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| <span class="mdl-layout-title toc">Table Of Contents</span> |
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| <li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="../../index.html">Python Tutorials</a><ul class="current"> |
| <li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="../index.html">Getting Started</a><ul class="current"> |
| <li class="toctree-l3 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Crash Course</a><ul class="current"> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="0-introduction.html">Introduction</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="1-nparray.html">Step 1: Manipulate data with NP on MXNet</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="2-create-nn.html">Step 2: Create a neural network</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="3-autograd.html">Step 3: Automatic differentiation with autograd</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="4-components.html">Step 4: Necessary components that are not in the network</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Step 5: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code></a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#Using-own-data-with-included-Datasets">Using own data with included <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#Using-your-own-data-with-custom-Datasets">Using your own data with custom <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#New-in-MXNet-2.0:-faster-C++-backend-dataloaders">New in MXNet 2.0: faster C++ backend dataloaders</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="6-train-nn.html">Step 6: Train a Neural Network</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="7-use-gpus.html">Step 7: Load and Run a NN using GPU</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../to-mxnet/index.html">Moving to MXNet from Other Frameworks</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../to-mxnet/pytorch.html">PyTorch vs Apache MXNet</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../gluon_from_experiment_to_deployment.html">Gluon: from experiment to deployment</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../gluon_migration_guide.html">Gluon2.0: Migration Guide</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../logistic_regression_explained.html">Logistic regression explained</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="https://mxnet.apache.org/api/python/docs/tutorials/packages/gluon/image/mnist.html">MNIST</a></li> |
| </ul> |
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/index.html">Packages</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/autograd/index.html">Automatic Differentiation</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/index.html">Gluon</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/index.html">Blocks</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/custom-layer.html">Custom Layers</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/hybridize.html">Hybridize</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/init.html">Initialization</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/naming.html">Parameter and Block Naming</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/nn.html">Layers and Blocks</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/parameters.html">Parameter Management</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/save_load_params.html">Saving and Loading Gluon Models</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/activations/activations.html">Activation Blocks</a></li> |
| </ul> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/data/index.html">Data Tutorials</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/data/data_augmentation.html">Image Augmentation</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/data/datasets.html">Gluon <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code></a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/data/datasets.html#Using-own-data-with-included-Datasets">Using own data with included <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/data/datasets.html#Using-own-data-with-custom-Datasets">Using own data with custom <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/data/datasets.html#Appendix:-Upgrading-from-Module-DataIter-to-Gluon-DataLoader">Appendix: Upgrading from Module <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataIter</span></code> to Gluon <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code></a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/image/index.html">Image Tutorials</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/image/info_gan.html">Image similarity search with InfoGAN</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/image/mnist.html">Handwritten Digit Recognition</a></li> |
| </ul> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/loss/index.html">Losses</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/loss/custom-loss.html">Custom Loss Blocks</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/loss/kl_divergence.html">Kullback-Leibler (KL) Divergence</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/loss/loss.html">Loss functions</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/text/index.html">Text Tutorials</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/text/gnmt.html">Google Neural Machine Translation</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/text/transformer.html">Machine Translation with Transformer</a></li> |
| </ul> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/index.html">Training</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/fit_api_tutorial.html">MXNet Gluon Fit API</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/trainer.html">Trainer</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/learning_rates/index.html">Learning Rates</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/learning_rates/learning_rate_finder.html">Learning Rate Finder</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/learning_rates/learning_rate_schedules.html">Learning Rate Schedules</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/learning_rates/learning_rate_schedules_advanced.html">Advanced Learning Rate Schedules</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/normalization/index.html">Normalization Blocks</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/kvstore/index.html">KVStore</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/kvstore/kvstore.html">Distributed Key-Value Store</a></li> |
| </ul> |
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| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/index.html">Legacy</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/index.html">NDArray</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/01-ndarray-intro.html">An Intro: Manipulate Data the MXNet Way with NDArray</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/02-ndarray-operations.html">NDArray Operations</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/03-ndarray-contexts.html">NDArray Contexts</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/gotchas_numpy_in_mxnet.html">Gotchas using NumPy in Apache MXNet</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/sparse/index.html">Tutorials</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/sparse/csr.html">CSRNDArray - NDArray in Compressed Sparse Row Storage Format</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/sparse/row_sparse.html">RowSparseNDArray - NDArray for Sparse Gradient Updates</a></li> |
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| </ul> |
