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| <label for=m-docsreferenceruntimes-check><a href=/docs/reference/runtimes/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferenceruntimes><span>Runtimes</span></a></label><ul class="ul-3 foldable"><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section with-child" id=m-docsreferenceruntimesnodejs-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferenceruntimesnodejs-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferenceruntimesnodejs-check><a href=/docs/reference/runtimes/nodejs/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferenceruntimesnodejs><span>NodeJS</span></a></label><ul class="ul-4 foldable"><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferenceruntimesnodejsnodejsv18-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferenceruntimesnodejsnodejsv18-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferenceruntimesnodejsnodejsv18-check><a href=/docs/reference/runtimes/nodejs/nodejsv18/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferenceruntimesnodejsnodejsv18><span>nodejs:v18</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferenceruntimesnodejsnodejsv20-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferenceruntimesnodejsnodejsv20-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferenceruntimesnodejsnodejsv20-check><a href=/docs/reference/runtimes/nodejs/nodejsv20/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferenceruntimesnodejsnodejsv20><span>nodejs:v20</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferenceruntimesnodejsnodejsv21-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferenceruntimesnodejsnodejsv21-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferenceruntimesnodejsnodejsv21-check><a href=/docs/reference/runtimes/nodejs/nodejsv21/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferenceruntimesnodejsnodejsv21><span>nodejs:v21</span></a></label></li></ul></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section with-child" id=m-docsreferenceruntimesphp-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferenceruntimesphp-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferenceruntimesphp-check><a href=/docs/reference/runtimes/php/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferenceruntimesphp><span>PHP</span></a></label><ul class="ul-4 foldable"><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferenceruntimesphpphpv80-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferenceruntimesphpphpv80-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferenceruntimesphpphpv80-check><a href=/docs/reference/runtimes/php/phpv8.0/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferenceruntimesphpphpv80><span>php:v8.0</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferenceruntimesphpphpv81-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferenceruntimesphpphpv81-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferenceruntimesphpphpv81-check><a href=/docs/reference/runtimes/php/phpv8.1/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferenceruntimesphpphpv81><span>php:v8.1</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferenceruntimesphpphpv82-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferenceruntimesphpphpv82-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferenceruntimesphpphpv82-check><a href=/docs/reference/runtimes/php/phpv8.2/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferenceruntimesphpphpv82><span>php:v8.2</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferenceruntimesphpphpv83-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferenceruntimesphpphpv83-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferenceruntimesphpphpv83-check><a href=/docs/reference/runtimes/php/phpv8.3/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferenceruntimesphpphpv83><span>php:v8.3</span></a></label></li></ul></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section with-child" id=m-docsreferenceruntimespython-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferenceruntimespython-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferenceruntimespython-check><a href=/docs/reference/runtimes/python/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferenceruntimespython><span>Python</span></a></label><ul class="ul-4 foldable"><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferenceruntimespythonpythonv310-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferenceruntimespythonpythonv310-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferenceruntimespythonpythonv310-check><a href=/docs/reference/runtimes/python/pythonv3.10/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferenceruntimespythonpythonv310><span>python:v3.10</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferenceruntimespythonpythonv311-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferenceruntimespythonpythonv311-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferenceruntimespythonpythonv311-check><a href=/docs/reference/runtimes/python/pythonv3.11/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferenceruntimespythonpythonv311><span>python:v3.11</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferenceruntimespythonpythonv312-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferenceruntimespythonpythonv312-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferenceruntimespythonpythonv312-check><a href=/docs/reference/runtimes/python/pythonv3.12/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferenceruntimespythonpythonv312><span>python:v3.12</span></a></label></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section with-child" id=m-docsreferencetasks-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetasks-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetasks-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetasks><span>Tasks</span></a></label><ul class="ul-3 