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class="docItemContainer_Djhp"><article><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_Z_bl" aria-label="页面路径"><ul class="breadcrumbs" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><a aria-label="主页面" class="breadcrumbs__link" href="/zh/"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="breadcrumbHomeIcon_YNFT"><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><span class="breadcrumbs__link">基本概念</span><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">基本概念</span><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li></ul></nav><span class="theme-doc-version-badge badge badge--secondary">版本:5.0</span><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">本页总览</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><h1>基本概念</h1><p>本文介绍 Apache RocketMQ 的基本概念,以便您更好地理解和使用 Apache RocketMQ 。</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="主题topic">主题(Topic)<a href="#主题topic" class="hash-link" aria-label="主题(Topic)的直接链接" title="主题(Topic)的直接链接"></a></h2><p>Apache RocketMQ 中消息传输和存储的顶层容器,用于标识同一类业务逻辑的消息。主题通过TopicName来做唯一标识和区分。更多信息,请参见<a href="/zh/docs/domainModel/02topic">主题(Topic)</a>。</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="消息类型messagetype">消息类型(MessageType)<a href="#消息类型messagetype" class="hash-link" aria-label="消息类型(MessageType)的直接链接" title="消息类型(MessageType)的直接链接"></a></h2><p>Apache RocketMQ 中按照消息传输特性的不同而定义的分类,用于类型管理和安全校验。 Apache RocketMQ 支持的消息类型有普通消息、顺序消息、事务消息和定时/延时消息。</p><div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-info alert alert--info admonition_LlT9"><div class="admonitionHeading_tbUL"><span class="admonitionIcon_kALy"><svg viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>信息</div><div class="admonitionContent_S0QG"><p>Apache RocketMQ 从5.0版本开始,支持强制校验消息类型,即每个主题Topic只允许发送一种消息类型的消息,这样可以更好的运维和管理生产系统,避免混乱。但同时保证向下兼容4.x版本行为,强制校验功能默认开启。</p></div></div><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="消息队列messagequeue">消息队列(MessageQueue)<a href="#消息队列messagequeue" class="hash-link" aria-label="消息队列(MessageQueue)的直接链接" title="消息队列(MessageQueue)的直接链接"></a></h2><p>队列是 Apache RocketMQ 中消息存储和传输的实际容器,也是消息的最小存储单元。 Apache RocketMQ 的所有主题都是由多个队列组成,以此实现队列数量的水平拆分和队列内部的流式存储。队列通过QueueId来做唯一标识和区分。更多信息,请参见<a href="/zh/docs/domainModel/03messagequeue">队列(MessageQueue)</a>。</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="消息message">消息(Message)<a href="#消息message" class="hash-link" aria-label="消息(Message)的直接链接" title="消息(Message)的直接链接"></a></h2><p>消息是 Apache RocketMQ 中的最小数据传输单元。生产者将业务数据的负载和拓展属性包装成消息发送到服务端,服务端按照相关语义将消息投递到消费端进行消费。更多信息,请参见<a href="/zh/docs/domainModel/04message">消息(Message)</a>。</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="消息视图messageview">消息视图(MessageView)<a href="#消息视图messageview" class="hash-link" aria-label="消息视图(MessageView)的直接链接" title="消息视图(MessageView)的直接链接"></a></h2><p>消息视图是 Apache RocketMQ 面向开发视角提供的一种消息只读接口。通过消息视图可以读取消息内部的多个属性和负载信息,但是不能对消息本身做任何修改。</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="消息标签messagetag">消息标签(MessageTag)<a href="#消息标签messagetag" class="hash-link" aria-label="消息标签(MessageTag)的直接链接" title="消息标签(MessageTag)的直接链接"></a></h2><p>消息标签是Apache RocketMQ 提供的细粒度消息分类属性,可以在主题层级之下做消息类型的细分。消费者通过订阅特定的标签来实现细粒度过滤。更多信息,请参见<a href="/zh/docs/featureBehavior/07messagefilter">消息过滤</a>。</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="消息位点messagequeueoffset">消息位点(MessageQueueOffset)<a href="#消息位点messagequeueoffset" class="hash-link" aria-label="消息位点(MessageQueueOffset)的直接链接" title="消息位点(MessageQueueOffset)的直接链接"></a></h2><p>消息是按到达Apache RocketMQ 服务端的先后顺序存储在指定主题的多个队列中,每条消息在队列中都有一个唯一的Long类型坐标,这个坐标被定义为消息位点。