predictionio/__init__.py - predictionio-sdk-python - Git at Google

 """PredictionIO Python SDK
 The PredictionIO Python SDK provides easy-to-use functions for integrating
 Python applications with PredictionIO REST API services.
 """


 __version__ = "0.9.9"

 # import packages
 import re
 try:
   import httplib
 except ImportError:
   # pylint: disable=F0401
   # http is a Python3 module, replacing httplib
   from http import client as httplib

 try:
   from urllib import urlencode
 except ImportError:
   # pylint: disable=F0401,E0611
   from urllib.parse import urlencode

 try:
   from urllib import quote
 except ImportError:
   # pylint: disable=F0401,E0611
   from urllib.parse import quote

 import json

 from datetime import datetime
 import pytz

 from predictionio.connection import Connection
 from predictionio.connection import AsyncRequest
 from predictionio.connection import PredictionIOAPIError


 class NotCreatedError(PredictionIOAPIError):
   pass


 class NotFoundError(PredictionIOAPIError):
   pass


 class InvalidArgumentError(PredictionIOAPIError):
     pass


 def event_time_validation(t):
   """ Validate event_time according to EventAPI Specification.
   """

   if t is None:
     return datetime.now(pytz.utc)

   if type(t) != datetime:
     raise AttributeError("event_time must be datetime.datetime")

   if t.tzinfo is None:
     raise AttributeError("event_time must have tzinfo")

   return t


 class BaseClient(object):
   def __init__(self, url, threads=1, qsize=0, timeout=5):
     """Constructor of Client object.
     """
     self.threads = threads
     self.url = url
     self.qsize = qsize
     self.timeout = timeout

     # check connection type
     https_pattern = r'^https://(.*)'
     http_pattern = r'^http://(.*)'
     m = re.match(https_pattern, url)
     self.https = True
     if m is None:  # not matching https
       m = re.match(http_pattern, url)
       self.https = False
       if m is None:  # not matching http either
         raise InvalidArgumentError("url is not valid: %s" % url)
     self.host = m.group(1)

     self._uid = None  # identified uid
     self._connection = Connection(host=self.host, threads=self.threads,
                     qsize=self.qsize, https=self.https,
                     timeout=self.timeout)

   def close(self):
     """Close this client and the connection.
     Call this method when you want to completely terminate the connection
     with PredictionIO.
     It will wait for all pending requests to finish.
     """
     self._connection.close()

   def pending_requests(self):
     """Return the number of pending requests.
     :returns:
       The number of pending requests of this client.
     """
     return self._connection.pending_requests()

   def get_status(self):
     """Get the status of the PredictionIO API Server
     :returns:
       status message.
     :raises:
       ServerStatusError.
     """
     path = "/"
     request = AsyncRequest("GET", path)
     request.set_rfunc(self._aget_resp)
     self._connection.make_request(request)
     result = request.get_response()
     return result

   def _acreate_resp(self, response):
     if response.error is not None:
       raise NotCreatedError("Exception happened: %s for request %s" %
                     (response.error, response.request))
     elif response.status != httplib.CREATED:
       raise NotCreatedError("request: %s status: %s body: %s" %
                     (response.request, response.status,
                      response.body))

     return response

   def _aget_resp(self, response):
     if response.error is not None:
       raise NotFoundError("Exception happened: %s for request %s" %
                   (response.error, response.request))
     elif response.status != httplib.OK:
       raise NotFoundError("request: %s status: %s body: %s" %
                   (response.request, response.status,
                    response.body))

     return response.json_body

   def _adelete_resp(self, response):
     if response.error is not None:
       raise NotFoundError("Exception happened: %s for request %s" %
                   (response.error, response.request))
     elif response.status != httplib.OK:
       raise NotFoundError("request: %s status: %s body: %s" %
                   (response.request, response.status,
                    response.body))

     return response.body


 class EventClient(BaseClient):
   """Client for importing data into PredictionIO Event Server.
   Notice that app_id has been deprecated as of 0.8.2. Please use access_token
   instead.
   :param access_key: the access key for your application.
   :param url: the url of PredictionIO Event Server.
   :param threads: number of threads to handle PredictionIO API requests.
           Must be >= 1.
   :param qsize: the max size of the request queue (optional).
       The asynchronous request becomes blocking once this size has been
       reached, until the queued requests are handled.
       Default value is 0, which means infinite queue size.
   :param timeout: timeout for HTTP connection attempts and requests in
     seconds (optional).
     Default value is 5.
   :param channel: channel name (optional)
   """

