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| <div class="section" id="diagnosing-errors"> |
| <h1>Diagnosing Errors<a class="headerlink" href="#diagnosing-errors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> |
| <p>Here we list some of the tools Mynewt has available. This is by no means |
| comprehensive. It does give an overview of some facilities more commonly |
| used.</p> |
| <p>To create output for this demo, I’m including the ‘test/crash_test’ package |
| while building the ‘slinky’ app.</p> |
| <div class="section" id="crash-with-console"> |
| <h2>Crash with Console<a class="headerlink" href="#crash-with-console" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>When system restarts due to an error, we always attempt to do it |
| in a way which allows us to dump the current system state. Calls to |
| assert(), error interrupts (regular faults, memory faults) both take |
| this path.</p> |
| <p>The basic facility is the printout of registers to console.</p> |
| <p>Here is an example of what it looks like with Cortex-M4:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="go">041088 Unhandled interrupt (3), exception sp 0x20001d28</span> |
| <span class="go">041088 r0:0x00000000 r1:0x00017b61 r2:0x00000000 r3:0x0000002a</span> |
| <span class="go">041088 r4:0x20001dc8 r5:0x00000000 r6:0x200034e4 r7:0x20003464</span> |
| <span class="go">041088 r8:0x2000349c r9:0x20001f08 r10:0x00017bd4 r11:0x00000000</span> |
| <span class="go">041088 r12:0x00000000 lr:0x00014e29 pc:0x00014e58 psr:0x61000000</span> |
| <span class="go">041088 ICSR:0x00421803 HFSR:0x40000000 CFSR:0x02000000</span> |
| <span class="go">041088 BFAR:0xe000ed38 MMFAR:0xe000ed34</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Output includes the values of registers. The most interesting pieces |
| would be $pc (program counter), and $lr (link register), which show |
| the instruction where the fault happened, and the return address from |
| that function.</p> |
| <p>You would then take these values, and match them against the image |
| you’re running on the target.</p> |
| <p>For example:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">[marko@IsMyLaptop:~/src2/incubator-mynewt-blinky]$ </span>arm-elf-linux-gdb<span class="w"> </span>bin/targets/slinky_nrf52/app/apps/slinky/slinky.elf |
| <span class="go">GNU gdb (GDB) 7.8.1</span> |
| <span class="go"> ...</span> |
| <span class="go">Reading symbols from bin/targets/slinky_nrf52/app/apps/slinky/slinky.elf...done.</span> |
| <span class="gp gp-VirtualEnv">(gdb)</span> <span class="go">list *0x00014e58</span> |
| <span class="go">0x14e58 is in crash_device (repos/apache-mynewt-core/test/crash_test/src/crash_test.c:47).</span> |
| <span class="go">42 if (!strcmp(how, "div0")) {</span> |
| <span class="go">43</span> |
| <span class="go">44 val1 = 42;</span> |
| <span class="go">45 val2 = 0;</span> |
| <span class="go">46</span> |
| <span class="go">47 val3 = val1 / val2;</span> |
| <span class="go">48 console_printf("42/0 = %d\n", val3);</span> |
| <span class="go">49 } else if (!strcmp(how, "jump0")) {</span> |
| <span class="go">50 ((void (*)(void))0)();</span> |
| <span class="go">51 } else if (!strcmp(how, "ref0")) {</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>You can see that the system crashed due to divide-by-zero.</p> |
| <div class="section" id="crash-with-verbose-location"> |
| <h3>Crash with Verbose Location<a class="headerlink" href="#crash-with-verbose-location" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>We often call assert(), testing specific conditions which should be met |
| for program execution to continue. If the condition fails, we reset with a |
| message listing the instruction where assert() was called from.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="go">829008 compat> Assert @ 0x14e9f</span> |
| <span class="go">831203 Unhandled interrupt (2), exception sp 0x20001d20</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>This address (here 0x14e9f) should then be used to find the line in |
| the program where it happened. Note that this address is specific to your |
| binary. So you have to do the search to locate the specific file/line using |
| your .elf file.</p> |
| <p>You can also enable more verbose report by setting syscfg variable |
| OS_CRASH_FILE_LINE to 1. The call to assert() from above would then look |
| like so:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="go">000230 compat> Assert @ 0x1503b - repos/apache-mynewt-core/test/crash_test/src/crash_test.c:54</span> |