foldable"><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetasksadmin-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetasksadmin-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetasksadmin-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/admin/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetasksadmin><span>Admin</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section with-child" id=m-docsreferencetaskscloud-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetaskscloud-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetaskscloud-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/cloud/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetaskscloud><span>Cloud</span></a></label><ul class="ul-4 foldable"><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudaks-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudaks-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetaskscloudaks-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/cloud/aks/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudaks><span>Aks</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudaws-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudaws-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetaskscloudaws-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/cloud/aws/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudaws><span>Aws</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudazcloud-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudazcloud-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetaskscloudazcloud-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/cloud/azcloud/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudazcloud><span>Azcloud</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudeks-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudeks-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetaskscloudeks-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/cloud/eks/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudeks><span>Eks</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudgcloud-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudgcloud-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetaskscloudgcloud-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/cloud/gcloud/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudgcloud><span>Gcloud</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudgke-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudgke-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetaskscloudgke-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/cloud/gke/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudgke><span>Gke</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudk3s-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudk3s-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetaskscloudk3s-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/cloud/k3s/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudk3s><span>K3s</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudmk8s-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudmk8s-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetaskscloudmk8s-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/cloud/mk8s/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudmk8s><span>Mk8s</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudosh-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudosh-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetaskscloudosh-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/cloud/osh/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetaskscloudosh><span>Osh</span></a></label></li></ul></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetasksconfig-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetasksconfig-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetasksconfig-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/config/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetasksconfig><span>Config</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetasksdebug-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetasksdebug-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetasksdebug-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/debug/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetasksdebug><span>Debug</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section with-child" id=m-docsreferencetasksdevel-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetasksdevel-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetasksdevel-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/devel/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetasksdevel><span>Devel</span></a></label><ul class="ul-4 foldable"><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetasksdevelferretdb-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetasksdevelferretdb-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetasksdevelferretdb-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/devel/ferretdb/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetasksdevelferretdb><span>Ferretdb</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetasksdevelminio-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetasksdevelminio-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetasksdevelminio-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/devel/minio/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetasksdevelminio><span>Minio</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetasksdevelpsql-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetasksdevelpsql-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetasksdevelpsql-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/devel/psql/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetasksdevelpsql><span>Psql</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetasksdevelredis-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetasksdevelredis-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetasksdevelredis-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/devel/redis/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetasksdevelredis><span>Redis</span></a></label></li></ul></