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class="container padding-top--md padding-bottom--lg"><div class="row"><div class="col docItemCol_VOVn"><div class="docItemContainer_Djhp"><article><nav class="theme-doc-breadcrumbs breadcrumbsContainer_Z_bl" aria-label="页面路径"><ul class="breadcrumbs" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><a aria-label="主页面" class="breadcrumbs__link" href="/zh/"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="breadcrumbHomeIcon_YNFT"><path d="M10 19v-5h4v5c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1v-7h1.7c.46 0 .68-.57.33-.87L12.67 3.6c-.38-.34-.96-.34-1.34 0l-8.36 7.53c-.34.3-.13.87.33.87H5v7c0 .55.45 1 1 1h3c.55 0 1-.45 1-1z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a></li><li class="breadcrumbs__item"><span class="breadcrumbs__link">生产者</span><meta itemprop="position" content="1"></li><li itemscope="" itemprop="itemListElement" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumbs__item breadcrumbs__item--active"><span class="breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="name">顺序消息发送</span><meta itemprop="position" content="2"></li></ul></nav><span class="theme-doc-version-badge badge badge--secondary">版本:4.x</span><div class="tocCollapsible_ETCw theme-doc-toc-mobile tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">本页总览</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><h1>顺序消息发送</h1><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="顺序消息介绍">顺序消息介绍<a href="#顺序消息介绍" class="hash-link" aria-label="顺序消息介绍的直接链接" title="顺序消息介绍的直接链接"></a></h2><p>顺序消息是一种对消息发送和消费顺序有严格要求的消息。</p><p>对于一个指定的Topic,消息严格按照先进先出(FIFO)的原则进行消息发布和消费,即先发布的消息先消费,后发布的消息后消费。在 Apache RocketMQ 中支持分区顺序消息,如下图所示。我们可以按照某一个标准对消息进行分区(比如图中的ShardingKey),同一个ShardingKey的消息会被分配到同一个队列中,并按照顺序被消费。</p><p>需要注意的是 RocketMQ 消息的顺序性分为两部分,生产顺序性和消费顺序性。只有同时满足了生产顺序性和消费顺序性才能达到上述的FIFO效果。</p><p><strong>生产顺序性:</strong> RocketMQ 通过生产者和服务端的协议保障单个生产者串行地发送消息,并按序存储和持久化。如需保证消息生产的顺序性,则必须满足以下条件:</p><ul><li>单一生产者: 消息生产的顺序性仅支持单一生产者,不同生产者分布在不同的系统,即使设置相同的分区键,不同生产者之间产生的消息也无法判定其先后顺序。</li><li>串行发送:生产者客户端支持多线程安全访问,但如果生产者使用多线程并行发送,则不同线程间产生的消息将无法判定其先后顺序。</li></ul><p>满足以上条件的生产者,将顺序消息发送至服务端后,会保证设置了同一分区键的消息,按照发送顺序存储在同一队列中。服务端顺序存储逻辑如下:</p><p><img loading="lazy" alt="顺序消息发送" src="/zh/assets/images/顺序消息发送-a80d08ef7dacd4e936c3f6992a1369e5.png" width="2546" height="610" class="img_ev3q"></p><p>顺序消息的应用场景也非常广泛,在有序事件处理、撮合交易、数据实时增量同步等场景下,异构系统间需要维持强一致的状态同步,上游的事件变更需要按照顺序传递到下游进行处理。</p><p>例如创建订单的场景,需要保证同一个订单的生成、付款和发货,这三个操作被顺序执行。如果是普通消息,订单A的消息可能会被轮询发送到不同的队列中,不同队列的消息将无法保持顺序,而顺序消息发送时将ShardingKey相同(同一订单号)的消息序路由到一个逻辑队列中。
<img loading="lazy" alt="顺序消息场景一" src="/zh/assets/images/顺序消息示例一-a8bac55b8fb3fceb995891c64c2f0a5a.png" width="877" height="459" class="img_ev3q"></p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="顺序消息示例代码">顺序消息示例代码<a href="#顺序消息示例代码" class="hash-link" aria-label="顺序消息示例代码的直接链接" title="顺序消息示例代码的直接链接"></a></h2><p>顺序消息的代码如下所示:</p><div class="language-java codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-java codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">public class Producer {</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> public static void main(String[] args) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> try {</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> DefaultMQProducer producer = new DefaultMQProducer(&quot;please_rename_unique_group_name&quot;);</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> producer.start();</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> String[] tags = new String[] {&quot;TagA&quot;, &quot;TagB&quot;, &quot;TagC&quot;, &quot;TagD&quot;, &quot;TagE&quot;};</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> for (int i = 0; i &lt; 100; i++) {</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> int orderId = i % 10;</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> Message msg =</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> new Message(&quot;TopicTest&quot;, tags[i % tags.length], &quot;KEY&quot; + i,</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> (&quot;Hello RocketMQ &quot; + i).getBytes(RemotingHelper.DEFAULT_CHARSET));</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> SendResult sendResult = producer.send(msg, new MessageQueueSelector() {</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> @Override</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> public MessageQueue select(List&lt;MessageQueue&gt; mqs, Message msg, Object arg) {</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> Integer id = (Integer) arg;</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> int index = id % mqs.size();</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> return mqs.get(index);</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> }</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> }, orderId);</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> System.out.printf(&quot;%s%n&quot;, sendResult);</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> }</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> producer.shutdown();</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> } catch (MQClientException | RemotingException | MQBrokerException | InterruptedException e) {</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> e.printStackTrace();</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> }</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> }</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">}</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="复制代码到剪贴板" title="复制" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p>这里的区别主要是调用了<code>SendResult send(Message msg, MessageQueueSelector selector, Object arg)</code>方法,MessageQueueSelector 是队列选择器,arg 是一个 Java Object 对象,可以传入作为消息发送分区的分类标准。