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<h2 id="ble-ibeacon">BLE iBeacon</h2>
<p>This tutorial guides you through the process of creating an iBeacon application using NimBLE and Mynewt. At the conclusion of this tutorial, you will have a fully functional iBeacon app.</p>
<h3 id="ibeacon-protocol">iBeacon Protocol</h3>
<p>A beaconing device announces its presence to the world by broadcasting
advertisements. The iBeacon protocol is built on top of the standard BLE
advertisement specification.
<a href="http://www.warski.org/blog/2014/01/how-ibeacons-work/">This page</a> provides a
good summary of the iBeacon sub-fields.</p>
<h3 id="create-an-empty-ble-application">Create an Empty BLE Application</h3>
<p>This tutorial picks up where the
<a href="../ble_bare_bones/">BLE bare bones application tutorial</a>
document concludes. The first step in creating a beaconing device is to create
an empty BLE app, as explained in that tutorial. Before proceeding, you should
have:</p>
<ul>
<li>An app called "ble_app".</li>
<li>A target called "ble_tgt".</li>
<li>Successfully executed the app on your target device.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="add-beaconing">Add beaconing</h3>
<p>Here is a brief specification of how we want our beaconing app to behave:</p>
<ol>
<li>Wait until the host and controller are in sync.</li>
<li>Configure the NimBLE stack with an address to put in its advertisements.</li>
<li>Advertise indefinitely.</li>
</ol>
<p>Let's take these one at a time.</p>
<p><br></p>
<h4 id="1-wait-for-host-controller-sync">1. Wait for host-controller sync</h4>
<p>The first step, waiting for host-controller-sync, is mandatory in all BLE
applications. The NimBLE stack is inoperable while the two components are out
of sync. In a combined host-controller app, the sync happens immediately at
startup. When the host and controller are separate, sync typically occurs
in less than a second.</p>
<p>We achieve this by configuring the NimBLE host with a callback function that
gets called when sync takes place:</p>
<div class="codehilite" style="background: #ffffff"><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><code><span style="background-color: #ffffcc"><span style="color: #A90D91">static</span> <span style="color: #A90D91">void</span>
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc"><span style="color: #000000">ble_app_set_addr</span>()
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc">{ }
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc">
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc"><span style="color: #A90D91">static</span> <span style="color: #A90D91">void</span>
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc"><span style="color: #000000">ble_app_advertise</span>();
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc">{ }
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc">
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc"><span style="color: #A90D91">static</span> <span style="color: #A90D91">void</span>
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc"><span style="color: #000000">ble_app_on_sync</span>(<span style="color: #A90D91">void</span>)
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc">{
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc"> <span style="color: #177500">/* Generate a non-resolvable private address. */</span>
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc"> <span style="color: #000000">ble_app_set_addr</span>();
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc">
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc"> <span style="color: #177500">/* Advertise indefinitely. */</span>
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc"> <span style="color: #000000">ble_app_advertise</span>();
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc">}
</span>
<span style="color: #A90D91">int</span>
<span style="color: #000000">main</span>(<span style="color: #A90D91">int</span> <span style="color: #000000">argc</span>, <span style="color: #A90D91">char</span> <span style="color: #000000">**argv</span>)
{
<span style="color: #000000">sysinit</span>();
<span style="background-color: #ffffcc"> <span style="color: #000000">ble_hs_cfg</span>.<span style="color: #000000">sync_cb</span> <span style="color: #000000">=</span> <span style="color: #000000">ble_app_on_sync</span>;
</span>
<span style="color: #177500">/* As the last thing, process events from default event queue. */</span>
<span style="color: #A90D91">while</span> (<span style="color: #1C01CE">1</span>) {
<span style="color: #000000">os_eventq_run</span>(<span style="color: #000000">os_eventq_dflt_get</span>());
}
}
</code></pre></div>
<p><code>ble_hs_cfg.sync_cb</code> points to the function that should be called when sync
occurs. Our callback function, <code>ble_app_on_sync()</code>, kicks off the control flow
that we specified above. Now we need to fill in the two stub functions.</p>
<p><br></p>
<h4 id="2-configure-the-nimble-stack-with-an-address">2. Configure the NimBLE stack with an address</h4>
<p>A BLE device needs an address to do just about anything. Some devices have a
public Bluetooth address burned into them, but this is not always the case.
