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| <h1 class="post-title">Some Tips for Improving MXNet Performance</h1> |
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| |
| <h1 id="some-tips-for-improving-mxnet-performance">Some Tips for Improving MXNet Performance</h1> |
| |
| <p>Even after fixing the training or deployment environment and parallelization scheme, |
| a number of configuration settings and data-handling choices can impact the <em>MXNet</em> performance. |
| In this document, we address some tips for improving <em>MXNet</em> performance.</p> |
| |
| <p>Performance is mainly affected by the following 4 factors:</p> |
| |
| <ol> |
| <li>Implementation of operators (Convolution, Pooling, ..) |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="#intel-cpu">Intel CPU</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#nvidia-gpu">Nvidia GPU</a></li> |
| </ul></li> |
| <li>Input data loading and augmentation |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="#input-data">Input Data</a></li> |
| </ul></li> |
| <li>Workloads (computation graph) optimization and scheduling |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="#profiler">Profiler</a></li> |
| </ul></li> |
| <li>Communication for multi-devices training |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="#multiple-devices">Multiple Devices</a></li> |
| </ul></li> |
| </ol> |
| |
| <h2 id="intel-cpu">Intel CPU</h2> |
| |
| <p>When using Intel Xeon CPUs for training and inference, the <code>mxnet-mkl</code> package is recommended. Adding <code>--pre</code> installs a nightly build from master. Without it you will install the latest patched release of MXNet:</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-" data-lang="">$ pip install mxnet-mkl [--pre] |
| </code></pre></div> |
| <p>Or build MXNet from source code with <code>USE_MKLDNN=1</code>. For Linux users, <code>USE_MKLDNN=1</code> will be turned on by default.</p> |
| |
| <p>We also find that setting the following environment variables can help:</p> |
| |
| <table><thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th style="text-align: left">Variable</th> |
| <th style="text-align: left">Description</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead><tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td style="text-align: left"><code>OMP_NUM_THREADS</code></td> |
| <td style="text-align: left">Suggested value: <code>vCPUs / 2</code> in which <code>vCPUs</code> is the number of virtual CPUs. For more information, please see the guide for <a href="https://software.intel.com/en-us/mkl-windows-developer-guide-setting-the-number-of-threads-using-an-openmp-environment-variable">setting the number of threads using an OpenMP environment variable</a></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td style="text-align: left"><code>KMP_AFFINITY</code></td> |
| <td style="text-align: left">Suggested value: <code>granularity=fine,compact,1,0</code>. For more information, please see the guide for <a href="https://software.intel.com/en-us/node/522691">Thread Affinity Interface (Linux* and Windows*)</a>.</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td style="text-align: left"><code>MXNET_SUBGRAPH_BACKEND</code></td> |
| <td style="text-align: left">Set to MKLDNN to enable the <a href="https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/MXNET/MXNet+Graph+Optimization+and+Quantization+based+on+subgraph+and+MKL-DNN">subgraph feature</a> for better performance. For more information please see <a href="https://mxnet.apache.org/api/python/docs/tutorials/performance/backend/mkldnn/mkldnn_readme.html">Build/Install MXNet with MKL-DNN</a></td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody></table> |
| |
| <p>Note that <em>MXNet</em> treats all CPUs on a single machine as a single device. |
| So whether you specify <code>cpu(0)</code> or <code>cpu()</code>, <em>MXNet</em> will use all CPU cores on the machine.</p> |
| |
| <h3 id="scoring-results">Scoring results</h3> |
| |
| <p>The following table shows performance of MXNet-1.2.0.rc1, |
| namely number of images that can be predicted per second. |
| We used <a href="https://github.com/apache/mxnet/blob/v1.x/example/image-classification/benchmark_score.py">example/image-classification/benchmark_score.py</a> |