| <span class="go">001462 Unhandled interrupt (2), exception sp 0x20001d20</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Note that this will increase the program text size, as we now need to |
| store the names for the files which call assert().</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="crash-with-console-with-stacktrace"> |
| <h3>Crash with Console with Stacktrace<a class="headerlink" href="#crash-with-console-with-stacktrace" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>Quite often you need a deeper view of the call chain to figure out |
| how the program got to place where it crashed. Especially if the routine |
| can be reached via multiple call chain routes.</p> |
| <p>You can enable a dump of possible call chain candidates by setting |
| syscfg variable OS_CRASH_STACKTRACE to 1.</p> |
| <p>When crash happens, the dumping routine walks backwards in the stack, |
| and prints any address which falls within text region. All these values |
| are candidates of being part of the call chain. However, you need to |
| filter it yourself to figure out which values are actually part of it, and |
| which addresses just happen to be in the stack at that time.</p> |
| <p>Here is a sample output:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="go">004067 Unhandled interrupt (3), exception sp 0x20001d28</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 r0:0x00000000 r1:0x00017c55 r2:0x00000000 r3:0x0000002a</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 r4:0x20001dc8 r5:0x00000000 r6:0x200034e4 r7:0x20003464</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 r8:0x2000349c r9:0x20001f08 r10:0x00017cc8 r11:0x00000000</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 r12:0x00000000 lr:0x00014ef9 pc:0x00014f28 psr:0x61000000</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 ICSR:0x00421803 HFSR:0x40000000 CFSR:0x02000000</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 BFAR:0xe000ed38 MMFAR:0xe000ed34</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 task:main</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 0x20001d64: 0x0001501b</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 0x20001d68: 0x00017338</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 0x20001dd0: 0x00017cc8</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 0x20001dd4: 0x00015c2b</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 0x20001dd8: 0x00015c1d</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 0x20001de4: 0x0001161d</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 0x20001df4: 0x00011841</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 0x20001e04: 0x000117c9</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 0x20001e0c: 0x00013d8f</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 0x20001e20: 0x00014375</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 0x20001e4c: 0x00013dfd</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 0x20001e54: 0x00013e09</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 0x20001e58: 0x00013e01</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 0x20001e5c: 0x0000925d</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 0x20001e64: 0x00008933</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 0x20001e7c: 0x00008cc3</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 0x20001e98: 0x000169e0</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 0x20001e9c: 0x00008cb9</span> |
| <span class="go">004067 0x20001ea0: 0x000088a9</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>You can see that it contains the usual dump of registers in the beginning, |
| followed by addresses to stack, and the value at that location. Note that |
| we skip the area of memory within stack which contains the stashed register |
| values. This means that $pc and $lr values will not show up in the array |
| of addresses. Depending on your CPU architecture, different stuff gets |
| pushed to stack. Given where Mynewt is ported to, there’s always function |
| return address pushed there.</p> |
| <p>You would then take these values, and see if they seem legit. Here we’ll |
| show what to do with the output above.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">[marko@IsMyLaptop:~/src2/incubator-mynewt-blinky]$ </span>arm-elf-linux-gdb<span class="w"> </span>bin/targets/slinky_nrf52/app/apps/slinky/slinky.elf |
| <span class="go">GNU gdb (GDB) 7.8.1</span> |
| <span class="go">Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</span> |