Furthermore, the NimBLE controller might not know how to read an address out of
your particular hardware. For a beaconing device, we generally don't care what
address gets used since nothing will be connecting to us.</p>
<p>A reliable solution is to generate a <em>non-resolvable private address</em> (nRPA)
each time the application runs. Such an address contains no identifying
information, and they are expected to change frequently.</p>
<div class="codehilite" style="background: #ffffff"><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><code><span style="color: #A90D91">static</span> <span style="color: #A90D91">void</span>
<span style="color: #000000">ble_app_set_addr</span>(<span style="color: #A90D91">void</span>)
{
<span style="background-color: #ffffcc"> <span style="color: #000000">ble_addr_t</span> <span style="color: #000000">addr</span>;
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc"> <span style="color: #A90D91">int</span> <span style="color: #000000">rc</span>;
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc">
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc"> <span style="color: #000000">rc</span> <span style="color: #000000">=</span> <span style="color: #000000">ble_hs_id_gen_rnd</span>(<span style="color: #1C01CE">1</span>, <span style="color: #000000">&amp;addr</span>);
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc"> <span style="color: #000000">assert</span>(<span style="color: #000000">rc</span> <span style="color: #000000">==</span> <span style="color: #1C01CE">0</span>);
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc">
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc"> <span style="color: #000000">rc</span> <span style="color: #000000">=</span> <span style="color: #000000">ble_hs_id_set_rnd</span>(<span style="color: #000000">addr</span>.<span style="color: #000000">val</span>);
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc"> <span style="color: #000000">assert</span>(<span style="color: #000000">rc</span> <span style="color: #000000">==</span> <span style="color: #1C01CE">0</span>);
</span>}
<span style="color: #A90D91">static</span> <span style="color: #A90D91">void</span>
<span style="color: #000000">ble_app_advertise</span>();
{ }
<span style="color: #A90D91">static</span> <span style="color: #A90D91">void</span>
<span style="color: #000000">ble_app_on_sync</span>(<span style="color: #A90D91">void</span>)
{
<span style="color: #177500">/* Generate a non-resolvable private address. */</span>
<span style="color: #000000">ble_app_set_addr</span>();
<span style="color: #177500">/* Advertise indefinitely. */</span>
<span style="color: #000000">ble_app_advertise</span>();
}
</code></pre></div>
<p>Our new function, <code>ble_app_set_addr()</code>, makes two calls into the stack:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="../../../network/ble/ble_hs/ble_hs_id/functions/ble_hs_id_gen_rnd/"><code>ble_hs_id_gen_rnd</code></a>: Generate an nRPA.</li>
<li><a href="../../../network/ble/ble_hs/ble_hs_id/functions/ble_hs_id_set_rnd/"><code>ble_hs_id_set_rnd</code></a>: Configure NimBLE to use the newly-generated address.</li>
</ul>
<p>You can click either of the function names for more detailed documentation.</p>
<p><br></p>
<h4 id="3-advertise-indefinitely">3. Advertise indefinitely</h4>
<p>The first step in advertising is to configure the host with advertising data.