   def __init__(self, access_key,
       url="http://localhost:7070",
       threads=1, qsize=0, timeout=5, channel=None):
     assert type(access_key) is str, ("access_key must be string. "
         "Notice that app_id has been deprecated in Prediction.IO 0.8.2. "
         "Please use access_key instead.")

     super(EventClient, self).__init__(url, threads, qsize, timeout)

     if len(access_key) <= 8:
       raise DeprecationWarning(
           "The entered access key is very short, it seems like you are specifying an app_id."
           "This is deprecated in Prediction.IO 0.8.2. Please use (a longer) access_key instead. Or, "
           "you may use an earlier version of this sdk.")

     self.access_key = access_key
     self.channel = channel

   def acreate_event(self, event, entity_type, entity_id,
       target_entity_type=None, target_entity_id=None, properties=None,
       event_time=None):
     """Asynchronously create an event.
     :param event: event name. type str.
     :param entity_type: entity type. It is the namespace of the entityId and
       analogous to the table name of a relational database. The entityId must be
       unique within same entityType. type str.
     :param entity_id: entity id. *entity_type-entity_id* becomes the unique
       identifier of the entity. For example, you may have entityType named user,
       and different entity IDs, say 1 and 2. In this case, user-1 and user-2
       uniquely identifies entities. type str
     :param target_entity_type: target entity type. type str.
     :param target_entity_id: target entity id. type str.
     :param properties: a custom dict associated with an event. type dict.
     :param event_time: the time of the event. type datetime, must contain
       timezone info.
     :returns:
       AsyncRequest object. You can call the get_response() method using this
       object to get the final resuls or status of this asynchronous request.
     """
     data = {
         "event": event,
         "entityType": entity_type,
         "entityId": entity_id,
         }

     if target_entity_type is not None:
       data["targetEntityType"] = target_entity_type

     if target_entity_id is not None:
       data["targetEntityId"] = target_entity_id

     if properties is not None:
       data["properties"] = properties

     et = event_time_validation(event_time)
     # EventServer uses milliseconds, but python datetime class uses micro. Hence
     # need to skip the last three digits.
     et_str = et.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f")[:-3] + et.strftime("%z")
     data["eventTime"] = et_str

     qparam = {
         "accessKey" : self.access_key
         }

     if self.channel is not None:
       qparam["channel"] = self.channel

     path = "/events.json?%s" % (urlencode(qparam), )

     request = AsyncRequest("POST", path, **data)
     request.set_rfunc(self._acreate_resp)
     self._connection.make_request(request)
     return request

   def create_event(self, event, entity_type, entity_id,
       target_entity_type=None, target_entity_id=None, properties=None,
       event_time=None):
     """Synchronously (blocking) create an event."""
     return self.acreate_event(event, entity_type, entity_id,
         target_entity_type, target_entity_id, properties,
         event_time).get_response()

   def aget_event(self, event_id):
     """Asynchronouly get an event from Event Server.
     :param event_id: event id returned by the EventServer when creating the
       event.
     :returns:
       AsyncRequest object.
     """
     qparam = {
         "accessKey" : self.access_key
         }

     if self.channel is not None:
       qparam["channel"] = self.channel

     enc_event_id = quote(event_id, "") # replace special char with %xx
     path = "/events/%s.json" % (enc_event_id, )
     request = AsyncRequest("GET", path, **qparam)
     request.set_rfunc(self._aget_resp)
     self._connection.make_request(request)
     return request

   def get_event(self, event_id):
     """Synchronouly get an event from Event Server."""
     return self.aget_event(event_id).get_response()