| to measure the performance on different AWS EC2 machines.</p> |
| |
| <p>AWS EC2 C5.18xlarge:</p> |
| |
| <table><thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th>Batch</th> |
| <th>Alexnet</th> |
| <th>VGG 16</th> |
| <th>Inception-BN</th> |
| <th>Inception-v3</th> |
| <th>Resnet 50</th> |
| <th>Resnet 152</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead><tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td>1</td> |
| <td>390.53</td> |
| <td>81.57</td> |
| <td>124.13</td> |
| <td>62.26</td> |
| <td>76.22</td> |
| <td>32.92</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>2</td> |
| <td>596.45</td> |
| <td>100.84</td> |
| <td>206.58</td> |
| <td>93.36</td> |
| <td>119.55</td> |
| <td>46.80</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>4</td> |
| <td>710.77</td> |
| <td>119.04</td> |
| <td>275.55</td> |
| <td>127.86</td> |
| <td>148.62</td> |
| <td>59.36</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>8</td> |
| <td>921.40</td> |
| <td>120.38</td> |
| <td>380.82</td> |
| <td>157.11</td> |
| <td>167.95</td> |
| <td>70.78</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>16</td> |
| <td>1018.43</td> |
| <td>115.30</td> |
| <td>411.67</td> |
| <td>168.71</td> |
| <td>178.54</td> |
| <td>75.13</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>32</td> |
| <td>1290.31</td> |
| <td>107.19</td> |
| <td>483.34</td> |
| <td>179.38</td> |
| <td>193.47</td> |
| <td>85.86</td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody></table> |
| |
| <p>AWS EC2 C5.9xlarge:</p> |
| |
| <table><thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th>Batch</th> |
| <th>Alexnet</th> |
| <th>VGG 16</th> |
| <th>Inception-BN</th> |
| <th>Inception-v3</th> |
| <th>Resnet 50</th> |
| <th>Resnet 152</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead><tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td>1</td> |
| <td>257.77</td> |
| <td>50.61</td> |
| <td>130.99</td> |
| <td>66.95</td> |
| <td>75.38</td> |
| <td>32.33</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>2</td> |
| <td>410.60</td> |
| <td>63.02</td> |
| <td>195.14</td> |
| <td>87.84</td> |
| <td>102.67</td> |
| <td>41.57</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>4</td> |
| <td>462.59</td> |
| <td>62.64</td> |
| <td>263.15</td> |
| <td>109.87</td> |
| <td>127.15</td> |
| <td>50.69</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>8</td> |
| <td>573.79</td> |
| <td>63.95</td> |
| <td>309.99</td> |
| <td>121.36</td> |
| <td>140.84</td> |
| <td>59.01</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>16</td> |
| <td>709.47</td> |
| <td>67.79</td> |
| <td>350.19</td> |
| <td>128.26</td> |
| <td>147.41</td> |
| <td>64.15</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>32</td> |
| <td>831.46</td> |
| <td>69.58</td> |
| <td>354.91</td> |
| <td>129.92</td> |
| <td>149.18</td> |
| <td>64.25</td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody></table> |
| |
| <p>AWS EC2 C5.4xlarge:</p> |
| |
| <table><thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th>Batch</th> |
| <th>Alexnet</th> |
| <th>VGG 16</th> |
| <th>Inception-BN</th> |
| <th>Inception-v3</th> |
| <th>Resnet 50</th> |
| <th>Resnet 152</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead><tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td>1</td> |
| <td>214.15</td> |
| <td>29.32</td> |
| <td>114.97</td> |
| <td>47.96</td> |
| <td>61.01</td> |
| <td>23.92</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>2</td> |
| <td>310.04</td> |
| <td>34.81</td> |
| <td>150.09</td> |
| <td>60.89</td> |
| <td>71.16</td> |
| <td>27.92</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>4</td> |
| <td>330.69</td> |
| <td>34.56</td> |
| <td>186.63</td> |
| <td>74.15</td> |
| <td>86.86</td> |
| <td>34.37</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>8</td> |
| <td>378.88</td> |
| <td>35.46</td> |
| <td>204.89</td> |
| <td>77.05</td> |
| <td>91.10</td> |
| <td>36.93</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>16</td> |
| <td>424.00</td> |
| <td>36.49</td> |
| <td>211.55</td> |
| <td>78.39</td> |
| <td>91.23</td> |
| <td>37.34</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>32</td> |
| <td>481.95</td> |
| <td>37.23</td> |
| <td>213.71</td> |
