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| <div class="section" id="hybrid-faster-training-and-easy-deployment"> |
| <span id="hybrid-faster-training-and-easy-deployment"></span><h1>Hybrid - Faster training and easy deployment<a class="headerlink" href="#hybrid-faster-training-and-easy-deployment" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> |
| <p><em>Note: a newer version is available <a class="reference external" href="http://gluon.mxnet.io/chapter07_distributed-learning/hybridize.html">here</a>.</em></p> |
| <p>Deep learning frameworks can be roughly divided into two categories: declarative |
| and imperative. With declarative frameworks (including Tensorflow, Theano, etc) |
| users first declare a fixed computation graph and then execute it end-to-end. |
| The benefit of fixed computation graph is it’s portable and runs more |
| efficiently. However, it’s less flexible because any logic must be encoded |
| into the graph as special operators like <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">scan</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">while_loop</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cond</span></code>. |
| It’s also hard to debug.</p> |
| <p>Imperative frameworks (including PyTorch, Chainer, etc) are just the opposite: |
| they execute commands one-by-one just like old fashioned Matlab and Numpy. |
| This style is more flexible, easier to debug, but less efficient.</p> |
| <p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HybridBlock</span></code> seamlessly combines declarative programming and imperative programming |
| to offer the benefit of both. Users can quickly develop and debug models with |
| imperative programming and switch to efficient declarative execution by simply |
| calling: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HybridBlock.hybridize()</span></code>.</p> |
| <div class="section" id="hybridblock"> |
| <span id="hybridblock"></span><h2>HybridBlock<a class="headerlink" href="#hybridblock" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HybridBlock</span></code> is very similar to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Block</span></code> but has a few restrictions:</p> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li>All children layers of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HybridBlock</span></code> must also be <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HybridBlock</span></code>.</li> |
| <li>Only methods that are implemented for both <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">NDArray</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Symbol</span></code> can be used. |
| For example you cannot use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.asnumpy()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.shape</span></code>, etc.</li> |
| <li>Operations cannot change from run to run. For example, you cannot do <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">if</span> <span class="pre">x:</span></code> |
| if <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">x</span></code> is different for each iteration.</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>To use hybrid support, we subclass the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HybridBlock</span></code>:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mxnet</span> <span class="kn">as</span> <span class="nn">mx</span> |
| <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mxnet</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">gluon</span> |
| <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mxnet.gluon</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">nn</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Net</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HybridBlock</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Net</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">with</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name_scope</span><span class="p">():</span> |
| <span class="c1"># layers created in name_scope will inherit name space</span> |
| <span class="c1"># from parent layer.</span> |
| <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">conv1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Conv2D</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">kernel_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pool1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Pool2D</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kernel_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">conv2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Conv2D</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">kernel_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pool2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Pool2D</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kernel_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fc1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dense</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">120</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fc2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dense</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">84</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="c1"># You can use a Dense layer for fc3 but we do dot product manually</span> |
| <span class="c1"># here for illustration purposes.</span> |
| <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fc3_weight</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">params</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'fc3_weight'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">shape</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">84</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">hybrid_forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fc3_weight</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="c1"># Here `F` can be either mx.nd or mx.sym, x is the input data,</span> |
| <span class="c1"># and fc3_weight is either self.fc3_weight.data() or</span> |
| <span class="c1"># self.fc3_weight.var() depending on whether x is Symbol or NDArray</span> |
| <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pool1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">relu</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">conv1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)))</span> |
| <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pool2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">F</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">relu</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">conv2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)))</span> |
| <span class="c1"># 0 means copy over size from corresponding dimension.</span> |
| <span class="c1"># -1 means infer size from the rest of dimensions.</span> |
| <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reshape</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">relu</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fc1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">relu</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fc2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">F</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fc3_weight</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">transpose_b</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">x</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="hybridize"> |
| <span id="hybridize"></span><h2>Hybridize<a class="headerlink" href="#hybridize" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>By default, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HybridBlock</span></code> runs just like a standard <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Block</span></code>. Each time a layer |
| is called, its <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hybrid_forward</span></code> will be run:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">net</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Net</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="n">net</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collect_params</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">initialize</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random_normal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">28</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">28</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="n">net</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random_normal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">28</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">28</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="n">net</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Hybrid execution can be activated by simply calling <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.hybridize()</span></code> on the top |
| level layer. The first forward call after activation will try to build a |
| computation graph from <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hybrid_forward</span></code> and cache it. On subsequent forward |
| calls the cached graph instead of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hybrid_forward</span></code> will be invoked:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">net</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hybridize</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random_normal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">28</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">28</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="n">net</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random_normal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">28</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">28</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="n">net</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Note that before hybridize, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">print(x)</span></code> printed out one NDArray for forward, |
| but after hybridize, only the first forward printed out a Symbol. On subsequent |
| forward <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hybrid_forward</span></code> is not called so nothing was printed.</p> |
| <p>Hybridize will speed up execution and save memory. If the top level layer is |
| not a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HybridBlock</span></code>, you can still call <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.hybridize()</span></code> on it and Gluon will try |
| to hybridize its children layers instead.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="serializing-trained-model-for-deployment"> |
| <span id="serializing-trained-model-for-deployment"></span><h2>Serializing trained model for deployment<a class="headerlink" href="#serializing-trained-model-for-deployment" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>Models implemented as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">HybridBlock</span></code> can be easily serialized for deployment |
| using other language front-ends like C, C++ and Scala. To this end, we simply |
| forward the model with symbolic variables instead of NDArrays and save the |
| output Symbol(s):</p> |
| <div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sym</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">var</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'data'</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">y</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">net</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">y</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'model.json'</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">net</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collect_params</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'model.params'</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>If your network outputs more than one value, you can use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mx.sym.Group</span></code> to |
| combine them into a grouped Symbol and then save. The saved json and params |
| files can then be loaded with C, C++ and Scala interface for prediction.</p> |
| <div class="btn-group" role="group"> |
| <div class="download-btn"><a download="hybrid.ipynb" href="hybrid.ipynb"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-download-alt"></span> hybrid.ipynb</a></div></div></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
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| <h3><a href="../../index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3> |
| <ul> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Hybrid - Faster training and easy deployment</a><ul> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#hybridblock">HybridBlock</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#hybridize">Hybridize</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#serializing-trained-model-for-deployment">Serializing trained model for deployment</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
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| Apache MXNet is an effort undergoing incubation at The Apache Software Foundation (ASF), <strong>sponsored by the <i>Apache Incubator</i></strong>. Incubation is required of all newly accepted projects until a further review indicates that the infrastructure, communications, and decision making process have stabilized in a manner consistent with other successful ASF projects. While incubation status is not necessarily a reflection of the completeness or stability of the code, it does indicate that the project has yet to be fully endorsed by the ASF. |
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