   def aget_events(self, startTime=None, untilTime=None, entityType=None, entityId=None, limit=None, reversed=False):
     """Asynchronouly get events from Event Server. (Getting events through the Event Server API is used for debugging and not recommended for production)
     :param startTime: time in ISO8601 format. Return events with eventTime >= startTime.
     :param untilTime: time in ISO8601 format. Return events with eventTime < untilTime.
     :param entityId: String. The entityId. Return events for this entityId only.
     :param limit: Integer. The number of record events returned. Default is 20. -1 to get all.
     :param reversed: Boolean. Must be used with both entityType and entityId specified,
       returns events in reversed chronological order. Default is false.
     :returns:
       AsyncRequest object.
     """
     qparam = {
         "accessKey" : self.access_key,
         "reversed": reversed
       }

     if startTime is not None:
       qparam["startTime"] = startTime

     if untilTime is not None:
       qparam["untilTime"] = untilTime

     if entityType is not None:
       qparam["entityType"] = entityType

     if entityId is not None:
       qparam["entityId"] = entityId

     if limit is not None:
       qparam["limit"] = limit

     if self.channel is not None:
       qparam["channel"] = self.channel
     path = "/events.json"
     request = AsyncRequest("GET", path, **qparam)
     request.set_rfunc(self._aget_resp)
     self._connection.make_request(request)
     return request

   def get_events(self, startTime=None, untilTime=None, entityType=None, entityId=None, limit=None, reversed=False):
     """Synchronouly get event from Event Server. (Getting events through the Event Server API is used for debugging and not recommended for production)"""
     return self.aget_events(
       startTime=startTime,
       untilTime=untilTime,
       entityType=entityType,
       entityId=entityId,
       limit=limit,
       reversed=reversed
     ).get_response()

   def adelete_event(self, event_id):
     """Asynchronouly delete an event from Event Server.
     :param event_id: event id returned by the EventServer when creating the
       event.
     :returns:
       AsyncRequest object.
     """
     qparam = {
         "accessKey" : self.access_key
         }

     if self.channel is not None:
       qparam["channel"] = self.channel

     enc_event_id = quote(event_id, "") # replace special char with %xx
     path = "/events/%s.json" % (enc_event_id, )
     request = AsyncRequest("DELETE", path, **qparam)
     request.set_rfunc(self._adelete_resp)
     self._connection.make_request(request)
     return request

   def delete_event(self, event_id):
     """Synchronouly delete an event from Event Server."""
     return self.adelete_event(event_id).get_response()

   ## Below are helper functions

   def aset_user(self, uid, properties={}, event_time=None):
     """Set properties of a user.
     Wrapper of acreate_event function, setting event to "$set" and entity_type
     to "user".
     """
     return self.acreate_event(
       event="$set",
       entity_type="user",
       entity_id=uid,
       properties=properties,
       event_time=event_time,
     )

   def set_user(self, uid, properties={}, event_time=None):
     """Set properties of a user"""
     return self.aset_user(uid, properties, event_time).get_response()

   def aunset_user(self, uid, properties, event_time=None):
     """Unset properties of an user.
     Wrapper of acreate_event function, setting event to "$unset" and entity_type
     to "user".
     """
     # check properties={}, it cannot be empty
     return self.acreate_event(
         event="$unset",
         entity_type="user",
         entity_id=uid,
         properties=properties,
         event_time=event_time,
         )

   def unset_user(self, uid, properties, event_time=None):
     """Set properties of a user"""
     return self.aunset_user(uid, properties, event_time).get_response()

   def adelete_user(self, uid, event_time=None):
     """Delete a user.
     Wrapper of acreate_event function, setting event to "$delete" and entity_type
     to "user".
     """
     return self.acreate_event(
         event="$delete",
         entity_type="user",
         entity_id=uid,
         event_time=event_time)

   def delete_user(self, uid, event_time=None):
     """Delete a user."""
     return self.adelete_user(uid, event_time).get_response()

   def aset_item(self, iid, properties={}, event_time=None):
     """Set properties of an item.
     Wrapper of acreate_event function, setting event to "$set" and entity_type
     to "item".
     """
     return self.acreate_event(
         event="$set",
         entity_type="item",
         entity_id=iid,
         properties=properties,
         event_time=event_time)

   def set_item(self, iid, properties={}, event_time=None):
     """Set properties of an item."""
     return self.aset_item(iid, properties, event_time).get_response()