| <td>78.23</td> |
| <td>91.68</td> |
| <td>37.26</td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody></table> |
| |
| <p>AWS EC2 C5.2xlarge:</p> |
| |
| <table><thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th>Batch</th> |
| <th>Alexnet</th> |
| <th>VGG 16</th> |
| <th>Inception-BN</th> |
| <th>Inception-v3</th> |
| <th>Resnet 50</th> |
| <th>Resnet 152</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead><tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td>1</td> |
| <td>131.01</td> |
| <td>15.67</td> |
| <td>78.75</td> |
| <td>31.12</td> |
| <td>37.30</td> |
| <td>14.75</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>2</td> |
| <td>182.29</td> |
| <td>18.01</td> |
| <td>98.59</td> |
| <td>39.13</td> |
| <td>45.98</td> |
| <td>17.84</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>4</td> |
| <td>189.31</td> |
| <td>18.25</td> |
| <td>110.26</td> |
| <td>41.35</td> |
| <td>49.21</td> |
| <td>19.32</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>8</td> |
| <td>211.75</td> |
| <td>18.57</td> |
| <td>115.46</td> |
| <td>42.53</td> |
| <td>49.98</td> |
| <td>19.81</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>16</td> |
| <td>236.06</td> |
| <td>19.11</td> |
| <td>117.18</td> |
| <td>42.59</td> |
| <td>50.20</td> |
| <td>19.92</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>32</td> |
| <td>261.13</td> |
| <td>19.46</td> |
| <td>116.20</td> |
| <td>42.72</td> |
| <td>49.95</td> |
| <td>19.80</td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody></table> |
| |
| <p>AWS EC2 C5.xlarge:</p> |
| |
| <table><thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th>Batch</th> |
| <th>Alexnet</th> |
| <th>VGG 16</th> |
| <th>Inception-BN</th> |
| <th>Inception-v3</th> |
| <th>Resnet 50</th> |
| <th>Resnet 152</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead><tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td>1</td> |
| <td>36.64</td> |
| <td>3.93</td> |
| <td>27.06</td> |
| <td>10.09</td> |
| <td>12.98</td> |
| <td>5.06</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>2</td> |
| <td>49.21</td> |
| <td>4.49</td> |
| <td>29.67</td> |
| <td>10.80</td> |
| <td>12.94</td> |
| <td>5.14</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>4</td> |
| <td>50.12</td> |
| <td>4.50</td> |
| <td>30.31</td> |
| <td>10.83</td> |
| <td>13.17</td> |
| <td>5.19</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>8</td> |
| <td>54.71</td> |
| <td>4.58</td> |
| <td>30.22</td> |
| <td>10.89</td> |
| <td>13.19</td> |
| <td>5.20</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>16</td> |
| <td>60.23</td> |
| <td>4.70</td> |
| <td>30.20</td> |
| <td>10.91</td> |
| <td>13.23</td> |
| <td>5.19</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>32</td> |
| <td>66.37</td> |
| <td>4.76</td> |
| <td>30.10</td> |
| <td>10.90</td> |
| <td>13.22</td> |
| <td>5.15</td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody></table> |
| |
| <h2 id="other-cpu">Other CPU</h2> |
| |
| <p>If using CPUs (not just Intel CPUs -- ARMs also), NNPACK can improve the running performance with 2x~7x, please check <a href="nnpack">nnpack.md</a> for details.</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="nvidia-gpu">Nvidia GPU</h2> |
| |
| <p><code>cuDNN</code> typically accelerates <em>MXNet</em> performance on NVIDIA GPUs significantly, |
| especially for convolution layers. |
| We suggest always checking to make sure that a recent cuDNN version is used.</p> |
| |
| <p>Setting the environment <code>export MXNET_CUDNN_AUTOTUNE_DEFAULT=1</code> sometimes also helps.</p> |
| |
| <p>We show results when using various GPUs including K80 (EC2 p2.2xlarge), M60 (EC2 g3.4xlarge), |
| and V100 (EC2 p3.2xlarge).</p> |
| |
| <h3 id="scoring-results">Scoring results</h3> |
| |
| <p>Based on |
| <a href="https://github.com/apache/mxnet/blob/v1.x/example/image-classification/benchmark_score.py">example/image-classification/benchmark_score.py</a> |
| and MXNet-1.2.0.rc1, with cuDNN 7.0.5</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li>K80 (single GPU)</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <table><thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th>Batch</th> |
| <th>Alexnet</th> |
| <th>VGG 16</th> |
| <th>Inception-BN</th> |