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetasksenv-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetasksenv-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetasksenv-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/env/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetasksenv><span>Env</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetaskside-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetaskside-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetaskside-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/ide/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetaskside><span>Ide</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetaskssetup-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetaskssetup-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetaskssetup-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/setup/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetaskssetup><span>Setup</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetasksutil-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetasksutil-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetasksutil-check><a href=/docs/reference/tasks/util/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetasksutil><span>Util</span></a></label></li></ul></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section with-child" id=m-docsreferencetools-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetools-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetools-check><a href=/docs/reference/tools/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetools><span>Tools</span></a></label><ul class="ul-3 foldable"><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetoolsbase64-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetoolsbase64-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetoolsbase64-check><a href=/docs/reference/tools/base64/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetoolsbase64><span>base64</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetoolsdatefmt-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetoolsdatefmt-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetoolsdatefmt-check><a href=/docs/reference/tools/datefmt/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetoolsdatefmt><span>datefmt</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetoolsechoif-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetoolsechoif-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetoolsechoif-check><a href=/docs/reference/tools/echoif/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetoolsechoif><span>echoif</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetoolsechoifempty-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetoolsechoifempty-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetoolsechoifempty-check><a href=/docs/reference/tools/echoifempty/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetoolsechoifempty><span>echoifempty</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetoolsechoifexists-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetoolsechoifexists-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetoolsechoifexists-check><a href=/docs/reference/tools/echoifexists/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetoolsechoifexists><span>echoifexists</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetoolsempty-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetoolsempty-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetoolsempty-check><a href=/docs/reference/tools/empty/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetoolsempty><span>empty</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetoolsexecutable-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetoolsexecutable-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetoolsexecutable-check><a href=/docs/reference/tools/executable/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetoolsexecutable><span>executable</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetoolsextract-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetoolsextract-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetoolsextract-check><a href=/docs/reference/tools/extract/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetoolsextract><span>extract</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetoolsfiletype-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetoolsfiletype-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetoolsfiletype-check><a href=/docs/reference/tools/filetype/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetoolsfiletype><span>filetype</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetoolsneedupdate-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetoolsneedupdate-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetoolsneedupdate-check><a href=/docs/reference/tools/needupdate/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetoolsneedupdate><span>needupdate</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetoolsopspath-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetoolsopspath-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetoolsopspath-check><a href=/docs/reference/tools/opspath/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetoolsopspath><span>opspath</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetoolsrandom-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetoolsrandom-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetoolsrandom-check><a href=/docs/reference/tools/random/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetoolsrandom><span>random</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetoolsremove-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetoolsremove-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetoolsremove-check><a href=/docs/reference/tools/remove/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetoolsremove><span>remove</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetoolsrename-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetoolsrename-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetoolsrename-check><a href=/docs/reference/tools/rename/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetoolsrename><span>rename</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetoolsretry-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetoolsretry-check> |