   def aunset_item(self, iid, properties={}, event_time=None):
     """Unset properties of an item.
     Wrapper of acreate_event function, setting event to "$unset" and entity_type
     to "item".
     """
     return self.acreate_event(
         event="$unset",
         entity_type="item",
         entity_id=iid,
         properties=properties,
         event_time=event_time)

   def unset_item(self, iid, properties={}, event_time=None):
     """Unset properties of an item."""
     return self.aunset_item(iid, properties, event_time).get_response()

   def adelete_item(self, iid, event_time=None):
     """Delete an item.
     Wrapper of acreate_event function, setting event to "$delete" and entity_type
     to "item".
     """
     return self.acreate_event(
         event="$delete",
         entity_type="item",
         entity_id=iid,
         event_time=event_time)

   def delete_item(self, iid, event_time=None):
     """Delete an item."""
     return self.adelete_item(iid, event_time).get_response()

   def arecord_user_action_on_item(self, action, uid, iid, properties={},
       event_time=None):
     """Create a user-to-item action.
     Wrapper of acreate_event function, setting entity_type to "user" and
     target_entity_type to "item".
     """
     return self.acreate_event(
         event=action,
         entity_type="user",
         entity_id=uid,
         target_entity_type="item",
         target_entity_id=iid,
         properties=properties,
         event_time=event_time)

   def record_user_action_on_item(self, action, uid, iid, properties={},
       event_time=None):
     """Create a user-to-item action."""
     return self.arecord_user_action_on_item(
       action, uid, iid, properties, event_time).get_response()


 class EngineClient(BaseClient):
   """Client for extracting prediction results from an PredictionIO Engine
   Instance.
   :param url: the url of the PredictionIO Engine Instance.
   :param threads: number of threads to handle PredictionIO API requests.
           Must be >= 1.
   :param qsize: the max size of the request queue (optional).
       The asynchronous request becomes blocking once this size has been
       reached, until the queued requests are handled.
       Default value is 0, which means infinite queue size.
   :param timeout: timeout for HTTP connection attempts and requests in
     seconds (optional).
     Default value is 5.
   """
   def __init__(self, url="http://localhost:8000", threads=1,
       qsize=0, timeout=5):
     super(EngineClient, self).__init__(url, threads, qsize, timeout)

   def asend_query(self, data):
     """Asynchronously send a request to the engine instance with data as the
     query.
     :param data: the query: It is coverted to an json object using json.dumps
       method. type dict.
     :returns:
       AsyncRequest object. You can call the get_response() method using this
       object to get the final resuls or status of this asynchronous request.
     """
     path = "/queries.json"
     request = AsyncRequest("POST", path, **data)
     request.set_rfunc(self._aget_resp)
     self._connection.make_request(request)
     return request

   def send_query(self, data):
     """Synchronously send a request.
     :param data: the query: It is coverted to an json object using json.dumps
       method. type dict.
     :returns: the prediction.
     """
     return self.asend_query(data).get_response()

 class FileExporter(object):
   """File exporter to write events to JSON file for batch import
   :param file_name: the destination file name
   """
   def __init__(self, file_name):
     """Constructor of Exporter.
     """
     self._file = open(file_name, 'w')

   def create_event(self, event, entity_type, entity_id,
       target_entity_type=None, target_entity_id=None, properties=None,
       event_time=None, ensure_ascii=True):
     """Create an event and write to the file.
     (please refer to EventClient's create_event())
     """
     data = {
         "event": event,
         "entityType": entity_type,
         "entityId": entity_id,
         }

     if target_entity_type is not None:
       data["targetEntityType"] = target_entity_type

     if target_entity_id is not None:
       data["targetEntityId"] = target_entity_id

     if properties is not None:
       data["properties"] = properties

     et = event_time_validation(event_time)
     # EventServer uses milliseconds, but python datetime class uses micro. Hence
     # need to skip the last three digits.
     et_str = et.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f")[:-3] + et.strftime("%z")
     data["eventTime"] = et_str

     j = json.dumps(data, ensure_ascii=ensure_ascii)
     self._file.write(j+"\n")

   def close(self):
     """Close the FileExporter
     Call this method when you finish writing all events to JSON file
     """
     self._file.close()
	"""PredictionIO Python SDK
	The PredictionIO Python SDK provides easy-to-use functions for integrating
	Python applications with PredictionIO REST API services.
	"""