| <th>Inception-v3</th> |
| <th>Resnet 50</th> |
| <th>Resnet 152</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead><tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td>1</td> |
| <td>243.93</td> |
| <td>43.59</td> |
| <td>68.62</td> |
| <td>35.52</td> |
| <td>67.41</td> |
| <td>23.65</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>2</td> |
| <td>338.16</td> |
| <td>49.14</td> |
| <td>113.41</td> |
| <td>56.29</td> |
| <td>93.35</td> |
| <td>33.88</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>4</td> |
| <td>478.92</td> |
| <td>53.44</td> |
| <td>159.61</td> |
| <td>74.43</td> |
| <td>119.18</td> |
| <td>45.23</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>8</td> |
| <td>683.52</td> |
| <td>70.50</td> |
| <td>190.49</td> |
| <td>86.23</td> |
| <td>131.32</td> |
| <td>50.54</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>16</td> |
| <td>1004.66</td> |
| <td>109.01</td> |
| <td>254.20</td> |
| <td>105.70</td> |
| <td>155.40</td> |
| <td>62.55</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>32</td> |
| <td>1238.55</td> |
| <td>114.98</td> |
| <td>285.49</td> |
| <td>116.79</td> |
| <td>159.42</td> |
| <td>64.99</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>64</td> |
| <td>1346.72</td> |
| <td>123.56</td> |
| <td>308.73</td> |
| <td>122.21</td> |
| <td>167.58</td> |
| <td>70.21</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>128</td> |
| <td>1416.91</td> |
| <td>OOM</td> |
| <td>320.98</td> |
| <td>123.11</td> |
| <td>171.55</td> |
| <td>71.85</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>256</td> |
| <td>1462.97</td> |
| <td>OOM</td> |
| <td>329.16</td> |
| <td>127.53</td> |
| <td>153.01</td> |
| <td>57.23</td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody></table> |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li>M60</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <table><thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th>Batch</th> |
| <th>Alexnet</th> |
| <th>VGG 16</th> |
| <th>Inception-BN</th> |
| <th>Inception-v3</th> |
| <th>Resnet 50</th> |
| <th>Resnet 152</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead><tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td>1</td> |
| <td>243.49</td> |
| <td>59.95</td> |
| <td>101.97</td> |
| <td>48.30</td> |
| <td>95.46</td> |
| <td>39.29</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>2</td> |
| <td>491.04</td> |
| <td>69.14</td> |
| <td>170.35</td> |
| <td>80.27</td> |
| <td>142.61</td> |
| <td>60.17</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>4</td> |
| <td>711.54</td> |
| <td>78.94</td> |
| <td>257.89</td> |
| <td>123.09</td> |
| <td>182.36</td> |
| <td>76.51</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>8</td> |
| <td>1077.73</td> |
| <td>109.34</td> |
| <td>343.42</td> |
| <td>152.82</td> |
| <td>208.74</td> |
| <td>87.27</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>16</td> |
| <td>1447.21</td> |
| <td>144.93</td> |
| <td>390.25</td> |
| <td>166.32</td> |
| <td>220.73</td> |
| <td>92.41</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>32</td> |
| <td>1797.66</td> |
| <td>151.86</td> |
| <td>416.69</td> |
| <td>176.56</td> |
| <td>230.19</td> |
| <td>97.03</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>64</td> |
| <td>1779.38</td> |
| <td>150.18</td> |
| <td>427.51</td> |
| <td>183.47</td> |
| <td>239.12</td> |
| <td>101.59</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>128</td> |
| <td>1787.36</td> |
| <td>OOM</td> |
| <td>439.04</td> |
| <td>185.29</td> |
| <td>243.31</td> |
| <td>103.39</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>256</td> |
| <td>1899.10</td> |
| <td>OOM</td> |
| <td>450.22</td> |
| <td>183.42</td> |
| <td>242.36</td> |
| <td>100.98</td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody></table> |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li>V100</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <table><thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th>Batch</th> |
| <th>Alexnet</th> |
| <th>VGG 16</th> |
| <th>Inception-BN</th> |
| <th>Inception-v3</th> |
| <th>Resnet 50</th> |
| <th>Resnet 152</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead><tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td>1</td> |
| <td>659.51</td> |