</p><div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-tip alert alert--success admonition_LlT9"><div class="admonitionHeading_tbUL"><span class="admonitionIcon_kALy"><svg viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>提示</div><div class="admonitionContent_S0QG"><p>MessageQueueSelector的接口如下:</p><div class="language-java codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-java codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">public interface MessageQueueSelector {</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> MessageQueue select(final List&lt;MessageQueue&gt; mqs, final Message msg, final Object arg);</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">}</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="复制代码到剪贴板" title="复制" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p>其中 mqs 是可以发送的队列,msg是消息,arg是上述send接口中传入的Object对象,返回的是该消息需要发送到的队列。上述例子里,是以orderId作为分区分类标准,对所有队列个数取余,来对将相同orderId的消息发送到同一个队列中。</p><p>生产环境中建议选择最细粒度的分区键进行拆分,例如,将订单ID、用户ID作为分区键关键字,可实现同一终端用户的消息按照顺序处理,不同用户的消息无需保证顺序。</p></div></div><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="顺序消息的一致性">顺序消息的一致性<a href="#顺序消息的一致性" class="hash-link" aria-label="顺序消息的一致性的直接链接" title="顺序消息的一致性的直接链接"></a></h2><p>如果一个Broker掉线,那么此时队列总数是否会发化?</p><p>如果发生变化,那么同一个 ShardingKey 的消息就会发送到不同的队列上,造成乱序。如果不发生变化,那消息将会发送到掉线Broker的队列上,必然是失败的。因此 Apache RocketMQ 提供了两种模式,如果要保证严格顺序而不是可用性,创建 Topic 是要指定 <code>-o</code> 参数(--order)为true,表示顺序消息:</p><div class="language-shell codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-shell codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">$ </span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">sh</span><span class="token plain"> bin/mqadmin updateTopic -c DefaultCluster -t TopicTest -o </span><span class="token boolean" style="color:#36acaa">true</span><span class="token plain"> -n </span><span class="token number" style="color:#36acaa">127.0</span><span class="token plain">.0.1:9876</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">create topic to </span><span class="token number" style="color:#36acaa">127.0</span><span class="token plain">.0.1:10911 success.</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain">TopicConfig </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">[</span><span class="token plain">topicName</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">=</span><span class="token plain">TopicTest, </span><span class="token assign-left variable" style="color:#36acaa">readQueueNums</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">=</span><span class="token number" style="color:#36acaa">8</span><span class="token plain">, </span><span class="token assign-left variable" style="color:#36acaa">writeQueueNums</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">=</span><span class="token number" style="color:#36acaa">8</span><span class="token plain">, </span><span class="token assign-left variable" style="color:#36acaa">perm</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">=</span><span class="token plain">RW-, </span><span class="token assign-left variable" style="color:#36acaa">topicFilterType</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">=</span><span class="token plain">SINGLE_TAG, </span><span class="token assign-left variable" style="color:#36acaa">topicSysFlag</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">=</span><span class="token number" style="color:#36acaa">0</span><span class="token plain">, </span><span class="token assign-left variable" style="color:#36acaa">order</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">=</span><span class="token plain">true, </span><span class="token assign-left variable" style="color:#36acaa">attributes</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">=</span><span class="token plain">null</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">]</span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="复制代码到剪贴板" title="复制" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div><p>其次要保证NameServer中的配置 <code>orderMessageEnable</code><code>returnOrderTopicConfigToBroker</code> 必须是 true。如果上述任意一个条件不满足,则是保证可用性而不是严格顺序。</p></div><footer class="theme-doc-footer docusaurus-mt-lg"><div class="theme-doc-footer-edit-meta-row row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/apache/rocketmq-site/tree/new-official-website/docs/02-producer/03message2.md" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="theme-edit-this-page"><svg fill="currentColor" height="20" width="20" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_Z9Sw" aria-hidden="true"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 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