	__version__ = "0.9.9"

	# import packages
	import re
	try:
	import httplib
	except ImportError:
	# pylint: disable=F0401
	# http is a Python3 module, replacing httplib
	from http import client as httplib

	try:
	from urllib import urlencode
	except ImportError:
	# pylint: disable=F0401,E0611
	from urllib.parse import urlencode

	try:
	from urllib import quote
	except ImportError:
	# pylint: disable=F0401,E0611
	from urllib.parse import quote

	import json

	from datetime import datetime
	import pytz

	from predictionio.connection import Connection
	from predictionio.connection import AsyncRequest
	from predictionio.connection import PredictionIOAPIError


	class NotCreatedError(PredictionIOAPIError):
	pass


	class NotFoundError(PredictionIOAPIError):
	pass


	class InvalidArgumentError(PredictionIOAPIError):
	pass


	def event_time_validation(t):
	""" Validate event_time according to EventAPI Specification.
	"""

	if t is None:
	return datetime.now(pytz.utc)

	if type(t) != datetime:
	raise AttributeError("event_time must be datetime.datetime")

	if t.tzinfo is None:
	raise AttributeError("event_time must have tzinfo")

	return t


	class BaseClient(object):
	def __init__(self, url, threads=1, qsize=0, timeout=5):
	"""Constructor of Client object.
	"""
	self.threads = threads
	self.url = url
	self.qsize = qsize
	self.timeout = timeout

	# check connection type
	https_pattern = r'^https://(.*)'
	http_pattern = r'^http://(.*)'
	m = re.match(https_pattern, url)
	self.https = True
	if m is None: # not matching https
	m = re.match(http_pattern, url)
	self.https = False
	if m is None: # not matching http either
	raise InvalidArgumentError("url is not valid: %s" % url)
	self.host = m.group(1)

	self._uid = None # identified uid
	self._connection = Connection(host=self.host, threads=self.threads,
	qsize=self.qsize, https=self.https,
	timeout=self.timeout)

	def close(self):
	"""Close this client and the connection.
	Call this method when you want to completely terminate the connection
	with PredictionIO.
	It will wait for all pending requests to finish.
	"""
	self._connection.close()

	def pending_requests(self):
	"""Return the number of pending requests.
	:returns:
	The number of pending requests of this client.
	"""
	return self._connection.pending_requests()

	def get_status(self):
	"""Get the status of the PredictionIO API Server
	:returns:
	status message.
	:raises:
	ServerStatusError.
	"""
	path = "/"
	request = AsyncRequest("GET", path)
	request.set_rfunc(self._aget_resp)
	self._connection.make_request(request)
	result = request.get_response()
	return result

	def _acreate_resp(self, response):
	if response.error is not None:
	raise NotCreatedError("Exception happened: %s for request %s" %
	(response.error, response.request))
	elif response.status != httplib.CREATED:
	raise NotCreatedError("request: %s status: %s body: %s" %
	(response.request, response.status,
	response.body))

	return response

	def _aget_resp(self, response):
	if response.error is not None:
	raise NotFoundError("Exception happened: %s for request %s" %
	(response.error, response.request))
	elif response.status != httplib.OK:
	raise NotFoundError("request: %s status: %s body: %s" %
	(response.request, response.status,
	response.body))

	return response.json_body

	def _adelete_resp(self, response):
	if response.error is not None:
	raise NotFoundError("Exception happened: %s for request %s" %
	(response.error, response.request))
	elif response.status != httplib.OK:
	raise NotFoundError("request: %s status: %s body: %s" %
	(response.request, response.status,
	response.body))

	return response.body


	class EventClient(BaseClient):
	"""Client for importing data into PredictionIO Event Server.
	Notice that app_id has been deprecated as of 0.8.2. Please use access_token
	instead.
	:param access_key: the access key for your application.
	:param url: the url of PredictionIO Event Server.
	:param threads: number of threads to handle PredictionIO API requests.
	Must be >= 1.
	:param qsize: the max size of the request queue (optional).
	The asynchronous request becomes blocking once this size has been
	reached, until the queued requests are handled.
	Default value is 0, which means infinite queue size.
	:param timeout: timeout for HTTP connection attempts and requests in
	seconds (optional).
	Default value is 5.
	:param channel: channel name (optional)
	"""

	def __init__(self, access_key,
	url="http://localhost:7070",
	threads=1, qsize=0, timeout=5, channel=None):
	assert type(access_key) is str, ("access_key must be string. "
	"Notice that app_id has been deprecated in Prediction.IO 0.8.2. "
	"Please use access_key instead.")