| <td>205.16</td> |
| <td>157.37</td> |
| <td>87.71</td> |
| <td>162.15</td> |
| <td>61.38</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>2</td> |
| <td>1248.21</td> |
| <td>265.40</td> |
| <td>297.34</td> |
| <td>159.24</td> |
| <td>293.74</td> |
| <td>116.30</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>4</td> |
| <td>2122.41</td> |
| <td>333.97</td> |
| <td>520.91</td> |
| <td>279.84</td> |
| <td>479.14</td> |
| <td>195.17</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>8</td> |
| <td>3894.30</td> |
| <td>420.26</td> |
| <td>898.09</td> |
| <td>455.03</td> |
| <td>699.39</td> |
| <td>294.19</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>16</td> |
| <td>5815.58</td> |
| <td>654.16</td> |
| <td>1430.97</td> |
| <td>672.54</td> |
| <td>947.45</td> |
| <td>398.79</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>32</td> |
| <td>7906.09</td> |
| <td>708.43</td> |
| <td>1847.26</td> |
| <td>814.59</td> |
| <td>1076.81</td> |
| <td>451.82</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>64</td> |
| <td>9486.26</td> |
| <td>701.59</td> |
| <td>2134.89</td> |
| <td>899.01</td> |
| <td>1168.37</td> |
| <td>480.44</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>128</td> |
| <td>10177.84</td> |
| <td>703.30</td> |
| <td>2318.32</td> |
| <td>904.33</td> |
| <td>1233.15</td> |
| <td>511.79</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>256</td> |
| <td>10990.46</td> |
| <td>473.62</td> |
| <td>2425.28</td> |
| <td>960.20</td> |
| <td>1155.07</td> |
| <td>449.35</td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody></table> |
| |
| <p>Below is the performance result on V100 using float 16.</p> |
| |
| <table><thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th>Batch</th> |
| <th>VGG 16</th> |
| <th>Inception-BN</th> |
| <th>Inception-v3</th> |
| <th>Resnet 50</th> |
| <th>Resnet 152</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead><tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td>1</td> |
| <td>276.29</td> |
| <td>155.53</td> |
| <td>150.99</td> |
| <td>270.89</td> |
| <td>96.79</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>2</td> |
| <td>476.91</td> |
| <td>296.45</td> |
| <td>282.02</td> |
| <td>493.99</td> |
| <td>176.88</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>4</td> |
| <td>711.92</td> |
| <td>525.05</td> |
| <td>492.45</td> |
| <td>851.15</td> |
| <td>321.52</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>8</td> |
| <td>1047.11</td> |
| <td>900.26</td> |
| <td>807.94</td> |
| <td>1282.36</td> |
| <td>517.66</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>16</td> |
| <td>1299.88</td> |
| <td>1441.41</td> |
| <td>1192.21</td> |
| <td>1722.97</td> |
| <td>724.57</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>32</td> |
| <td>1486.63</td> |
| <td>1854.30</td> |
| <td>1512.08</td> |
| <td>2085.51</td> |
| <td>887.34</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>64</td> |
| <td>1219.65</td> |
| <td>2138.61</td> |
| <td>1687.35</td> |
| <td>2341.67</td> |
| <td>1002.90</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>128</td> |
| <td>1169.81</td> |
| <td>2317.39</td> |
| <td>1818.26</td> |
| <td>2355.04</td> |
| <td>1046.98</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>256</td> |
| <td>764.16</td> |
| <td>2425.16</td> |
| <td>1653.74</td> |
| <td>1991.88</td> |
| <td>976.73</td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody></table> |
| |
| <h3 id="training-results">Training results</h3> |
| |
| <p>Based on |
| <a href="https://github.com/apache/mxnet/blob/v1.x/example/image-classification/train_imagenet.py">example/image-classification/train_imagenet.py</a> |
| and MXNet-1.2.0.rc1, with CUDNN 7.0.5. The benchmark script is available at |
| <a href="https://github.com/mli/mxnet-benchmark/blob/master/run_vary_batch.sh">here</a>, |
| where the batch size for Alexnet is increased by 16x.</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li>K80 (single GPU)</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <table><thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th>Batch</th> |
| <th>Alexnet(*16)</th> |
| <th>Inception-v3</th> |
| <th>Resnet 50</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead><tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td>1</td> |