| <span class="go">...</span> |
| <span class="go">No symbol table is loaded. Use the "file" command.</span> |
| <span class="go">Reading symbols from bin/targets/slinky_nrf52/app/apps/slinky/slinky.elf...done.</span> |
| <span class="gp gp-VirtualEnv">(gdb)</span> <span class="go">list *0x0001501b</span> |
| <span class="go">0x1501b is in crash_test_nmgr_write (repos/apache-mynewt-core/test/crash_test/src/crash_nmgr.c:68).</span> |
| <span class="go">63 if (rc != 0) {</span> |
| <span class="go">64 return MGMT_ERR_EINVAL;</span> |
| <span class="go">65 }</span> |
| <span class="go">66</span> |
| <span class="go">67 rc = crash_device(tmp_str); <--- That is likely part of it</span> |
| <span class="go">68 if (rc != 0) {</span> |
| <span class="go">69 return MGMT_ERR_EINVAL;</span> |
| <span class="go">70 }</span> |
| <span class="go">71</span> |
| <span class="go">72 rc = mgmt_cbuf_setoerr(cb, 0);</span> |
| <span class="gp gp-VirtualEnv">(gdb)</span> <span class="go">list *0x00017338 <--- not relevant</span> |
| <span class="gp gp-VirtualEnv">(gdb)</span> <span class="go">list *0x00017cc8 <--- neither is this</span> |
| <span class="gp gp-VirtualEnv">(gdb)</span> <span class="go">list *0x00015c2b</span> |
| <span class="go">0x15c2b is in cbor_mbuf_writer (repos/apache-mynewt-core/encoding/tinycbor/src/cbor_mbuf_writer.c:32).</span> |
| <span class="go">27 {</span> |
| <span class="go">28 int rc;</span> |
| <span class="go">29 struct cbor_mbuf_writer *cb = (struct cbor_mbuf_writer *) arg;</span> |
| <span class="go">30</span> |
| <span class="go">31 rc = os_mbuf_append(cb->m, data, len); <-- Does not seem likely. This probably ended here due to an earlier work that this task was doing.</span> |
| <span class="go">32 if (rc) {</span> |
| <span class="go">33 return CborErrorOutOfMemory;</span> |
| <span class="go">34 }</span> |
| <span class="go">35 cb->enc.bytes_written += len;</span> |
| <span class="go">36 return CborNoError;</span> |
| <span class="gp gp-VirtualEnv">(gdb)</span> <span class="go">list *0x00015c1d</span> |
| <span class="go">0x15c1d is in cbor_mbuf_writer (repos/apache-mynewt-core/encoding/tinycbor/src/cbor_mbuf_writer.c:27).</span> |
| <span class="go">22 #include <tinycbor/cbor.h></span> |
| <span class="go">23 #include <tinycbor/cbor_mbuf_writer.h></span> |
| <span class="go">24</span> |
| <span class="go">25 int</span> |
| <span class="go">26 cbor_mbuf_writer(struct cbor_encoder_writer *arg, const char *data, int len)</span> |
| <span class="go">27 {</span> |
| <span class="go">28 int rc; <---- Nope. Not relevant.</span> |
| <span class="go">29 struct cbor_mbuf_writer *cb = (struct cbor_mbuf_writer *) arg;</span> |
| <span class="go">30</span> |
| <span class="go">31 rc = os_mbuf_append(cb->m, data, len);</span> |
| <span class="gp gp-VirtualEnv">(gdb)</span> <span class="go">list *0x0001161d</span> |
| <span class="go">0x1161d is in create_container (repos/apache-mynewt-core/encoding/tinycbor/src/cborencoder.c:244).</span> |
| <span class="go">239 memcpy(where, &v, sizeof(v));</span> |
| <span class="go">240 }</span> |
| <span class="go">241</span> |
| <span class="go">242 static inline CborError append_to_buffer(CborEncoder *encoder, const void *data, size_t len)</span> |
| <span class="go">243 {</span> |
| <span class="go">244 return encoder->writer->write(encoder->writer, data, len); <--- Hmmm, unlikely</span> |
| <span class="go">245 }</span> |
| <span class="go">246</span> |
| <span class="go">247 static inline CborError append_byte_to_buffer(CborEncoder *encoder, uint8_t byte)</span> |
| <span class="go">248 {</span> |
| <span class="gp gp-VirtualEnv">(gdb)</span> <span class="go">list *0x00011841</span> |
| <span class="go">0x11841 is in preparse_value (repos/apache-mynewt-core/encoding/tinycbor/src/cborparser.c:182).</span> |
| <span class="go">177 /* are we at the end? */</span> |
| <span class="go">178 if (it->offset == parser->end)</span> |
| <span class="go">179 return CborErrorUnexpectedEOF;</span> |
| <span class="go">180</span> |
| <span class="go">181 uint8_t descriptor = parser->d->get8(parser->d, it->offset); <--- Probably not relevant.</span> |
| <span class="go">182 uint8_t type = descriptor & MajorTypeMask;</span> |
| <span class="go">183 it->type = type;</span> |
| <span class="go">184 it->flags = 0;</span> |
| <span class="go">185 it->extra = (descriptor &= SmallValueMask);</span> |
| <span class="go">186</span> |
| <span class="gp gp-VirtualEnv">(gdb)</span> <span class="go">list *0x000117c9</span> |