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| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/np/index.html">What is NP on MXNet</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/np/cheat-sheet.html">The NP on MXNet cheat sheet</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/np/np-vs-numpy.html">Differences between NP on MXNet and NumPy</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/onnx/index.html">ONNX</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/onnx/fine_tuning_gluon.html">Fine-tuning an ONNX model</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/onnx/inference_on_onnx_model.html">Running inference on MXNet/Gluon from an ONNX model</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference external" href="https://mxnet.apache.org/api/python/docs/tutorials/deploy/export/onnx.html">Export ONNX Models</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/optimizer/index.html">Optimizers</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference external" href="https://mxnet.apache.org/api/faq/visualize_graph">Visualize networks</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../performance/index.html">Performance</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../performance/compression/index.html">Compression</a><ul> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../performance/backend/dnnl/dnnl_readme.html">Install MXNet with oneDNN</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../performance/backend/dnnl/dnnl_quantization_inc.html">Improving accuracy with Intel® Neural Compressor</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../performance/backend/amp.html">Using AMP: Automatic Mixed Precision</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arange.html">mxnet.np.arange</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/routines.array-manipulation.html">Array manipulation routines</a><ul> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.ravel.html">mxnet.np.ravel</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.ndarray.flatten.html">mxnet.np.ndarray.flatten</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.swapaxes.html">mxnet.np.swapaxes</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.ndarray.T.html">mxnet.np.ndarray.T</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.moveaxis.html">mxnet.np.moveaxis</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.squeeze.html">mxnet.np.squeeze</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.broadcast_arrays.html">mxnet.np.broadcast_arrays</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.dstack.html">mxnet.np.dstack</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.split.html">mxnet.np.split</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.hsplit.html">mxnet.np.hsplit</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.vsplit.html">mxnet.np.vsplit</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.array_split.html">mxnet.np.array_split</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.repeat.html">mxnet.np.repeat</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.unique.html">mxnet.np.unique</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.delete.html">mxnet.np.delete</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.append.html">mxnet.np.append</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.resize.html">mxnet.np.resize</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.trim_zeros.html">mxnet.np.trim_zeros</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.roll.html">mxnet.np.roll</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.rot90.html">mxnet.np.rot90</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.fliplr.html">mxnet.np.fliplr</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.flipud.html">mxnet.np.flipud</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/routines.io.html">Input and output</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.genfromtxt.html">mxnet.np.genfromtxt</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.ndarray.tolist.html">mxnet.np.ndarray.tolist</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.set_printoptions.html">mxnet.np.set_printoptions</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/routines.linalg.html">Linear algebra (<code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numpy.linalg</span></code>)</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.dot.html">mxnet.np.dot</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.vdot.html">mxnet.np.vdot</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.inner.html">mxnet.np.inner</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.outer.html">mxnet.np.outer</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.tensordot.html">mxnet.np.tensordot</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.einsum.html">mxnet.np.einsum</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.multi_dot.html">mxnet.np.linalg.multi_dot</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.matmul.html">mxnet.np.matmul</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.matrix_power.html">mxnet.np.linalg.matrix_power</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.kron.html">mxnet.np.kron</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.svd.html">mxnet.np.linalg.svd</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.cholesky.html">mxnet.np.linalg.cholesky</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.qr.html">mxnet.np.linalg.qr</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.eig.html">mxnet.np.linalg.eig</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.eigh.html">mxnet.np.linalg.eigh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.eigvals.html">mxnet.np.linalg.eigvals</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.eigvalsh.html">mxnet.np.linalg.eigvalsh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.norm.html">mxnet.np.linalg.norm</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.trace.html">mxnet.np.trace</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.cond.html">mxnet.np.linalg.cond</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.det.html">mxnet.np.linalg.det</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.matrix_rank.html">mxnet.np.linalg.matrix_rank</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.slogdet.html">mxnet.np.linalg.slogdet</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.solve.html">mxnet.np.linalg.solve</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.tensorsolve.html">mxnet.np.linalg.tensorsolve</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.lstsq.html">mxnet.np.linalg.lstsq</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.inv.html">mxnet.np.linalg.inv</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.pinv.html">mxnet.np.linalg.pinv</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.tensorinv.html">mxnet.np.linalg.tensorinv</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/routines.math.html">Mathematical functions</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.sin.html">mxnet.np.sin</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.cos.html">mxnet.np.cos</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.tan.html">mxnet.np.tan</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arcsin.html">mxnet.np.arcsin</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arccos.html">mxnet.np.arccos</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arctan.html">mxnet.np.arctan</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.degrees.html">mxnet.np.degrees</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.radians.html">mxnet.np.radians</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.hypot.html">mxnet.np.hypot</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arctan2.html">mxnet.np.arctan2</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.deg2rad.html">mxnet.np.deg2rad</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.rad2deg.html">mxnet.np.rad2deg</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.unwrap.html">mxnet.np.unwrap</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.sinh.html">mxnet.np.sinh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.cosh.html">mxnet.np.cosh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.tanh.html">mxnet.np.tanh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arcsinh.html">mxnet.np.arcsinh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arccosh.html">mxnet.np.arccosh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arctanh.html">mxnet.np.arctanh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.rint.html">mxnet.np.rint</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.fix.html">mxnet.np.fix</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.floor.html">mxnet.np.floor</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.ceil.html">mxnet.np.ceil</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.trunc.html">mxnet.np.trunc</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.around.html">mxnet.np.around</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.round_.html">mxnet.np.round_</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.sum.html">mxnet.np.sum</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.prod.html">mxnet.np.prod</a></li> |
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| <span class="mdl-layout-title toc">Table Of Contents</span> |
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| <ul class="current"> |
| <li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="../../index.html">Python Tutorials</a><ul class="current"> |
