作为（非原子）单位执行。任何未完全执行的Saga是不满足要求的，如果发生，必须得到补偿。要修正未完全执行的部分， |
| 每个saga子交易T<sub>1</sub>应提供对应补偿事务C<sub>1</sub>[<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">1</a>]</p> |
| </blockquote> |
| |
| <p>我们根据上述规则定义以下事务及其相应的事务补偿：</p> |
| |
| <table> |
| <thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th style="text-align: center">服务</th> |
| <th style="text-align: center">事务</th> |
| <th style="text-align: center">补偿</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead> |
| <tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td style="text-align: center">机票预订</td> |
| <td style="text-align: center">预订机票</td> |
| <td style="text-align: center">取消预订</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td style="text-align: center">租车</td> |
| <td style="text-align: center">租车</td> |
| <td style="text-align: center">取消预订</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td style="text-align: center">酒店预订</td> |
| <td style="text-align: center">预订房间</td> |
| <td style="text-align: center">取消预订</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td style="text-align: center">支付</td> |
| <td style="text-align: center">支付</td> |
| <td style="text-align: center">退款</td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody> |
| </table> |
| |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>当每个saga子事务 T<sub>1</sub>, T<sub>2</sub>, …, T<sub>n</sub> 都有对应的补偿定义 C<sub>1</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>, …, C<sub>n-1</sub>, |
| 那么saga系统可以保证 [<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">1</a>]</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>子事务序列 T<sub>1</sub>, T<sub>2</sub>, …, T<sub>n</sub>得以完成 (最佳情况)</li> |
| <li>或者序列 T<sub>1</sub>, T<sub>2</sub>, …, T<sub>j</sub>, C<sub>j</sub>, …, C<sub>2</sub>, C<sub>1</sub>, 0 < j < n, 得以完成</li> |
| </ul> |
| </blockquote> |
| |
| <p>换句话说，通过上述定义的事务/补偿，saga保证满足以下业务规则：</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>所有的预订都被执行成功，如果任何一个失败，都会被取消</li> |
| <li>如果最后一步付款失败，所有预订也将被取消</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <h3 id="saga的恢复方式">Saga的恢复方式</h3> |
| <p><a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">原论文</a>中描述了两种类型的Saga恢复方式：</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><strong>向后恢复</strong> <em>补偿</em>所有已完成的事务，如果任一子事务失败</li> |
| <li><strong>向前恢复</strong> <em>重试</em>失败的事务，假设每个子事务最终都会成功</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <p>显然，向前恢复没有必要提供补偿事务，如果你的业务中，子事务（最终）总会成功，或补偿事务难以定义或不可能，向前恢复更符合你的需求。</p> |
| |
| <p>理论上补偿事务永不失败，然而，在分布式世界中，服务器可能会宕机，网络可能会失败，甚至数据中心也可能会停电。在这种情况下我们能做些什么？ |
| 最后的手段是提供回退措施，比如人工干预。</p> |
| |
| <h3 id="使用saga的条件">使用Saga的条件</h3> |
| <p>Saga看起来很有希望满足我们的需求。所有长活事务都可以这样做吗？这里有一些限制：</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>Saga只允许两个层次的嵌套，顶级的Saga和简单子事务 [<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">1</a>]</li> |
| <li>在外层，全原子性不能得到满足。也就是说，sagas可能会看到其他sagas的部分结果 [<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">1</a>]</li> |
| <li>每个子事务应该是独立的原子行为 [2]</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <p>在我们的业务场景下，航班预订、租车、酒店预订和付款是自然独立的行为，而且每个事务都可以用对应服务的数据库保证原子操作。</p> |
| |
| <p>我们在行程规划事务层面也不需要原子性。一个用户可以预订最后一张机票，而后由于信用卡余额不足而被取消。同时另一个用户可能开始会看到已无余票， |
| 接着由于前者预订被取消，最后一张机票被释放，而抢到最后一个座位并完成行程规划。</p> |
| |
| <p>补偿也有需考虑的事项：</p> |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>补偿事务从语义角度撤消了事务T<sub>i</sub>的行为，但未必能将数据库返回到执行T<sub>i</sub>时的状态。（例如，如果事务触发导弹发射， |
| 则可能无法撤消此操作）[<a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">1</a>]</p> |
| </blockquote> |
| |
| <p>但这对我们的业务来说不是问题。其实难以撤消的行为也有可能被补偿。例如，发送电邮的事务可以通过发送解释问题的另一封电邮来补偿。</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="总结">总结</h2> |
| <p>现在我们有了通过Saga来解决数据一致性问题的方案。它允许我们成功地执行所有事务，或在任何事务失败的情况下，补偿已成功的事务。 |
| 虽然Saga不提供<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACID">ACID</a>保证，但仍适用于许多数据最终一致性的场景。那我们如何设计一个Saga系统？ |
| 让我们在下一篇博文来回答这个问题。</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="参考">参考</h2> |
| <ol> |
| <li><a href="https://www.cs.cornell.edu/andru/cs711/2002fa/reading/sagas.pdf">Original Paper on Sagas</a> by By Hector Garcia-Molina & Kenneth Salem</li> |
| <li>Gifford, David K and James E Donahue, “Coordinating Independent Atomic Actions”, Proceedings of IEEE COMPCON, San Francisco, CA, February, 1985</li> |
| <li>Chris Richardson: http://www.chrisrichardson.net/</li> |
| <li>ServiceComb Saga Project: https://github.com/apache/incubator-servicecomb-saga</li> |
| </ol> |
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