	super(EventClient, self).__init__(url, threads, qsize, timeout)

	if len(access_key) <= 8:
	raise DeprecationWarning(
	"The entered access key is very short, it seems like you are specifying an app_id."
	"This is deprecated in Prediction.IO 0.8.2. Please use (a longer) access_key instead. Or, "
	"you may use an earlier version of this sdk.")

	self.access_key = access_key
	self.channel = channel

	def acreate_event(self, event, entity_type, entity_id,
	target_entity_type=None, target_entity_id=None, properties=None,
	event_time=None):
	"""Asynchronously create an event.
	:param event: event name. type str.
	:param entity_type: entity type. It is the namespace of the entityId and
	analogous to the table name of a relational database. The entityId must be
	unique within same entityType. type str.
	:param entity_id: entity id. entity_type-entity_id becomes the unique
	identifier of the entity. For example, you may have entityType named user,
	and different entity IDs, say 1 and 2. In this case, user-1 and user-2
	uniquely identifies entities. type str
	:param target_entity_type: target entity type. type str.
	:param target_entity_id: target entity id. type str.
	:param properties: a custom dict associated with an event. type dict.
	:param event_time: the time of the event. type datetime, must contain
	timezone info.
	:returns:
	AsyncRequest object. You can call the get_response() method using this
	object to get the final resuls or status of this asynchronous request.
	"""
	data = {
	"event": event,
	"entityType": entity_type,
	"entityId": entity_id,
	}

	if target_entity_type is not None:
	data["targetEntityType"] = target_entity_type

	if target_entity_id is not None:
	data["targetEntityId"] = target_entity_id

	if properties is not None:
	data["properties"] = properties

	et = event_time_validation(event_time)
	# EventServer uses milliseconds, but python datetime class uses micro. Hence
	# need to skip the last three digits.
	et_str = et.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f")[:-3] + et.strftime("%z")
	data["eventTime"] = et_str

	qparam = {
	"accessKey" : self.access_key
	}

	if self.channel is not None:
	qparam["channel"] = self.channel

	path = "/events.json?%s" % (urlencode(qparam), )

	request = AsyncRequest("POST", path, **data)
	request.set_rfunc(self._acreate_resp)
	self._connection.make_request(request)
	return request

	def create_event(self, event, entity_type, entity_id,
	target_entity_type=None, target_entity_id=None, properties=None,
	event_time=None):
	"""Synchronously (blocking) create an event."""
	return self.acreate_event(event, entity_type, entity_id,
	target_entity_type, target_entity_id, properties,
	event_time).get_response()

	def aget_event(self, event_id):
	"""Asynchronouly get an event from Event Server.
	:param event_id: event id returned by the EventServer when creating the
	event.
	:returns:
	AsyncRequest object.
	"""
	qparam = {
	"accessKey" : self.access_key
	}

	if self.channel is not None:
	qparam["channel"] = self.channel

	enc_event_id = quote(event_id, "") # replace special char with %xx
	path = "/events/%s.json" % (enc_event_id, )
	request = AsyncRequest("GET", path, **qparam)
	request.set_rfunc(self._aget_resp)
	self._connection.make_request(request)
	return request

	def get_event(self, event_id):
	"""Synchronouly get an event from Event Server."""
	return self.aget_event(event_id).get_response()