| <li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="../index.html">Getting Started</a><ul class="current"> |
| <li class="toctree-l3 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Crash Course</a><ul class="current"> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="0-introduction.html">Introduction</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="1-nparray.html">Step 1: Manipulate data with NP on MXNet</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="2-create-nn.html">Step 2: Create a neural network</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="3-autograd.html">Step 3: Automatic differentiation with autograd</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="4-components.html">Step 4: Necessary components that are not in the network</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Step 5: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code></a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#Using-own-data-with-included-Datasets">Using own data with included <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#Using-your-own-data-with-custom-Datasets">Using your own data with custom <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="#New-in-MXNet-2.0:-faster-C++-backend-dataloaders">New in MXNet 2.0: faster C++ backend dataloaders</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="6-train-nn.html">Step 6: Train a Neural Network</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="7-use-gpus.html">Step 7: Load and Run a NN using GPU</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../to-mxnet/index.html">Moving to MXNet from Other Frameworks</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../to-mxnet/pytorch.html">PyTorch vs Apache MXNet</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../gluon_from_experiment_to_deployment.html">Gluon: from experiment to deployment</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../gluon_migration_guide.html">Gluon2.0: Migration Guide</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../logistic_regression_explained.html">Logistic regression explained</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="https://mxnet.apache.org/api/python/docs/tutorials/packages/gluon/image/mnist.html">MNIST</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/index.html">Packages</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/autograd/index.html">Automatic Differentiation</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/index.html">Gluon</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/index.html">Blocks</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/custom-layer.html">Custom Layers</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/hybridize.html">Hybridize</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/init.html">Initialization</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/naming.html">Parameter and Block Naming</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/nn.html">Layers and Blocks</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/parameters.html">Parameter Management</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/save_load_params.html">Saving and Loading Gluon Models</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/activations/activations.html">Activation Blocks</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/data/index.html">Data Tutorials</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/data/data_augmentation.html">Image Augmentation</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/data/datasets.html">Gluon <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code></a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/data/datasets.html#Using-own-data-with-included-Datasets">Using own data with included <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/data/datasets.html#Using-own-data-with-custom-Datasets">Using own data with custom <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/data/datasets.html#Appendix:-Upgrading-from-Module-DataIter-to-Gluon-DataLoader">Appendix: Upgrading from Module <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataIter</span></code> to Gluon <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code></a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/image/index.html">Image Tutorials</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/image/info_gan.html">Image similarity search with InfoGAN</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/image/mnist.html">Handwritten Digit Recognition</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/loss/index.html">Losses</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/loss/custom-loss.html">Custom Loss Blocks</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/loss/kl_divergence.html">Kullback-Leibler (KL) Divergence</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/loss/loss.html">Loss functions</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/text/index.html">Text Tutorials</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/text/gnmt.html">Google Neural Machine Translation</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/text/transformer.html">Machine Translation with Transformer</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/index.html">Training</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/fit_api_tutorial.html">MXNet Gluon Fit API</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/trainer.html">Trainer</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/learning_rates/index.html">Learning Rates</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/learning_rates/learning_rate_finder.html">Learning Rate Finder</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/learning_rates/learning_rate_schedules.html">Learning Rate Schedules</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/learning_rates/learning_rate_schedules_advanced.html">Advanced Learning Rate Schedules</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/normalization/index.html">Normalization Blocks</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/kvstore/index.html">KVStore</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/kvstore/kvstore.html">Distributed Key-Value Store</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/index.html">Legacy</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/index.html">NDArray</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/01-ndarray-intro.html">An Intro: Manipulate Data the MXNet Way with NDArray</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/02-ndarray-operations.html">NDArray Operations</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/03-ndarray-contexts.html">NDArray Contexts</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/gotchas_numpy_in_mxnet.html">Gotchas using NumPy in Apache MXNet</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/sparse/index.html">Tutorials</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/sparse/csr.html">CSRNDArray - NDArray in Compressed Sparse Row Storage Format</a></li> |
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| </ul> |
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| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/np/index.html">What is NP on MXNet</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/np/cheat-sheet.html">The NP on MXNet cheat sheet</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference external" href="https://mxnet.apache.org/api/python/docs/tutorials/deploy/export/onnx.html">Export ONNX Models</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../performance/backend/dnnl/dnnl_readme.html">Install MXNet with oneDNN</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../performance/backend/dnnl/dnnl_quantization_inc.html">Improving accuracy with Intel® Neural Compressor</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../performance/backend/amp.html">Using AMP: Automatic Mixed Precision</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/routines.array-manipulation.html">Array manipulation routines</a><ul> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.ndarray.flatten.html">mxnet.np.ndarray.flatten</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.hsplit.html">mxnet.np.hsplit</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.vsplit.html">mxnet.np.vsplit</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.array_split.html">mxnet.np.array_split</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.repeat.html">mxnet.np.repeat</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.roll.html">mxnet.np.roll</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.rot90.html">mxnet.np.rot90</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.flipud.html">mxnet.np.flipud</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/routines.io.html">Input