This operation tells the host what data to use for the contents of its
advertisements. The NimBLE host provides a special helper function for
configuring iBeacon advertisement data:
<a href="../../../network/ble/ble_hs/other/functions/ble_ibeacon_set_adv_data/"><code>ble_ibeacon_set_adv_data</code></a>.</p>
<p>If you follow the API link, you'll see that this function takes three parameters: a 128-bit UUID, a major version, and a minor version. This corresponds with the iBeacon specification, as these three items are the primary components in an iBeacon advertisement.</p>
<p>For now, we'll advertise the following:</p>
<ul>
<li><em>UUID</em>: <code>11:11:11:11:11:11:11:11:11:11:11:11:11:11:11:11</code></li>
<li><em>Major</em>: 2</li>
<li><em>Minor</em>: 10</li>
</ul>
<div class="codehilite" style="background: #ffffff"><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><code><span style="color: #A90D91">static</span> <span style="color: #A90D91">void</span>
<span style="color: #000000">ble_app_advertise</span>(<span style="color: #A90D91">void</span>)
{
<span style="color: #A90D91">uint8_t</span> <span style="color: #000000">uuid128</span>[<span style="color: #1C01CE">16</span>];
<span style="color: #A90D91">int</span> <span style="color: #000000">rc</span>;
<span style="color: #177500">/* Fill the UUID buffer with a string of 0x11 bytes. */</span>
<span style="color: #000000">memset</span>(<span style="color: #000000">uuid128</span>, <span style="color: #1C01CE">0x11</span>, <span style="color: #A90D91">sizeof</span> <span style="color: #000000">uuid128</span>);
<span style="color: #177500">/* Major version=2; minor version=10. */</span>
<span style="color: #000000">rc</span> <span style="color: #000000">=</span> <span style="color: #000000">ble_ibeacon_set_adv_data</span>(<span style="color: #000000">uuid128</span>, <span style="color: #1C01CE">2</span>, <span style="color: #1C01CE">10</span>);
<span style="color: #000000">assert</span>(<span style="color: #000000">rc</span> <span style="color: #000000">==</span> <span style="color: #1C01CE">0</span>);
<span style="color: #177500">/* TODO: Begin advertising. */</span>
}
</code></pre></div>
<p>Now that the host knows what to advertise, the next step is to actually begin
advertising. The function to initiate advertising is:
<a href="../../../network/ble/ble_hs/ble_gap/functions/ble_gap_adv_start/"><code>ble_gap_adv_start</code></a>.
This function takes several parameters. For simplicity, we reproduce the
function prototype here:</p>
<div class="codehilite" style="background: #ffffff"><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><code><span style="color: #A90D91">int</span>
<span style="color: #000000">ble_gap_adv_start</span>(
<span style="color: #A90D91">uint8_t</span> <span style="color: #000000">own_addr_type</span>,
<span style="color: #A90D91">const</span> <span style="color: #000000">ble_addr_t</span> <span style="color: #000000">*direct_addr</span>,
<span style="color: #A90D91">int32_t</span> <span style="color: #000000">duration_ms</span>,
<span style="color: #A90D91">const</span> <span style="color: #A90D91">struct</span> <span style="color: #3F6E75">ble_gap_adv_params</span> <span style="color: #000000">*adv_params</span>,
<span style="color: #000000">ble_gap_event_fn</span> <span style="color: #000000">*cb</span>,
<span style="color: #A90D91">void</span> <span style="color: #000000">*cb_arg</span>
)
</code></pre></div>
<p>This function gives an application quite a bit of freedom in how advertising is to be done. The default values are mostly fine for our simple beaconing application. We will pass the following values to this function:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameter</th>
<th>Value</th>
<th>Notes</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>own_addr_type</td>
<td>BLE_OWN_ADDR_RANDOM</td>
<td>Use the nRPA we generated earlier.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>direct_addr</td>
<td>NULL</td>
<td>We are broadcasting, not targeting a peer.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>duration_ms</td>
<td>BLE_HS_FOREVER</td>
<td>Advertise indefinitely.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>adv_params</td>
<td>defaults</td>
<td>Can be used to specify low level advertising parameters.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>cb</td>
<td>NULL</td>