| <span class="go">0x117c9 is in cbor_encoder_create_map (repos/apache-mynewt-core/encoding/tinycbor/src/cborencoder.c:521).</span> |
| <span class="go">516 */</span> |
| <span class="go">517 CborError cbor_encoder_create_map(CborEncoder *encoder, CborEncoder *mapEncoder, size_t length)</span> |
| <span class="go">518 {</span> |
| <span class="go">519 if (length != CborIndefiniteLength && length > SIZE_MAX / 2)</span> |
| <span class="go">520 return CborErrorDataTooLarge;</span> |
| <span class="go">521 return create_container(encoder, mapEncoder, length, MapType << MajorTypeShift); <-- I don't think this is relevant either.</span> |
| <span class="go">522 }</span> |
| <span class="go">523</span> |
| <span class="go">524 /**</span> |
| <span class="go">525 * Creates a indefinite-length byte string in the CBOR stream provided by</span> |
| <span class="gp gp-VirtualEnv">(gdb)</span> <span class="go">list *0x00013d8f</span> |
| <span class="go">0x13d8f is in nmgr_handle_req (repos/apache-mynewt-core/mgmt/newtmgr/src/newtmgr.c:261).</span> |
| <span class="go">256 } else {</span> |
| <span class="go">257 rc = MGMT_ERR_ENOENT;</span> |
| <span class="go">258 }</span> |
| <span class="go">259 } else if (hdr.nh_op == NMGR_OP_WRITE) {</span> |
| <span class="go">260 if (handler->mh_write) {</span> |
| <span class="go">261 rc = handler->mh_write(&nmgr_task_cbuf.n_b); <-- This is part of it.</span> |
| <span class="go">262 } else {</span> |
| <span class="go">263 rc = MGMT_ERR_ENOENT;</span> |
| <span class="go">264 }</span> |
| <span class="go">265 } else {</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>I was sending a newtmgr command which crashed the system. As you can see from this this example, little less than 50% of the addresses were part of the call chain. So read this output with care.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="coredump"> |
| <h2>Coredump<a class="headerlink" href="#coredump" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>Coredump contains a full dump of system memory, and CPU registers. You can inspect the system state, including stack of the failing task, or any of the global state.</p> |
| <p>You can enable coredumps by setting syscfg variable OS_COREDUMP to 1. When crash happens, dumper will write the contents to flash_map region COREDUMP_FLASH_AREA. |
| After the crash, you can use imgmgr to download the coredump for offline analysis. To enable download/erase commands, you need to set syscfg variable IMGMGR_COREDUMP to 1.</p> |
| <p>Coredump package does not overwrite a previous coredump, if it exists in the flash. To get a new one, you first need to erase the area.</p> |
| <p>You can either use a dedicated area of flash, or use image slot 1 as the target. |
| If image slot1 and coredump areas are co-located, coredump will overwrite the image, unless image upgrade is in progress (slot1 marked as pending, or slot0 is not confirmed).</p> |
| <div class="section" id="fetching-coredump-with-newtmgr"> |
| <h3>Fetching Coredump with newtmgr<a class="headerlink" href="#fetching-coredump-with-newtmgr" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>newtmgr coredump management commands are handled by imgmgr. You can query whether corefile is present, download one if it exists, and then erase the area afterwards.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">[marko@IsMyLaptop:~/src2/incubator-mynewt-blinky]$ </span>newtmgr<span class="w"> </span>-c<span class="w"> </span>ttys005<span class="w"> </span>image<span class="w"> </span>corelist |
| <span class="go">Corefile present</span> |
| <span class="gp">[marko@IsMyLaptop:~/src2/incubator-mynewt-blinky]$ </span>newtmgr<span class="w"> </span>-c<span class="w"> </span>ttys005<span class="w"> </span>image<span class="w"> </span>coredownload<span class="w"> </span>-e<span class="w"> </span>core.elf |
| <span class="go">0</span> |
| <span class="go">512</span> |
| <span class="go">1024</span> |
| <span class="go">1536</span> |
| <span class="go"> ...</span> |
| <span class="go">65676</span> |
| <span class="go">Done writing core file to core.elf; hash=7e20dcdd136c6796fcb2a51e7384e90800d2ec045f2ee088af32529e929e2130</span> |
| <span class="gp">[marko@IsMyLaptop:~/src2/incubator-mynewt-blinky]$ </span>newtmgr<span class="w"> </span>-c<span class="w"> </span>ttys005<span class="w"> </span>image<span class="w"> </span>coreerase |