and output</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.genfromtxt.html">mxnet.np.genfromtxt</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.ndarray.tolist.html">mxnet.np.ndarray.tolist</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.set_printoptions.html">mxnet.np.set_printoptions</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/routines.linalg.html">Linear algebra (<code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numpy.linalg</span></code>)</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.dot.html">mxnet.np.dot</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.vdot.html">mxnet.np.vdot</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.inner.html">mxnet.np.inner</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.outer.html">mxnet.np.outer</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.tensordot.html">mxnet.np.tensordot</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.einsum.html">mxnet.np.einsum</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.multi_dot.html">mxnet.np.linalg.multi_dot</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.matmul.html">mxnet.np.matmul</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.matrix_power.html">mxnet.np.linalg.matrix_power</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.kron.html">mxnet.np.kron</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.svd.html">mxnet.np.linalg.svd</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.cholesky.html">mxnet.np.linalg.cholesky</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.qr.html">mxnet.np.linalg.qr</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.eig.html">mxnet.np.linalg.eig</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.eigh.html">mxnet.np.linalg.eigh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.eigvals.html">mxnet.np.linalg.eigvals</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.eigvalsh.html">mxnet.np.linalg.eigvalsh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.norm.html">mxnet.np.linalg.norm</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.trace.html">mxnet.np.trace</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.cond.html">mxnet.np.linalg.cond</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.det.html">mxnet.np.linalg.det</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.matrix_rank.html">mxnet.np.linalg.matrix_rank</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.slogdet.html">mxnet.np.linalg.slogdet</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.solve.html">mxnet.np.linalg.solve</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.tensorsolve.html">mxnet.np.linalg.tensorsolve</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.lstsq.html">mxnet.np.linalg.lstsq</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.inv.html">mxnet.np.linalg.inv</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.pinv.html">mxnet.np.linalg.pinv</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.tensorinv.html">mxnet.np.linalg.tensorinv</a></li> |
| </ul> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/routines.math.html">Mathematical functions</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.sin.html">mxnet.np.sin</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.cos.html">mxnet.np.cos</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.tan.html">mxnet.np.tan</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arcsin.html">mxnet.np.arcsin</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arccos.html">mxnet.np.arccos</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arctan.html">mxnet.np.arctan</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.degrees.html">mxnet.np.degrees</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.radians.html">mxnet.np.radians</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.hypot.html">mxnet.np.hypot</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arctan2.html">mxnet.np.arctan2</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.deg2rad.html">mxnet.np.deg2rad</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.rad2deg.html">mxnet.np.rad2deg</a></li> |
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| <!--- Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one --><!--- or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file --><!--- distributed with this work for additional information --><!--- regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file --><!--- to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the --><!--- "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance --><!--- with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at --><!--- http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 --><!--- Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, --><!--- software distributed under the License is distributed on an --><!--- "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY --><!--- KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the --><!--- specific language governing permissions and limitations --><!--- under the License. --><div class="section" id="Step-5:-Datasets-and-DataLoader"> |
| <h1>Step 5: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#Step-5:-Datasets-and-DataLoader" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> |
| <p>One of the most critical steps for model training and inference is loading the data: without data you can’t do Machine Learning! In this tutorial you will use the Gluon API to define a Dataset and use a DataLoader to iterate through the dataset in mini-batches.</p> |
| <div class="nbinput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[1]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mxnet</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="nn">mx</span> |
| <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span> |
| <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span> |
| <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">tarfile</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="Introduction-to-Datasets"> |
| <h2>Introduction to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s<a class="headerlink" href="#Introduction-to-Datasets" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>Dataset objects are used to represent collections of data, and include methods to load and parse the data (that is often stored on disk). Gluon has a number of different <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code> classes for working with image data straight out-of-the-box, but you’ll use the ArrayDataset to introduce the idea of a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>.</p> |
| <p>You will first start by generating random data <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">X</span></code> (with 3 variables) and corresponding random labels <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">y</span></code> to simulate a typical supervised learning task. You will generate 10 samples and pass them all to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ArrayDataset</span></code>.</p> |
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| <span></span><span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># Fix the seed for reproducibility</span> |
| <span class="n">X</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">uniform</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">uniform</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="n">dataset</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dataset</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ArrayDataset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">X</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <p>A key feature of a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code> is the <strong>ability to retrieve a single sample given an index</strong>. Our random data and labels were generated in memory, so this <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ArrayDataset</span></code> doesn’t have to load anything from disk, but the interface is the same for all <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>’s.</p> |
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| <span></span><span class="n">sample_idx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">4</span> |
| <span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dataset</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">sample_idx</span><span class="p">]</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sample</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">2</span> |