更多信息,请参见<a href="/zh/docs/featureBehavior/09consumerprogress">消费进度管理</a>。</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="消费位点consumeroffset">消费位点(ConsumerOffset)<a href="#消费位点consumeroffset" class="hash-link" aria-label="消费位点(ConsumerOffset)的直接链接" title="消费位点(ConsumerOffset)的直接链接"></a></h2><p>一条消息被某个消费者消费完成后不会立即从队列中删除,Apache RocketMQ 会基于每个消费者分组记录消费过的最新一条消息的位点,即消费位点。更多信息,请参见<a href="/zh/docs/featureBehavior/09consumerprogress">消费进度管理</a>。</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="消息索引messagekey">消息索引(MessageKey)<a href="#消息索引messagekey" class="hash-link" aria-label="消息索引(MessageKey)的直接链接" title="消息索引(MessageKey)的直接链接"></a></h2><p>消息索引是Apache RocketMQ 提供的面向消息的索引属性。通过设置的消息索引可以快速查找到对应的消息内容。</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="生产者producer">生产者(Producer)<a href="#生产者producer" class="hash-link" aria-label="生产者(Producer)的直接链接" title="生产者(Producer)的直接链接"></a></h2><p>生产者是Apache RocketMQ 系统中用来构建并传输消息到服务端的运行实体。生产者通常被集成在业务系统中,将业务消息按照要求封装成消息并发送至服务端。更多信息,请参见<a href="/zh/docs/domainModel/04producer">生产者(Producer)</a>。</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="事务检查器transactionchecker">事务检查器(TransactionChecker)<a href="#事务检查器transactionchecker" class="hash-link" aria-label="事务检查器(TransactionChecker)的直接链接" title="事务检查器(TransactionChecker)的直接链接"></a></h2><p>Apache RocketMQ 中生产者用来执行本地事务检查和异常事务恢复的监听器。事务检查器应该通过业务侧数据的状态来检查和判断事务消息的状态。更多信息,请参见<a href="/zh/docs/featureBehavior/04transactionmessage">事务消息</a>。</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="事务状态transactionresolution">事务状态(TransactionResolution)<a href="#事务状态transactionresolution" class="hash-link" aria-label="事务状态(TransactionResolution)的直接链接" title="事务状态(TransactionResolution)的直接链接"></a></h2><p>Apache RocketMQ 中事务消息发送过程中,事务提交的状态标识,服务端通过事务状态控制事务消息是否应该提交和投递。事务状态包括事务提交、事务回滚和事务未决。更多信息,请参见<a href="/zh/docs/featureBehavior/04transactionmessage">事务消息</a>。</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="消费者分组consumergroup">消费者分组(ConsumerGroup)<a href="#消费者分组consumergroup" class="hash-link" aria-label="消费者分组(ConsumerGroup)的直接链接" title="消费者分组(ConsumerGroup)的直接链接"></a></h2><p>消费者分组是Apache RocketMQ 系统中承载多个消费行为一致的消费者的负载均衡分组。和消费者不同,消费者分组并不是运行实体,而是一个逻辑资源。在 Apache RocketMQ 中,通过消费者分组内初始化多个消费者实现消费性能的水平扩展以及高可用容灾。更多信息,请参见<a href="/zh/docs/domainModel/07consumergroup">消费者分组(ConsumerGroup)</a>。</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="消费者consumer">消费者(Consumer)<a href="#消费者consumer" class="hash-link" aria-label="消费者(Consumer)的直接链接" title="消费者(Consumer)的直接链接"></a></h2><p>消费者是Apache RocketMQ 中用来接收并处理消息的运行实体。消费者通常被集成在业务系统中,从服务端获取消息,并将消息转化成业务可理解的信息,供业务逻辑处理。更多信息,请参见<a href="/zh/docs/domainModel/08consumer">消费者(Consumer)</a>。</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="消费结果consumeresult">消费结果(ConsumeResult)<a href="#消费结果consumeresult" class="hash-link" aria-label="消费结果(ConsumeResult)的直接链接" title="消费结果(ConsumeResult)的直接链接"></a></h2><p>Apache RocketMQ 中PushConsumer消费监听器处理消息完成后返回的处理结果,用来标识本次消息是否正确处理。消费结果包含消费成功和消费失败。</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="订阅关系subscription">订阅关系(Subscription)<a href="#订阅关系subscription" class="hash-link" aria-label="订阅关系(Subscription)的直接链接" title="订阅关系(Subscription)的直接链接"></a></h2><p>订阅关系是Apache RocketMQ 系统中消费者获取消息、处理消息的规则和状态配置。订阅关系由消费者分组动态注册到服务端系统,并在后续的消息传输中按照订阅关系定义的过滤规则进行消息匹配和消费进度维护。更多信息,请参见<a href="/zh/docs/domainModel/09subscription">订阅关系(Subscription)</a>。</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="消息过滤">消息过滤<a href="#消息过滤" class="hash-link" aria-label="消息过滤的直接链接" title="消息过滤的直接链接"></a></h2><p>消费者可以通过订阅指定消息标签(Tag)对消息进行过滤,确保最终只接收被过滤后的消息合集。过滤规则的计算和匹配在Apache RocketMQ |