<td>We are non-connectable, so no need for an event callback.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>cb_arg</td>
<td>NULL</td>
<td>No callback implies no callback argument.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>These arguments are mostly self-explanatory. The exception is <code>adv_params</code>, which can be used to specify a number of low-level parameters. For a beaconing application, the default settings are appropriate. We specify default settings by providing a zero-filled instance of the <code>ble_gap_adv_params</code> struct as our argument.</p>
<div class="codehilite" style="background: #ffffff"><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><code><span style="color: #A90D91">static</span> <span style="color: #A90D91">void</span>
<span style="color: #000000">ble_app_advertise</span>(<span style="color: #A90D91">void</span>)
{
<span style="background-color: #ffffcc"> <span style="color: #A90D91">struct</span> <span style="color: #3F6E75">ble_gap_adv_params</span> <span style="color: #000000">adv_params</span>;
</span> <span style="color: #A90D91">uint8_t</span> <span style="color: #000000">uuid128</span>[<span style="color: #1C01CE">16</span>];
<span style="color: #A90D91">int</span> <span style="color: #000000">rc</span>;
<span style="color: #177500">/* Arbitrarily set the UUID to a string of 0x11 bytes. */</span>
<span style="color: #000000">memset</span>(<span style="color: #000000">uuid128</span>, <span style="color: #1C01CE">0x11</span>, <span style="color: #A90D91">sizeof</span> <span style="color: #000000">uuid128</span>);
<span style="color: #177500">/* Major version=2; minor version=10. */</span>
<span style="color: #000000">rc</span> <span style="color: #000000">=</span> <span style="color: #000000">ble_ibeacon_set_adv_data</span>(<span style="color: #000000">uuid128</span>, <span style="color: #1C01CE">2</span>, <span style="color: #1C01CE">10</span>);
<span style="color: #000000">assert</span>(<span style="color: #000000">rc</span> <span style="color: #000000">==</span> <span style="color: #1C01CE">0</span>);
<span style="background-color: #ffffcc"> <span style="color: #177500">/* Begin advertising. */</span>
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc"> <span style="color: #000000">adv_params</span> <span style="color: #000000">=</span> (<span style="color: #A90D91">struct</span> <span style="color: #3F6E75">ble_gap_adv_params</span>){ <span style="color: #1C01CE">0</span> };
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc"> <span style="color: #000000">rc</span> <span style="color: #000000">=</span> <span style="color: #000000">ble_gap_adv_start</span>(<span style="color: #000000">BLE_OWN_ADDR_RANDOM</span>, <span style="color: #A90D91">NULL</span>, <span style="color: #000000">BLE_HS_FOREVER</span>,
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc"> <span style="color: #000000">&amp;adv_params</span>, <span style="color: #A90D91">NULL</span>, <span style="color: #A90D91">NULL</span>);
</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc"> <span style="color: #000000">assert</span>(<span style="color: #000000">rc</span> <span style="color: #000000">==</span> <span style="color: #1C01CE">0</span>);
</span>}
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h3>
<p>That's it! Now when you run this app on your board, you should be able to see
it with all your iBeacon-aware devices. You can test it out with the
<code>newt run</code> command.</p>
<h3 id="source-listing">Source Listing</h3>
<p>For reference, here is the complete application source:</p>
<div class="codehilite" style="background: #ffffff"><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><code><span style="color: #633820">#include</span> <span style="color: #177500">&quot;sysinit/sysinit.h&quot;</span>
<span style="color: #633820">#include</span> <span style="color: #177500">&quot;os/os.h&quot;</span>
<span style="color: #633820">#include</span> <span style="color: #177500">&quot;console/console.h&quot;</span>
<span style="color: #633820">#include</span> <span style="color: #177500">&quot;host/ble_hs.h&quot;</span>
<span style="color: #A90D91">static</span> <span style="color: #A90D91">void</span>
<span style="color: #000000">ble_app_set_addr</span>(<span style="color: #A90D91">void</span>)
{
<span style="color: #000000">ble_addr_t</span> <span style="color: #000000">addr</span>;