| <span class="go">Done</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>I specified option ‘-e’ to coredownload command. This converts the internal data representation to ELF file; a format that gdb understands.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="coredump-analysis-offline"> |
| <h3>Coredump Analysis Offline<a class="headerlink" href="#coredump-analysis-offline" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>Not all GDB configurations support corefiles. Specifically for the |
| architecture we’re showing here, ‘arm-none-eabi-gdb’ does not have it |
| built in. However, ‘arm-elf-linux-gdb’ does.</p> |
| <p>Here’s how I built it with MacOS:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="go">tar xvzf gdb-7.8.1.tar.gz</span> |
| <span class="go">cd gdb-7.8.1</span> |
| <span class="go">./configure --target=arm-elf-linux --without-lzma --without-guile --without-libunwind-ia64 --with-zlib</span> |
| <span class="go">make</span> |
| <span class="go">gdb/gdb -v</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>And this is how I built it for Linux:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="go">sudo apt-get install zlibc zlib1g zlib1g-dev libexpat-dev libncurses5-dev liblzma-dev</span> |
| <span class="go">tar xvzf gdb-7.8.1.tar.gz</span> |
| <span class="go">cd gdb-7.8.1</span> |
| <span class="go">./configure --target=arm-elf-linux --with-lzma --with-expat --without-libunwind-ia64 --with-zlib --without-babeltrace</span> |
| <span class="go">make</span> |
| <span class="go">gdb/gdb -v</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Now that I have a suitable version of gdb at hand, I can use it to analyze |
| the corefile.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">[marko@IsMyLaptop:~/src2/incubator-mynewt-blinky]$ </span>arm-elf-linux-gdb<span class="w"> </span>bin/targets/slinky_nrf52/app/apps/slinky/slinky.elf<span class="w"> </span>core.elf |
| <span class="go">GNU gdb (GDB) 7.8.1</span> |
| <span class="go">Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</span> |
| <span class="go">License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html></span> |
| <span class="go">This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.</span> |
| <span class="go">There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type "show copying"</span> |
| <span class="go">and "show warranty" for details.</span> |
| <span class="go">This GDB was configured as "--host=x86_64-apple-darwin14.5.0 --target=arm-elf-linux".</span> |
| <span class="go">Type "show configuration" for configuration details.</span> |
| <span class="go">For bug reporting instructions, please see:</span> |
| <span class="go"><http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>.</span> |
| <span class="go">Find the GDB manual and other documentation resources online at:</span> |
| <span class="go"><http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/documentation/>.</span> |
| <span class="go">For help, type "help".</span> |
| <span class="go">Type "apropos word" to search for commands related to "word"...</span> |
| <span class="go">No symbol table is loaded. Use the "file" command.</span> |
| <span class="go">Reading symbols from bin/targets/slinky_nrf52/app/apps/slinky/slinky.elf...done.</span> |
| <span class="go">[New process 1]</span> |
| <span class="gp">#</span><span class="m">0</span><span class="w"> </span>0x00014f28<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span>crash_device<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span> |
| <span class="go"> how=how@entry=0x20001dc8 <os_main_stack+3904> "div0")</span> |
| <span class="go"> at repos/apache-mynewt-core/test/crash_test/src/crash_test.c:47</span> |
| <span class="go">47 val3 = val1 / val2;</span> |
| <span class="gp gp-VirtualEnv">(gdb)</span> <span class="go">bt</span> |
| <span class="gp">#</span><span class="m">0</span><span class="w"> </span>0x00014f28<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span>crash_device<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span> |
| <span class="go"> how=how@entry=0x20001dc8 <os_main_stack+3904> "div0")</span> |
| <span class="go"> at repos/apache-mynewt-core/test/crash_test/src/crash_test.c:47</span> |
| <span class="gp">#</span><span class="m">1</span><span class="w"> </span>0x0001501a<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span>crash_test_nmgr_write<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">cb</span><span class="o">=</span>0x20003464<span class="w"> </span><nmgr_task_cbuf><span class="o">)</span> |