| <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">sample</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">sample</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sample</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
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| (array([0.74707687, 0.37641123, 0.46362457]), array([0.35440788])) |
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| [03:52:14] /work/mxnet/src/storage/storage.cc:202: Using Pooled (Naive) StorageManager for CPU |
| </pre></div></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>You get a tuple of a data sample and its corresponding label, which makes sense because you passed the data <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">X</span></code> and the labels <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">y</span></code> in that order when you instantiated the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ArrayDataset</span></code>. You don’t usually retrieve individual samples from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code> objects though (unless you’re quality checking the output samples). Instead you use a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="Introduction-to-DataLoader"> |
| <h2>Introduction to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#Introduction-to-DataLoader" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>A DataLoader is used to create mini-batches of samples from a Dataset, and provides a convenient iterator interface for looping these batches. It’s typically much more efficient to pass a mini-batch of data through a neural network than a single sample at a time, because the computation can be performed in parallel. A required parameter of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code> is the size of the mini-batches you want to create, called <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">batch_size</span></code>.</p> |
| <p>Another benefit of using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code> is the ability to easily load data in parallel using multiprocessing. You can set the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">num_workers</span></code> parameter to the number of CPUs available on your machine for maximum performance, or limit it to a lower number to spare resources.</p> |
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| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">multiprocessing</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">cpu_count</span> |
| <span class="n">CPU_COUNT</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cpu_count</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">data_loader</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataLoader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dataset</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">batch_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">num_workers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">CPU_COUNT</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">X_batch</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_batch</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">data_loader</span><span class="p">:</span> |
| <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"X_batch has shape </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2">, and y_batch has shape </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">X_batch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_batch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
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| X_batch has shape (5, 3), and y_batch has shape (5, 1) |
| X_batch has shape (5, 3), and y_batch has shape (5, 1) |
| </pre></div></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>You can see 2 mini-batches of data (and labels), each with 5 samples, which makes sense given that you started with a dataset of 10 samples. When comparing the shape of the batches to the samples returned by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>,you’ve gained an extra dimension at the start which is sometimes called the batch axis.</p> |
| <p>Our <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data_loader</span></code> loop will stop when every sample of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dataset</span></code> has been returned as part of a batch. Sometimes the dataset length isn’t divisible by the mini-batch size, leaving a final batch with a smaller number of samples. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code>’s default behavior is to return this smaller mini-batch, but this can be changed by setting the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">last_batch</span></code> parameter to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">discard</span></code> (which ignores the last batch) or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rollover</span></code> (which starts the next epoch with the remaining samples).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="Machine-learning-with-Datasets-and-DataLoaders"> |
| <h2>Machine learning with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code>s<a class="headerlink" href="#Machine-learning-with-Datasets-and-DataLoaders" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>You will often use a few different <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code> objects in your Machine Learning project. It’s essential to separate your training dataset from testing dataset, and it’s also good practice to have validation dataset (a.k.a. development dataset) that can be used for optimising hyperparameters.</p> |
| <p>Using Gluon <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code> objects, you define the data to be included in each of these separate datasets. It’s simple to create your own custom <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code> classes for other types of data. You can even use included <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code> objects for common datasets if you want to experiment quickly; they download and parse the data for you! In this example you use the <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/zalandoresearch/fashion-mnist">Fashion MNIST</a> dataset from Zalando Research.</p> |
| <p>Many of the image <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>’s accept a function (via the optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">transform</span></code> parameter) which is applied to each sample returned by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>. It’s useful for performing data augmentation, but can also be used for more simple data type conversion and pixel value scaling as seen below.</p> |
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| <span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">transform</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">astype</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'float32'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">255</span> |
| <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">train_dataset</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vision</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">datasets</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">FashionMNIST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">train</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">transform</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">transform</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">valid_dataset</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vision</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">datasets</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">FashionMNIST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">train</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">transform</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">transform</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
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| Downloading /home/jenkins_slave/.mxnet/datasets/fashion-mnist/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz from https://apache-mxnet.s3-accelerate.dualstack.amazonaws.com/gluon/dataset/fashion-mnist/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz... |
| Downloading /home/jenkins_slave/.mxnet/datasets/fashion-mnist/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz from https://apache-mxnet.s3-accelerate.dualstack.amazonaws.com/gluon/dataset/fashion-mnist/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz... |