<span style="color: #A90D91">int</span> <span style="color: #000000">rc</span>;
<span style="color: #000000">rc</span> <span style="color: #000000">=</span> <span style="color: #000000">ble_hs_id_gen_rnd</span>(<span style="color: #1C01CE">1</span>, <span style="color: #000000">&amp;addr</span>);
<span style="color: #000000">assert</span>(<span style="color: #000000">rc</span> <span style="color: #000000">==</span> <span style="color: #1C01CE">0</span>);
<span style="color: #000000">rc</span> <span style="color: #000000">=</span> <span style="color: #000000">ble_hs_id_set_rnd</span>(<span style="color: #000000">addr</span>.<span style="color: #000000">val</span>);
<span style="color: #000000">assert</span>(<span style="color: #000000">rc</span> <span style="color: #000000">==</span> <span style="color: #1C01CE">0</span>);
}
<span style="color: #A90D91">static</span> <span style="color: #A90D91">void</span>
<span style="color: #000000">ble_app_advertise</span>(<span style="color: #A90D91">void</span>)
{
<span style="color: #A90D91">struct</span> <span style="color: #3F6E75">ble_gap_adv_params</span> <span style="color: #000000">adv_params</span>;
<span style="color: #A90D91">uint8_t</span> <span style="color: #000000">uuid128</span>[<span style="color: #1C01CE">16</span>];
<span style="color: #A90D91">int</span> <span style="color: #000000">rc</span>;
<span style="color: #177500">/* Arbitrarily set the UUID to a string of 0x11 bytes. */</span>
<span style="color: #000000">memset</span>(<span style="color: #000000">uuid128</span>, <span style="color: #1C01CE">0x11</span>, <span style="color: #A90D91">sizeof</span> <span style="color: #000000">uuid128</span>);
<span style="color: #177500">/* Major version=2; minor version=10. */</span>
<span style="color: #000000">rc</span> <span style="color: #000000">=</span> <span style="color: #000000">ble_ibeacon_set_adv_data</span>(<span style="color: #000000">uuid128</span>, <span style="color: #1C01CE">2</span>, <span style="color: #1C01CE">10</span>);
<span style="color: #000000">assert</span>(<span style="color: #000000">rc</span> <span style="color: #000000">==</span> <span style="color: #1C01CE">0</span>);
<span style="color: #177500">/* Begin advertising. */</span>
<span style="color: #000000">adv_params</span> <span style="color: #000000">=</span> (<span style="color: #A90D91">struct</span> <span style="color: #3F6E75">ble_gap_adv_params</span>){ <span style="color: #1C01CE">0</span> };
<span style="color: #000000">rc</span> <span style="color: #000000">=</span> <span style="color: #000000">ble_gap_adv_start</span>(<span style="color: #000000">BLE_OWN_ADDR_RANDOM</span>, <span style="color: #A90D91">NULL</span>, <span style="color: #000000">BLE_HS_FOREVER</span>,
<span style="color: #000000">&amp;adv_params</span>, <span style="color: #A90D91">NULL</span>, <span style="color: #A90D91">NULL</span>);
<span style="color: #000000">assert</span>(<span style="color: #000000">rc</span> <span style="color: #000000">==</span> <span style="color: #1C01CE">0</span>);
}
<span style="color: #A90D91">static</span> <span style="color: #A90D91">void</span>
<span style="color: #000000">ble_app_on_sync</span>(<span style="color: #A90D91">void</span>)
{
<span style="color: #177500">/* Generate a non-resolvable private address. */</span>
<span style="color: #000000">ble_app_set_addr</span>();
<span style="color: #177500">/* Advertise indefinitely. */</span>
<span style="color: #000000">ble_app_advertise</span>();
}
<span style="color: #A90D91">int</span>
<span style="color: #000000">main</span>(<span style="color: #A90D91">int</span> <span style="color: #000000">argc</span>, <span style="color: #A90D91">char</span> <span style="color: #000000">**argv</span>)
{
<span style="color: #000000">sysinit</span>();
<span style="color: #000000">ble_hs_cfg</span>.<span style="color: #000000">sync_cb</span> <span style="color: #000000">=</span> <span style="color: #000000">ble_app_on_sync</span>;
<span style="color: #177500">/* As the last thing, process events from default event queue. */</span>
<span style="color: #A90D91">while</span> (<span style="color: #1C01CE">1</span>) {
<span style="color: #000000">os_eventq_run</span>(<span style="color: #000000">os_eventq_dflt_get</span>());
}
}
</code></pre></div>
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