| <span class="go"> at repos/apache-mynewt-core/test/crash_test/src/crash_nmgr.c:67</span> |
| <span class="gp">#</span><span class="m">2</span><span class="w"> </span>0x00013d8e<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span>nmgr_handle_req<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span> |
| <span class="go"> nt=nt@entry=0x200034e4 <nmgr_shell_transport>,</span> |
| <span class="go"> req=0x20002014 <os_msys_init_1_data+292>)</span> |
| <span class="go"> at repos/apache-mynewt-core/mgmt/newtmgr/src/newtmgr.c:261</span> |
| <span class="gp">#</span><span class="m">3</span><span class="w"> </span>0x00013dfc<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span>nmgr_process<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">nt</span><span class="o">=</span>0x200034e4<span class="w"> </span><nmgr_shell_transport><span class="o">)</span> |
| <span class="go"> at repos/apache-mynewt-core/mgmt/newtmgr/src/newtmgr.c:325</span> |
| <span class="gp">#</span><span class="m">4</span><span class="w"> </span>0x00013e08<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span>nmgr_event_data_in<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">ev</span><span class="o">=</span><optimized<span class="w"> </span>out><span class="o">)</span> |
| <span class="go"> at repos/apache-mynewt-core/mgmt/newtmgr/src/newtmgr.c:332</span> |
| <span class="gp">#</span><span class="m">5</span><span class="w"> </span>0x0000925c<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span>os_eventq_run<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">evq</span><span class="o">=</span><optimized<span class="w"> </span>out><span class="o">)</span> |
| <span class="go"> at repos/apache-mynewt-core/kernel/os/src/os_eventq.c:162</span> |
| <span class="gp">#</span><span class="m">6</span><span class="w"> </span>0x00008932<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span>main<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nv">argc</span><span class="o">=</span><optimized<span class="w"> </span>out>,<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">argv</span><span class="o">=</span><optimized<span class="w"> </span>out><span class="o">)</span> |
| <span class="go"> at repos/apache-mynewt-core/apps/slinky/src/main.c:289</span> |
| <span class="gp gp-VirtualEnv">(gdb)</span> <span class="go">p g_current_task</span> |
| <span class="gp">$</span><span class="nv">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">(</span>struct<span class="w"> </span>os_task<span class="w"> </span>*<span class="o">)</span><span class="w"> </span>0x20001e88<span class="w"> </span><os_main_task> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Setting up coredumps, setting up a mechanism to download them, managing |
| them on the device and building gdb is certainly more work, but you’ll |
| have much more data available when you start analyzing problems. |
| I don’t think I can emphasize too much how valuable having all this data |
| is, when you’re stuck with a difficult-to-solve crash.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="task-stack-use"> |
| <h2>Task Stack Use<a class="headerlink" href="#task-stack-use" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>One of the common problems is stack overflow within a task. Mynewt OS fills |
| the stack of a task with a pattern at the time task gets created. If you’re |
| suspecting that stack might be blown, check the start of the stack (and |
| memory right before it).</p> |
| <p>There are also APIs to check the stack use. Task statistics, accessible |
| with console CLI or newtmgr, attempt to report the stack use by the tasks. |
| They do it by inspecting the presence of this pattern, so it is possible |
| to fool them also.</p> |
| <p>Here is what that data looks like at console. ‘stksz’ is the amount of |
| stack, and ‘stkuse’ is how much of it we think the task used it.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="go">7109237 compat> tasks</span> |
| <span class="go">7109387 Tasks:</span> |
| <span class="go">7109387 task pri tid runtime csw stksz stkuse lcheck ncheck flg</span> |
| <span class="go">7109390 idle 255 0 7109375 72810 64 26 0 0</span> |
| <span class="go">7109392 main 127 1 15 6645 1024 388 0 0</span> |
| <span class="go">7109394 task1 8 2 0 55543 192 116 0 0</span> |
| <span class="go">7109396 task2 9 3 0 55543 64 28 0 0</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>There are some helper macros for this when using gdb also. You’ll need |
| to eyeball the stack manually, but at least it will tell you where to |