| <label for=m-docsreferencetoolsretry-check><a href=/docs/reference/tools/retry/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsreferencetoolsretry><span>retry</span></a></label></li><li class="td-sidebar-nav__section-title td-sidebar-nav__section without-child" id=m-docsreferencetoolssh-li><input type=checkbox id=m-docsreferencetoolssh-check> |
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| <label for=m-docsinstallationdebug-check><a href=/docs/installation/debug/ class="align-left ps-0 td-sidebar-link td-sidebar-link__section" id=m-docsinstallationdebug><span>Troubleshooting</span></a></label></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div></aside><aside class="d-none d-xl-block col-xl-2 td-sidebar-toc d-print-none"><div class="td-page-meta ms-2 pb-1 pt-2 mb-0"><a id=print href=/docs/reference/references/actions-new/_print/><i class="fa-solid fa-print fa-fw"></i> Print entire section</a></div><div class=td-toc><nav id=TableOfContents><ul><li><a href=#adding-action-language-runtimes>Adding Action Language Runtimes</a><ul><li><a href=#runtime-general-requirements>Runtime general requirements</a></li><li><a href=#the-runtimes-manifest>The runtimes manifest</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#the-test-action>The test action</a></li><li><a href=#action-interface>Action Interface</a><ul><li><a href=#initialization>Initialization</a></li><li><a href=#activation>Activation</a></li><li><a href=#logging>Logging</a></li></ul></li><li><a href=#testing>Testing</a><ul><li><a href=#action-interface-tests>Action Interface tests</a></li><li><a href=#runtime-proxy-tests>Runtime proxy tests</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div></aside><main class="col-12 col-md-9 col-xl-8 ps-md-5" role=main><nav aria-label=breadcrumb class=td-breadcrumbs><ol class=breadcrumb><li class=breadcrumb-item><a href=/docs/>Docs</a></li><li class=breadcrumb-item><a href=/docs/reference/>Reference</a></li><li class=breadcrumb-item><a href=/docs/reference/references/>Advanced Reference Guide</a></li><li class="breadcrumb-item active" aria-current=page>Runtimes under the hood</li></ol></nav><div class=td-content><h1>Runtimes under the hood</h1><div class=lead>How to add new languages to your system</div><header class=article-meta></header><h2 id=adding-action-language-runtimes>Adding Action Language Runtimes</h2><p>OpenWhisk and OpenServerless supports <a href=/docs/reference/runtimes/>several languages and |
| runtimes</a> but there may be other languages or |
| runtimes that are important for your organization, and for which you |
| want tighter integration with the platform.</p><p>The platform is extensible and you can add new languages or runtimes |
| (with custom packages and third-party dependencies)</p><style>blockquote.warning{border-color:#b91900!important}blockquote.important{border-color:#e7c416!important}</style><blockquote class=info><p class=quote-title>💡 <strong>NOTE</strong></p><p>This guide describes the contract a runtime must satisfy. However all |
| the OpenServerless runtimes are implemented the <a href=/docs/reference/references/actions-actionloop/>using the ActionLoop |
| Proxy</a>. This proxy is implemented in Go, |
| already satifies the semantic of a runtime ands makes very easy to build |
| a new runtime. You just need to provide “launcher code” in your favorite |
| programming language and a compilation script (generally written in |
| python) for the initialization of an action. You are advised to use it |
| for your own runtimes and use the material of this document as reference |
| for the behaviour of a runtime.</p></blockquote><h3 id=runtime-general-requirements>Runtime general requirements</h3><p>The unit of execution for all functions is a <a href=https://docs.docker.com>Docker container</a> which must implement a specific |
| <a href=/docs/reference/references/actions-new/##action-interface>Action interface</a> that, in general performs:</p><ol><li><p><strong><a href=/docs/reference/references/actions-new/##initialization>Initialization</a></strong> - accepts an initialization |
| payload (the code) and prepared for execution,</p></li><li><p><strong><a href=/docs/reference/references/actions-new/##activation>Activation</a></strong> - accepts a runtime payload (the |
| input parameters) and</p><ul><li><p>prepares the activation context,</p></li><li><p>runs the function,</p></li><li><p>returns the function result,</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong><a href=/docs/reference/references/actions-new/##logging>Logging</a></strong> - flushes all <code>stdout</code> and <code>stderr</code> logs |
| and adds a frame marker at the end of the activation.</p></li></ol><p>The specifics of the <a href=/docs/reference/references/actions-new/##action-interface>Action interface</a> and its |
| functions are shown below.</p><h3 id=the-runtimes-manifest>The runtimes manifest</h3><p>Actions when created specify the desired runtime for the function via a |
| property called <code>kind</code>. When using the <code>nuv</code> CLI, this is specified as |
| <code>--kind <runtime-kind></code>. The value is typically a string describing the |
| language (e.g., <code>nodejs</code>) followed by a colon and the version for the |
| runtime as in <code>nodejs:20</code> or <code>php:8.1</code>.</p><p>The manifest is a map of runtime family names to an array of specific |
| kinds. As an example, the following entry add a new runtime family |
| called <code>nodejs</code> with a single kind <code>nodejs:20</code>.</p><pre><code>{ |
| "nodejs": [{ |
| "kind": "nodejs:20", |
| "default": true, |
| "image": { |
| "prefix": "openwhisk", |
| "name": "action-nodejs-v20", |
| "tag": "latest" |
| } |
| }] |
| } |