| Downloading /home/jenkins_slave/.mxnet/datasets/fashion-mnist/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz from https://apache-mxnet.s3-accelerate.dualstack.amazonaws.com/gluon/dataset/fashion-mnist/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz... |
| Downloading /home/jenkins_slave/.mxnet/datasets/fashion-mnist/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz from https://apache-mxnet.s3-accelerate.dualstack.amazonaws.com/gluon/dataset/fashion-mnist/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz... |
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| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.pylab</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">imshow</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">sample_idx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">234</span> |
| <span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">train_dataset</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">sample_idx</span><span class="p">]</span> |
| <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sample</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> |
| <span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sample</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> |
| <span class="n">label_desc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">'T-shirt/top'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">'Trouser'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">'Pullover'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">'Dress'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">'Coat'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">'Sandal'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">'Shirt'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">'Sneaker'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">'Bag'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">'Ankle boot'</span><span class="p">}</span> |
| |
| <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Data type: </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dtype</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Label: </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Label description: </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">label_desc</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">item</span><span class="p">()]))</span> |
| <span class="n">imshow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">[:,:,</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asnumpy</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">cmap</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'gray'</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
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| Data type: float32 |
| Label: 8 |
| Label description: Bag |
| </pre></div></div> |
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| <span></span><matplotlib.image.AxesImage at 0x7f24e454e190> |
| </pre></div> |
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| <img alt="../../../_images/tutorials_getting-started_crash-course_5-datasets_10_2.png" src="../../../_images/tutorials_getting-started_crash-course_5-datasets_10_2.png" /> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <p><img alt="datasets fashion mnist bag" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dmlc/web-data/master/mxnet/doc/tutorials/gluon/datasets/fashion_mnist_bag.png" /></p> |
| <p>When training machine learning models it is important to shuffle the training samples every time you pass through the dataset (i.e. each epoch). Sometimes the order of your samples will have a spurious relationship with the target variable, and shuffling the samples helps remove this. With DataLoader it’s as simple as adding <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shuffle=True</span></code>. You don’t need to shuffle the validation and testing data though.</p> |
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| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="n">batch_size</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">32</span> |
| <span class="n">train_data_loader</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataLoader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">train_dataset</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">batch_size</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">shuffle</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">num_workers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">CPU_COUNT</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">valid_data_loader</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataLoader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">valid_dataset</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">batch_size</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">num_workers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">CPU_COUNT</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <p>With both <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code>s defined, you can now train a model to classify each image and evaluate the validation loss at each epoch. See the next tutorial for how this is done.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="Using-own-data-with-included-Datasets"> |
| <h1>Using own data with included <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s<a class="headerlink" href="#Using-own-data-with-included-Datasets" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> |
| <p>Gluon has a number of different Dataset classes for working with your own image data straight out-of-the-box. You can get started quickly using the mxnet.gluon.data.vision.datasets.ImageFolderDataset which loads images directly from a user-defined folder, and infers the label (i.e. class) from the folders.</p> |
| <p>Here you will run through an example for image classification, but a similar process applies for other vision tasks. If you already have your own collection of images to work with you should partition your data into training and test sets, and place all objects of the same class into seperate folders. Similar to:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="o">./</span><span class="n">images</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">train</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">car</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">abc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">jpg</span> |
| <span class="o">./</span><span class="n">images</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">train</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">car</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">efg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">jpg</span> |
| <span class="o">./</span><span class="n">images</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">train</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">bus</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">hij</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">jpg</span> |
| <span class="o">./</span><span class="n">images</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">train</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">bus</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">klm</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">jpg</span> |
| <span class="o">./</span><span class="n">images</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">test</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">car</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">xyz</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">jpg</span> |
| <span class="o">./</span><span class="n">images</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">test</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">bus</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">uvw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">jpg</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>You can download the Caltech 101 dataset if you don’t already have images to work with for this example, but please note the download is 126MB.</p> |
| <div class="nbinput docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[8]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="n">data_folder</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"data"</span> |
| <span class="n">dataset_name</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"101_ObjectCategories"</span> |