| <td>300.30</td> |
| <td>10.48</td> |
| <td>15.61</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>2</td> |
| <td>406.08</td> |
| <td>16.00</td> |
| <td>23.88</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>4</td> |
| <td>461.01</td> |
| <td>22.10</td> |
| <td>32.26</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>8</td> |
| <td>484.00</td> |
| <td>26.80</td> |
| <td>39.42</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>16</td> |
| <td>490.45</td> |
| <td>31.62</td> |
| <td>46.69</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>32</td> |
| <td>414.72</td> |
| <td>33.78</td> |
| <td>49.48</td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody></table> |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li>M60</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <table><thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th>Batch</th> |
| <th>Alexnet(*16)</th> |
| <th>Inception-v3</th> |
| <th>Resnet 50</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead><tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td>1</td> |
| <td>380.96</td> |
| <td>14.06</td> |
| <td>20.55</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>2</td> |
| <td>530.53</td> |
| <td>21.90</td> |
| <td>32.65</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>4</td> |
| <td>600.17</td> |
| <td>31.96</td> |
| <td>45.57</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>8</td> |
| <td>633.60</td> |
| <td>40.58</td> |
| <td>54.92</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>16</td> |
| <td>639.37</td> |
| <td>46.88</td> |
| <td>64.44</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>32</td> |
| <td>576.54</td> |
| <td>50.05</td> |
| <td>68.34</td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody></table> |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li>V100</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <table><thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th>Batch</th> |
| <th>Alexnet(*16)</th> |
| <th>Inception-v3</th> |
| <th>Resnet 50</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead><tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td>1</td> |
| <td>1629.52</td> |
| <td>21.83</td> |
| <td>34.54</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>2</td> |
| <td>2359.73</td> |
| <td>40.11</td> |
| <td>65.01</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>4</td> |
| <td>2687.89</td> |
| <td>72.79</td> |
| <td>113.49</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>8</td> |
| <td>2919.02</td> |
| <td>118.43</td> |
| <td>174.81</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>16</td> |
| <td>2994.32</td> |
| <td>173.15</td> |
| <td>251.22</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>32</td> |
| <td>2585.61</td> |
| <td>214.48</td> |
| <td>298.51</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>64</td> |
| <td>1984.21</td> |
| <td>247.43</td> |
| <td>343.19</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>128</td> |
| <td>OOM</td> |
| <td>253.68</td> |
| <td>363.69</td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody></table> |
| |
| <h2 id="multiple-devices">Multiple Devices</h2> |
| |
| <p>If more than one GPU or machine are used, MXNet uses <code>kvstore</code> to communicate data. |
| It's critical to use the proper type of <code>kvstore</code> to get the best performance. |
| Refer to <a href="https://mxnet.io/api/faq/distributed_training.html">multi_device.md</a> for more |
| details.</p> |
| |
| <p>Besides, we can use <a href="https://github.com/apache/mxnet/tree/v1.x/tools/bandwidth">tools/bandwidth</a> |
| to find the communication cost per batch. |
| Ideally, the communication cost should be less than the time to compute a batch. |
| To reduce the communication cost, we can consider:</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li>Exploring different <code>--kv-store</code> options.</li> |
| <li>Increasing the batch size to improve the computation to communication ratio.</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <p>Finally, MXNet is integrated with other distributed training frameworks, including <a href="https://github.com/apache/mxnet/tree/master/example/distributed_training-horovod">horovod</a> and <a href="https://github.com/bytedance/byteps#use-byteps-in-your-code">BytePS</a>.</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="input-data">Input Data</h2> |