| </code></pre><p>The <code>default</code> property indicates if the corresponding kind should be |
| treated as the default for the runtime family. The JSON <code>image</code> |
| structure defines the Docker image name that is used for actions of this |
| kind (e.g., <code>openwhisk/nodejs10action:latest</code> for the JSON example |
| above).</p><h2 id=the-test-action>The test action</h2><p>The standard test action is shown below in JavaScript. It should be |
| adapted for the new language and added to the <a href=../tests/dat/actions/unicode.tests>test artifacts |
| directory</a> with the name |
| <code><runtime-kind>.txt</code> for plain text file or <code><runtime-kind>.bin</code> for a a |
| binary file. The <code><runtime-kind></code> must match the value used for <code>kind</code> |
| in the corresponding runtime manifest entry, replacing <code>:</code> in the kind |
| with a <code>-</code>. For example, a plain text function for <code>nodejs:20</code> becomes |
| <code>nodejs-20.txt</code>.</p><pre><code>function main(args) { |
| var str = args.delimiter + " ☃ " + args.delimiter; |
| console.log(str); |
| return { "winter": str }; |
| } |
| </code></pre><h2 id=action-interface>Action Interface</h2><p>An action consists of the user function (and its dependencies) along |
| with a <em>proxy</em> that implements a canonical protocol to integrate with |
| the OpenWhisk and OpenServerless platform.</p><p>The proxy is a web server with two endpoints.</p><ul><li><p>It listens on port <code>8080</code>.</p></li><li><p>It implements <code>/init</code> to initialize the container.</p></li><li><p>It also implements <code>/run</code> to activate the function.</p></li></ul><p>The proxy also prepares the execution context, and flushes the logs |
| produced by the function to stdout and stderr.</p><h3 id=initialization>Initialization</h3><p>The initialization route is <code>/init</code>. It must accept a <code>POST</code> request |
| with a JSON object as follows:</p><pre><code>{ |
| "value": { |
| "name" : String, |
| "main" : String, |
| "code" : String, |
| "binary": Boolean, |
| "env": Map[String, String] |
| } |
| } |
| </code></pre><ul><li><p><code>name</code> is the name of the action.</p></li><li><p><code>main</code> is the name of the function to execute.</p></li><li><p><code>code</code> is either plain text or a base64 encoded string for binary |
| functions (i.e., a compiled executable).</p></li><li><p><code>binary</code> is false if <code>code</code> is in plain text, and true if <code>code</code> is |
| base64 encoded.</p></li><li><p><code>env</code> is a map of key-value pairs of properties to export to the |
| environment. And contains several properties starting with the |
| <code>__OW_</code> prefix that are specific to the running action.</p><ul><li><p><code>__OW_API_KEY</code> the API key for the subject invoking the action, |
| this key may be a restricted API key. This property is absent |
| unless explicitly |
| <a href=/docs/reference/references/actions-new/#annotations.adoc#annotations-for-all-actions>requested</a>.</p></li><li><p><code>__OW_NAMESPACE</code> the namespace for the <em>activation</em> (this may |
| not be the same as the namespace for the action).</p></li><li><p><code>__OW_ACTION_NAME</code> the fully qualified name of the running |
| action.</p></li><li><p><code>__OW_ACTION_VERSION</code> the internal version number of the running |
| action.</p></li><li><p><code>__OW_ACTIVATION_ID</code> the activation id for this running action |
| instance.</p></li><li><p><code>__OW_DEADLINE</code> the approximate time when this initializer will |
| have consumed its entire duration quota (measured in epoch |
| milliseconds).</p></li></ul></li></ul><p>The initialization route is called exactly once by the OpenWhisk and |
| OpenServerless platform, before executing a function. The route should report |
| an error if called more than once. It is possible however that a single |
| initialization will be followed by many activations (via <code>/run</code>). If an |
| <code>env</code> property is provided, the corresponding environment variables |
| should be defined before the action code is initialized.</p><p><strong>Successful initialization:</strong> The route should respond with <code>200 OK</code> if |
| the initialization is successful and the function is ready to execute. |
| Any content provided in the response is ignored.</p><p><strong>Failures to initialize:</strong> Any response other than <code>200 OK</code> is treated |
| as an error to initialize. The response from the handler if provided |
| must be a JSON object with a single field called <code>error</code> describing the |
| failure. The value of the error field may be any valid JSON value. The |
| proxy should make sure to generate meaningful log message on failure to |
| aid the end user in understanding the failure.</p><p><strong>Time limit:</strong> Every action in OpenWhisk and OpenServerless has a defined |
| time limit (e.g., 60 seconds). The initialization must complete within |
| the allowed duration. Failure to complete initialization within the |
| allowed time frame will destroy the container.</p><p><strong>Limitation:</strong> The proxy does not currently receive any of the |
| activation context at initialization time. There are scenarios where the |
| context is convenient if present during initialization. This will |
| require a change in the OpenWhisk and OpenServerless platform itself. Note |
| that even if the context is available during initialization, it must be |
| reset with every new activation since the information will change with |
| every execution.</p><h3 id=activation>Activation</h3><p>The proxy is ready to execute a function once it has successfully |
| completed initialization. The OpenWhisk and OpenServerless platform will |
| invoke the function by posting an HTTP request to <code>/run</code> with a JSON |
| object providing a new activation context and the input parameters for |
| the function. There may be many activations of the same function against |
| the same proxy (viz. container). Currently, the activations are |