| <span class="n">archive_file</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"</span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2">.tar.gz"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dataset_name</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">archive_path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_folder</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">archive_file</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">data_url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"https://s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/mxnet-public/"</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isfile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">archive_path</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">test_utils</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">download</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="si">{}{}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">archive_file</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">dirname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data_folder</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Extracting </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s1"> in </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s1">...'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">archive_file</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data_folder</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="n">tar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tarfile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">archive_path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"r:gz"</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">tar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extractall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_folder</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">tar</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Data extracted.'</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="nboutput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt empty docutils container"> |
| </div> |
| <div class="output_area docutils container"> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre> |
| Extracting 101_ObjectCategories.tar.gz in data... |
| Data extracted. |
| </pre></div></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>After downloading and extracting the data archive, you have two folders: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data/101_ObjectCategories</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">data/101_ObjectCategories_test</span></code>. You can then load the data into separate training and testing ImageFolderDatasets.</p> |
| <p>training_path = os.path.join(data_folder, dataset_name) testing_path = os.path.join(data_folder, “{}_test”.format(dataset_name))</p> |
| <p>You instantiate the ImageFolderDatasets by providing the path to the data, and the folder structure will be traversed to determine which image classes are available and which images correspond to each class. You must take care to ensure the same classes are both the training and testing datasets, otherwise the label encodings can get muddled.</p> |
| <p>Optionally, you can pass a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">transform</span></code> parameter to these <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>’s as you’ve seen before.</p> |
| <div class="nbinput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[9]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="n">training_path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'./data/101_ObjectCategories'</span> |
| <span class="n">testing_path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'./data/101_ObjectCategories_test'</span> |
| <span class="n">train_dataset</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vision</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">datasets</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ImageFolderDataset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">training_path</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">test_dataset</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vision</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">datasets</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ImageFolderDataset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">testing_path</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Samples from these datasets are tuples of data and label. Images are loaded from disk, decoded and optionally transformed when the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getitem__(i)</span></code> method is called (equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">train_dataset[i]</span></code>).</p> |
| <p>As with the Fashion MNIST dataset the labels will be integer encoded. You can use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">synsets</span></code> property of the ImageFolderDatasets to retrieve the original descriptions (e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">train_dataset.synsets[i]</span></code>).</p> |
| <div class="nbinput docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[10]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="n">sample_idx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">539</span> |
| <span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">train_dataset</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">sample_idx</span><span class="p">]</span> |
| <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sample</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> |
| <span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sample</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> |
| |
| <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Data type: </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dtype</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Label: </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Label description: </span><span class="si">{}</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">train_dataset</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">synsets</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">]))</span> |
| <span class="k">assert</span> <span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">1</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">imshow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asnumpy</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">cmap</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'gray'</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="nboutput docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt empty docutils container"> |
| </div> |
| <div class="output_area docutils container"> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre> |
| Data type: uint8 |
| Label: 1 |
| Label description: Faces_easy |
| </pre></div></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="nboutput docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[10]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="output_area highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><matplotlib.image.AxesImage at 0x7f249bfe9550> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="nboutput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt empty docutils container"> |
| </div> |
| <div class="output_area docutils container"> |
| <img alt="../../../_images/tutorials_getting-started_crash-course_5-datasets_20_2.png" src="../../../_images/tutorials_getting-started_crash-course_5-datasets_20_2.png" /> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <p><img alt="datasets caltech101 face" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dmlc/web-data/master/mxnet/doc/tutorials/gluon/datasets/caltech101_face.png" /></p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="Using-your-own-data-with-custom-Datasets"> |
| <h1>Using your own data with custom <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s<a class="headerlink" href="#Using-your-own-data-with-custom-Datasets" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> |
| <p>Sometimes you have data that doesn’t quite fit the format expected by the included Datasets. You might be able to preprocess your data to fit the expected format, but it is easy to create your own dataset to do this.</p> |
| <p>All you need to do is create a class that implements a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__getitem__</span></code> method, that returns a sample (i.e. a tuple of mx.np.ndarrays).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="New-in-MXNet-2.0:-faster-C++-backend-dataloaders"> |