| |
| <p>To make sure you're handling input data in a reasonable way consider the following:</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li>Data format: If you are using the <code>rec</code> format, then everything should be fine.</li> |
| <li>Decoding: By default, <em>MXNet</em> uses 4 CPU threads for decoding images. |
| This is often sufficient to decode more than 1K images per second. |
| If you are using a low-end CPU or your GPUs are very powerful, you can increase the number of threads.</li> |
| <li>Storage location. Any local or distributed file system (HDFS, Amazon S3) should be fine. |
| If multiple devices read the data from the shared network file system (NFS) at the same time, problems might occur.</li> |
| <li>Use a large batch size. We often choose the largest one that fits into GPU memory. |
| A value that's too large can slow down convergence. |
| For example, the safe batch size for CIFAR 10 is approximately 200, while for ImageNet 1K, the batch size can exceed 1K.</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <h2 id="profiler">Profiler</h2> |
| |
| <p><em>MXNet</em> has a built-in profiler |
| that gives detailed information about execution time at the operator level. |
| This feature complements general profiling tools like <em>nvprof</em> and <em>gprof</em> |
| by summarizing at the operator level, instead of a function, kernel, or instruction level.</p> |
| |
| <p>The profiler can be turned on with an <a href="/versions/1.9.1/api/faq/env_var#control-the-profiler">environment variable</a> |
| for an entire program run, or programmatically for just part of a run. Note that by default the profiler hides the details of each individual operator, and you can reveal the details by setting environment variables <code>MXNET_EXEC_BULK_EXEC_INFERENCE</code>, <code>MXNET_EXEC_BULK_EXEC_MAX_NODE_TRAIN</code> and <code>MXNET_EXEC_BULK_EXEC_TRAIN</code> to 0. |
| See <a href="https://github.com/apache/mxnet/tree/v1.x/example/profiler">example/profiler</a> |
| for complete examples of how to use the profiler in code, or <a href="https://mxnet.apache.org/api/python/docs/tutorials/performance/backend/profiler.html">this tutorial</a> on how to profile MXNet performance.</p> |
| |
| <p>Briefly, the Python code looks like:</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"> <span class="c1"># wait for previous operations to complete |
| </span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">waitall</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">profiler</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_config</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">profile_all</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">aggregate_stats</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'profile_output.json'</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">profiler</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_state</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'run'</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="c1"># Code to be profiled goes here... |
| </span> |
| <span class="c1"># wait for previous operations to complete |
| </span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">waitall</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">profiler</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_state</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'stop'</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </code></pre></div> |
| <p>After the program finishes, navigate to your browser's tracing (Example - chrome://tracing in a Chrome browser) and load the <code>profile_output.json</code> file output by the profiler to inspect the results.</p> |
| |
| <p><img src="https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/17693755/18035938/0a43484a-6d93-11e6-80d4-241c6ca552ea.png" alt="MLP Profile"></p> |
| |
| <p>Note that the output file can grow extremely large, so this approach is not recommended for general use.</p> |
| |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| |
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