| guaranteed not to overlap — that is, at any given time, there is at most |
| one request to <code>/run</code> from the OpenWhisk and OpenServerless platform.</p><p>The route must accept a JSON object and respond with a JSON object, |
| otherwise the OpenWhisk and OpenServerless platform will treat the activation |
| as a failure and proceed to destroy the container. The JSON object |
| provided by the platform follows the following schema:</p><pre><code>{ |
| "value": JSON, |
| "namespace": String, |
| "action_name": String, |
| "api_host": String, |
| "api_key": String, |
| "activation_id": String, |
| "transaction_id": String, |
| "deadline": Number |
| } |
| </code></pre><ul><li><p><code>value</code> is a JSON object and contains all the parameters for the |
| function activation.</p></li><li><p><code>namespace</code> is the OpenWhisk and OpenServerless namespace for the action |
| (e.g., <code>whisk-system</code>).</p></li><li><p><code>action_name</code> is the <a href=reference.md#fully-qualified-names>fully qualified |
| name</a> of the action.</p></li><li><p><code>activation_id</code> is a unique ID for this activation.</p></li><li><p><code>transaction_id</code> is a unique ID for the request of which this |
| activation is part of.</p></li><li><p><code>deadline</code> is the deadline for the function.</p></li><li><p><code>api_key</code> is the API key used to invoke the action.</p></li></ul><p>The <code>value</code> is the function parameters. The rest of the properties |
| become part of the activation context which is a set of environment |
| variables constructed by capitalizing each of the property names, and |
| prefixing the result with <code>__OW_</code>. Additionally, the context must define |
| <code>__OW_API_HOST</code> whose value is the OpenWhisk and OpenServerless API host. |
| This value is currently provided as an environment variable defined at |
| container startup time and hence already available in the context.</p><p><strong>Successful activation:</strong> The route must respond with <code>200 OK</code> if the |
| activation is successful and the function has produced a JSON object as |
| its result. The response body is recorded as the <a href=actions.md#understanding-the-activation-record>result of the |
| activation</a>.</p><p><strong>Failed activation:</strong> Any response other than <code>200 OK</code> is treated as an |
| activation error. The response from the handler must be a JSON object |
| with a single field called <code>error</code> describing the failure. The value of |
| the error field may be any valid JSON value. Should the proxy fail to |
| respond with a JSON object, the OpenWhisk and OpenServerless platform will |
| treat the failure as an uncaught exception. These two failures modes are |
| distinguished by the value of the <code>response.status</code> in the activation |
| record which is <code>application error</code> if the proxy returned an <code>error</code> |
| object, and <code>action developer error</code> otherwise.</p><p><strong>Time limit:</strong> Every action in OpenWhisk and OpenServerless has a defined |
| time limit (e.g., 60 seconds). The activation must complete within the |
| allowed duration. Failure to complete activation within the allowed time |
| frame will destroy the container.</p><h3 id=logging>Logging</h3><p>The proxy must flush all the logs produced during initialization and |
| execution and add a frame marker to denote the end of the log stream for |
| an activation. This is done by emitting the token |
| <code>XXX_THE_END_OF_A_WHISK_ACTIVATION_XXX</code> as the last log line for the |
| <code>stdout</code> <em>and</em> <code>stderr</code> streams. Failure to emit this marker will cause |
| delayed or truncated activation logs.</p><h2 id=testing>Testing</h2><h3 id=action-interface-tests>Action Interface tests</h3><p>The <a href=/docs/reference/references/actions-new/##action-interface>Action interface</a> is enforced via a canonical |
| test suite which validates the initialization protocol, the runtime |
| protocol, ensures the activation context is correctly prepared, and that |
| the logs are properly framed. Your runtime should extend this test |
| suite, and of course include additional tests as needed.</p><h3 id=runtime-proxy-tests>Runtime proxy tests</h3><p>The tests verify that the proxy can handle the following scenarios:</p><ul><li><p>Test the proxy can handle the identity functions (initialize and |
| run).</p></li><li><p>Test the proxy can handle pre-defined environment variables as well |
| as initialization parameters.</p></li><li><p>Test the proxy properly constructs the activation context.</p></li><li><p>Test the proxy can properly handle functions with Unicode |
| characters.</p></li><li><p>Test the proxy can handle large payloads (more than 1MB).</p></li><li><p>Test the proxy can handle an entry point other than <code>main</code>.</p></li><li><p>Test the proxy does not permit re-initialization.</p></li><li><p>Test the error handling for an action returning an invalid response.</p></li><li><p>Test the proxy when initialized with no content.</p></li></ul><p>The canonical test suite should be extended by the new runtime tests. |
| Additional tests will be required depending on the feature set provided |
| by the runtime.</p><p>Since the OpenWhisk and OpenServerless platform is language and runtime |
| agnostic, it is generally not necessary to add integration tests. That |
| is the unit tests verifying the protocol are sufficient. However, it may |
| be necessary in some cases to modify the <code>ops</code> CLI or other OpenWhisk |
| and OpenServerless clients. In which case, appropriate tests should be added |
| as necessary. The OpenWhisk and OpenServerless platform will perform a |
| generic integration test as part of its basic system tests. This |
| integration test will require a <a href=/docs/reference/references/actions-new/#the-test-action>test function</a> to be |
| available so that the test harness can create, invoke, and delete the |
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