| <h1>New in MXNet 2.0: faster C++ backend dataloaders<a class="headerlink" href="#New-in-MXNet-2.0:-faster-C++-backend-dataloaders" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> |
| <p>As part of an effort to speed up the current data loading pipeline using gluon dataset and dataloader, a new dataloader was created that uses only a C++ backend and avoids potentially slow calls to Python functions.</p> |
| <p>See <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/apache/incubator-mxnet/issues/17269">original issue</a>, <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/apache/incubator-mxnet/pull/17464">pull request</a> and <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/apache/incubator-mxnet/pull/17841">implementation</a>.</p> |
| <p>The current data loading pipeline is the major bottleneck for many training tasks. The flow can be summarized as:</p> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset.__getitem__</span></code></p></li> |
| <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Transform.__call__()/forward()</span></code></p></li> |
| <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Batchify</span></code></p></li> |
| <li><p>(optional communicate through shared_mem)</p></li> |
| <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">split_and_load(devices)</span></code></p></li> |
| <li><p>training on GPUs</p></li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>Performance concerns include slow python dataset/transform functions, multithreading issues due to global interpreter lock, Python multiprocessing issues due to speed, and batchify issues due to poor memory management.</p> |
| <p>This new dataloader provides: - common C++ batchify functions that are split and context aware - a C++ MultithreadingDataLoader which inherit the same arguments as gluon.data.DataLoader but use MXNet internal multithreading rather than python multiprocessing. - fallback to python multiprocessing whenever the dataset is not fully supported by backend (e.g., there are custom python datasets) in the case that: - the transform is not fully hybridizable - batchify is not fully supported by backend</p> |
| <p>Users can continue to with the traditional gluon.data.Dataloader and the C++ backend will be applied automatically. The ‘try_nopython’ default is ‘Auto’, which detects whether the C++ backend is available given the dataset and transforms.</p> |
| <p>Here you will show a performance increase on a t3.2xl instance for the CIFAR10 dataset with the C++ backend.</p> |
| <div class="section" id="Using-the-C++-backend:"> |
| <h2>Using the C++ backend:<a class="headerlink" href="#Using-the-C++-backend:" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <div class="nbinput docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[11]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="n">cpp_dl</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataLoader</span><span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vision</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">CIFAR10</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">train</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">transform</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">batch_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">32</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">num_workers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">try_nopython</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="nboutput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt empty docutils container"> |
| </div> |
| <div class="output_area docutils container"> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre> |
| Downloading /home/jenkins_slave/.mxnet/datasets/cifar10/cifar-10-binary.tar.gz from https://apache-mxnet.s3-accelerate.dualstack.amazonaws.com/gluon/dataset/cifar10/cifar-10-binary.tar.gz... |
| </pre></div></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="nbinput docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[12]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="n">start</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cpp_dl</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">cpp_dl</span><span class="p">:</span> |
| <span class="k">pass</span> |
| <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Elapsed time for backend dataloader:'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="nboutput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt empty docutils container"> |
| </div> |
| <div class="output_area docutils container"> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre> |
| 1563 |
| 1563 |
| 1563 |
| Elapsed time for backend dataloader: 7.367106676101685 |
| </pre></div></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="Using-the-Python-backend:"> |
| <h2>Using the Python backend:<a class="headerlink" href="#Using-the-Python-backend:" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <div class="nbinput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[13]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="n">dl</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataLoader</span><span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vision</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">CIFAR10</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">train</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">transform</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">batch_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">32</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">num_workers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">try_nopython</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="nbinput docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[14]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="n">start</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dl</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">dl</span><span class="p">:</span> |
| <span class="k">pass</span> |
| <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Elapsed time for python dataloader:'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">start</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="nboutput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt empty docutils container"> |
| </div> |
| <div class="output_area docutils container"> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre> |
| 1563 |
| 1563 |
| 1563 |
| Elapsed time for python dataloader: 8.722143650054932 |
| </pre></div></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="Next-Steps"> |
| <h2>Next Steps<a class="headerlink" href="#Next-Steps" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>Now that you have some experience with MXNet’s datasets and dataloaders, it’s time to use them for <a class="reference internal" href="6-train-nn.html"><span class="doc">Step 6: Training a Neural Network</span></a>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| |
| |
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| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Step 5: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code></a><ul> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#Introduction-to-Datasets">Introduction to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#Introduction-to-DataLoader">Introduction to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code></a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#Machine-learning-with-Datasets-and-DataLoaders">Machine learning with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code>s</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#Using-own-data-with-included-Datasets">Using own data with included <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#Using-your-own-data-with-custom-Datasets">Using your own data with custom <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#New-in-MXNet-2.0:-faster-C++-backend-dataloaders">New in MXNet 2.0: faster C++ backend dataloaders</a><ul> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#Using-the-C++-backend:">Using the C++ backend:</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#Using-the-Python-backend:">Using the Python backend:</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#Next-Steps">Next Steps</a></li> |
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| <div>Step 4: Necessary components that are not in the network</div> |
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| <div>Step 6: Train a Neural Network</div> |
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