| find the stacks.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">[marko@IsMyLaptop:~/src2/incubator-mynewt-blinky]$ </span>newt<span class="w"> </span>debug<span class="w"> </span>slinky_nrf52 |
| <span class="go">Debugging bin/targets/slinky_nrf52/app/apps/slinky/slinky.elf</span> |
| <span class="go"> ...</span> |
| <span class="go">Reading symbols from bin/targets/slinky_nrf52/app/apps/slinky/slinky.elf...done.</span> |
| <span class="go">os_tick_idle (ticks=128)</span> |
| <span class="go"> at repos/apache-mynewt-core/hw/mcu/nordic/nrf52xxx/src/hal_os_tick.c:164</span> |
| <span class="go">164 if (ticks > 0) {</span> |
| <span class="gp gp-VirtualEnv">(gdb)</span> <span class="go">os_tasks</span> |
| <span class="go">Undefined command: "os_tasks". Try "help".</span> |
| <span class="gp gp-VirtualEnv">(gdb)</span> <span class="go">source repos/apache-mynewt-core/compiler/gdbmacros/os.gdb</span> |
| <span class="gp gp-VirtualEnv">(gdb)</span> <span class="go">os_tasks</span> |
| <span class="go"> prio state stack stksz task name</span> |
| <span class="go">* 255 0x1 0x20000e88 64 0x200035fc idle</span> |
| <span class="go"> 127 0x2 0x20001e88 1024 0x20001e88 main</span> |
| <span class="go"> 8 0x2 0x20003ab0 192 0x20000cbc task1</span> |
| <span class="go"> 9 0x2 0x20003bc0 64 0x20000d0c task2</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="stack-check-during-context-switch"> |
| <h3>Stack Check during Context Switch<a class="headerlink" href="#stack-check-during-context-switch" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>You can ask OS to check the top of the stack on every context switch. |
| It’ll walk over X number of os_stack_t elements, checking if our pattern |
| is still there for the task which is about to be switched out.</p> |
| <p>You can enable this by setting syscfg variable OS_CTX_SW_STACK_CHECK to 1. |
| Another syscfg variable, OS_CTX_SW_STACK_GUARD, controls how far into |
| the stack we peek.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="memory-corruption"> |
| <h2>Memory Corruption<a class="headerlink" href="#memory-corruption" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>The recommended way of allocating blocks of memory is by using the |
| OS memory pools. As with all dynamically allocated memory, there can |
| issues with using after it gets freed, or it does not get freed at |
| all, code tries to free the same element multiple times, or you end up |
| overwriting the data within the next element.</p> |
| <p>There are syscfg variables you can set to get OS to do some of |
| sanity checks for you.</p> |
| <div class="section" id="sanity-check-on-free"> |
| <h3>Sanity Check on Free<a class="headerlink" href="#sanity-check-on-free" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>By setting syscfg variable OS_MEMPOOL_CHECK to 1, OS will act when |
| an element is freed. It will walk through the list of already freed |
| entries, and check that the entry being freed does not already appear |
| in the free list. It will also check that the pool entry the code is |
| trying to free is within the memory range belonging to that pool.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="poisoning-pool"> |
| <h3>Poisoning Pool<a class="headerlink" href="#poisoning-pool" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>If you set syscfg variable OS_MEMPOOL_POISON, the OS fills pool |
| entry memory with a data pattern whenever that entry is being freed. |
| It then checks that this pattern has not been disturbed when that |
| pool entry is allocated again. This would help to detect the scenarios |
| when code is still using a freed pool entry. Of course, the detection |
| will only be triggered if the code tries to modify the data belonging |
| tot that entry.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="pool-guard-areas"> |
| <h3>Pool Guard Areas<a class="headerlink" href="#pool-guard-areas" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>Normally OS takes the memory region allocated for pool use and |
| splits it into chunks which are exactly the size of the pool entry (taking |
| into account the alignment restriction). By setting syscfg variable |
| OS_MEMPOOL_GUARD to 1, it creates a ‘guard area’ between pool elements, |
| and writes a specific data pattern to it. This is then checked whenever |
| the pool entry is freed, or allocated. If code writes past the data area |
| belonging to pool entry, the pattern would likely be disturbed, and would |