	def aget_events(self, startTime=None, untilTime=None, entityType=None, entityId=None, limit=None, reversed=False):
	"""Asynchronouly get events from Event Server. (Getting events through the Event Server API is used for debugging and not recommended for production)
	:param startTime: time in ISO8601 format. Return events with eventTime >= startTime.
	:param untilTime: time in ISO8601 format. Return events with eventTime < untilTime.
	:param entityId: String. The entityId. Return events for this entityId only.
	:param limit: Integer. The number of record events returned. Default is 20. -1 to get all.
	:param reversed: Boolean. Must be used with both entityType and entityId specified,
	returns events in reversed chronological order. Default is false.
	:returns:
	AsyncRequest object.
	"""
	qparam = {
	"accessKey" : self.access_key,
	"reversed": reversed
	}

	if startTime is not None:
	qparam["startTime"] = startTime

	if untilTime is not None:
	qparam["untilTime"] = untilTime

	if entityType is not None:
	qparam["entityType"] = entityType

	if entityId is not None:
	qparam["entityId"] = entityId

	if limit is not None:
	qparam["limit"] = limit

	if self.channel is not None:
	qparam["channel"] = self.channel
	path = "/events.json"
	request = AsyncRequest("GET", path, **qparam)
	request.set_rfunc(self._aget_resp)
	self._connection.make_request(request)
	return request

	def get_events(self, startTime=None, untilTime=None, entityType=None, entityId=None, limit=None, reversed=False):
	"""Synchronouly get event from Event Server. (Getting events through the Event Server API is used for debugging and not recommended for production)"""
	return self.aget_events(
	startTime=startTime,
	untilTime=untilTime,
	entityType=entityType,
	entityId=entityId,
	limit=limit,
	reversed=reversed
	).get_response()

	def adelete_event(self, event_id):
	"""Asynchronouly delete an event from Event Server.
	:param event_id: event id returned by the EventServer when creating the
	event.
	:returns:
	AsyncRequest object.
	"""
	qparam = {
	"accessKey" : self.access_key
	}

	if self.channel is not None:
	qparam["channel"] = self.channel

	enc_event_id = quote(event_id, "") # replace special char with %xx
	path = "/events/%s.json" % (enc_event_id, )
	request = AsyncRequest("DELETE", path, **qparam)
	request.set_rfunc(self._adelete_resp)
	self._connection.make_request(request)
	return request

	def delete_event(self, event_id):
	"""Synchronouly delete an event from Event Server."""
	return self.adelete_event(event_id).get_response()

	## Below are helper functions

	def aset_user(self, uid, properties={}, event_time=None):
	"""Set properties of a user.
	Wrapper of acreate_event function, setting event to "$set" and entity_type
	to "user".
	"""
	return self.acreate_event(
	event="$set",
	entity_type="user",
	entity_id=uid,
	properties=properties,
	event_time=event_time,
	)

	def set_user(self, uid, properties={}, event_time=None):
	"""Set properties of a user"""
	return self.aset_user(uid, properties, event_time).get_response()

	def aunset_user(self, uid, properties, event_time=None):
	"""Unset properties of an user.
	Wrapper of acreate_event function, setting event to "$unset" and entity_type
	to "user".
	"""
	# check properties={}, it cannot be empty
	return self.acreate_event(
	event="$unset",
	entity_type="user",
	entity_id=uid,
	properties=properties,
	event_time=event_time,
	)

	def unset_user(self, uid, properties, event_time=None):
	"""Set properties of a user"""
	return self.aunset_user(uid, properties, event_time).get_response()

	def adelete_user(self, uid, event_time=None):
	"""Delete a user.
	Wrapper of acreate_event function, setting event to "$delete" and entity_type
	to "user".
	"""
	return self.acreate_event(
	event="$delete",
	entity_type="user",
	entity_id=uid,
	event_time=event_time)

	def delete_user(self, uid, event_time=None):
	"""Delete a user."""
	return self.adelete_user(uid, event_time).get_response()

	def aset_item(self, iid, properties={}, event_time=None):
	"""Set properties of an item.
	Wrapper of acreate_event function, setting event to "$set" and entity_type
	to "item".
	"""
	return self.acreate_event(
	event="$set",
	entity_type="item",
	entity_id=iid,
	properties=properties,
	event_time=event_time)

	def set_item(self, iid, properties={}, event_time=None):
	"""Set properties of an item."""
	return self.aset_item(iid, properties, event_time).get_response()