| cause an assert.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="exhausting-memory"> |
| <h3>Exhausting Memory<a class="headerlink" href="#exhausting-memory" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>Memory pool usage can be monitored through the mempool API. The data |
| collected there can be seen via the console CLI and/or using newtmgr.</p> |
| <p>Here is that data as seen from console:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="go">7375292 compat> mpool</span> |
| <span class="go">7375581 Mempools:</span> |
| <span class="go">7375581 name blksz cnt free min</span> |
| <span class="go">7375584 msys_1 292 12 12 8</span> |
| <span class="go">7375585 modlog_mapping_pool 12 16 12 12</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>We list the memory pools OS knows about. ‘cnt’ tells how many |
| elements the pool has in total. ‘free’ tells how many elements are |
| currently in the free pool, and ‘min’ tells what’s the low point |
| for the number of elements within the pool.</p> |
| <p>What you should check is the ‘min’ number. If it gets to 0, it means |
| that the pool has been exhausted at one point. Depending on what |
| the pool is used for, you might want to take action.</p> |
| <p>There’s some gdb helper macros to inspect the data belonging to |
| the default networking memory pool, msys_1.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp gp-VirtualEnv">(gdb)</span> <span class="go">source repos/apache-mynewt-core/compiler/gdbmacros/mbuf.gdb</span> |
| <span class="gp gp-VirtualEnv">(gdb)</span> <span class="go">mn_msys1_print</span> |
| <span class="go">Mbuf addr: 0x20001ef0</span> |
| <span class="go">Mbuf header: $1 = {om_data = 0x20002380 <os_msys_init_1_data+1168> "\244$",</span> |
| <span class="go"> om_flags = 0 '\000', om_pkthdr_len = 8 '\b', om_len = 14,</span> |
| <span class="go"> om_omp = 0x20002ca0 <os_msys_init_1_mbuf_pool>, om_next = {sle_next = 0x0},</span> |
| <span class="go"> om_databuf = 0x20001f00 <os_msys_init_1_data+16> "\016"}</span> |
| <span class="go">Packet header: $2 = {omp_len = 14, omp_flags = 0, omp_next = {stqe_next = 0x0}}</span> |
| <span class="go"> ....</span> |
| <span class="go">---Type <return> to continue, or q <return> to quit---q</span> |
| <span class="go">Quit</span> |
| <span class="gp gp-VirtualEnv">(gdb)</span> <span class="go">help mn_msys1_print</span> |
| <span class="go">usage: mn_msys1_print</span> |
| |
| <span class="go">Prints all mbufs in the first msys pool. Both allocated and unallocated mbufs</span> |
| <span class="go">are printed.</span> |
| <span class="gp gp-VirtualEnv">(gdb)</span> <span class="go">mn_msys1_free_print</span> |
| <span class="go">Mbuf addr: 0x20002138</span> |
| <span class="go"> ....</span> |
| <span class="go">Mbuf addr: 0x20002b7c</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="crash-in-log"> |
| <h2>Crash in Log<a class="headerlink" href="#crash-in-log" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>System restarts can also be recorded in reboot log. Assuming reboot log |
| has been set up, it’ll write a record either when system is asked |
| to reset (managed reset), or when system is coming back after an |
| unexpected reset.</p> |
| <p>To facilitate the latter, you should include a call from main() |
| to reboot package, reporting what HAL is telling you.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kt">int</span> |
| <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">argc</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="p">{</span> |
| |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">sysinit</span><span class="p">();</span> |
| |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* .... */</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">reboot_start</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">hal_reset_cause</span><span class="p">());</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>This will then show if the system was restarted due to POR, brownout, |
| or hardware watchdog (the cause determination is MCU specific, so YMMV). |
| As you remember, exit via assert() and unhandled interrupt is going |
| via the dumper. So these kind of reboots will show up as ‘SOFT’ reset.</p> |
| <p>Restarts due to hardware watchdog will show up here, however. You can also |
| add a printout to beginning of main(), outputting what hal_reset_cause_str() |
| returns. That will generate a report on the console.</p> |
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