	def aunset_item(self, iid, properties={}, event_time=None):
	"""Unset properties of an item.
	Wrapper of acreate_event function, setting event to "$unset" and entity_type
	to "item".
	"""
	return self.acreate_event(
	event="$unset",
	entity_type="item",
	entity_id=iid,
	properties=properties,
	event_time=event_time)

	def unset_item(self, iid, properties={}, event_time=None):
	"""Unset properties of an item."""
	return self.aunset_item(iid, properties, event_time).get_response()

	def adelete_item(self, iid, event_time=None):
	"""Delete an item.
	Wrapper of acreate_event function, setting event to "$delete" and entity_type
	to "item".
	"""
	return self.acreate_event(
	event="$delete",
	entity_type="item",
	entity_id=iid,
	event_time=event_time)

	def delete_item(self, iid, event_time=None):
	"""Delete an item."""
	return self.adelete_item(iid, event_time).get_response()

	def arecord_user_action_on_item(self, action, uid, iid, properties={},
	event_time=None):
	"""Create a user-to-item action.
	Wrapper of acreate_event function, setting entity_type to "user" and
	target_entity_type to "item".
	"""
	return self.acreate_event(
	event=action,
	entity_type="user",
	entity_id=uid,
	target_entity_type="item",
	target_entity_id=iid,
	properties=properties,
	event_time=event_time)

	def record_user_action_on_item(self, action, uid, iid, properties={},
	event_time=None):
	"""Create a user-to-item action."""
	return self.arecord_user_action_on_item(
	action, uid, iid, properties, event_time).get_response()


	class EngineClient(BaseClient):
	"""Client for extracting prediction results from an PredictionIO Engine
	Instance.
	:param url: the url of the PredictionIO Engine Instance.
	:param threads: number of threads to handle PredictionIO API requests.
	Must be >= 1.
	:param qsize: the max size of the request queue (optional).
	The asynchronous request becomes blocking once this size has been
	reached, until the queued requests are handled.
	Default value is 0, which means infinite queue size.
	:param timeout: timeout for HTTP connection attempts and requests in
	seconds (optional).
	Default value is 5.
	"""
	def __init__(self, url="http://localhost:8000", threads=1,
	qsize=0, timeout=5):
	super(EngineClient, self).__init__(url, threads, qsize, timeout)

	def asend_query(self, data):
	"""Asynchronously send a request to the engine instance with data as the
	query.
	:param data: the query: It is coverted to an json object using json.dumps
	method. type dict.
	:returns:
	AsyncRequest object. You can call the get_response() method using this
	object to get the final resuls or status of this asynchronous request.
	"""
	path = "/queries.json"
	request = AsyncRequest("POST", path, **data)
	request.set_rfunc(self._aget_resp)
	self._connection.make_request(request)
	return request

	def send_query(self, data):
	"""Synchronously send a request.
	:param data: the query: It is coverted to an json object using json.dumps
	method. type dict.
	:returns: the prediction.
	"""
	return self.asend_query(data).get_response()

	class FileExporter(object):
	"""File exporter to write events to JSON file for batch import
	:param file_name: the destination file name
	"""
	def __init__(self, file_name):
	"""Constructor of Exporter.
	"""
	self._file = open(file_name, 'w')

	def create_event(self, event, entity_type, entity_id,
	target_entity_type=None, target_entity_id=None, properties=None,
	event_time=None, ensure_ascii=True):
	"""Create an event and write to the file.
	(please refer to EventClient's create_event())
	"""
	data = {
	"event": event,
	"entityType": entity_type,
	"entityId": entity_id,
	}

	if target_entity_type is not None:
	data["targetEntityType"] = target_entity_type

	if target_entity_id is not None:
	data["targetEntityId"] = target_entity_id

	if properties is not None:
	data["properties"] = properties

	et = event_time_validation(event_time)
	# EventServer uses milliseconds, but python datetime class uses micro. Hence
	# need to skip the last three digits.
	et_str = et.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f")[:-3] + et.strftime("%z")
	data["eventTime"] = et_str

	j = json.dumps(data, ensure_ascii=ensure_ascii)
	self._file.write(j+"\n")

	def close(self):
	"""Close the FileExporter
	Call this method when you finish writing all events to JSON file
	"""
	self._file.close()