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| <span class="mdl-layout-title toc">Table Of Contents</span> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="0-introduction.html">Introduction</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="1-nparray.html">Step 1: Manipulate data with NP on MXNet</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="2-create-nn.html">Step 2: Create a neural network</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="3-autograd.html">Step 3: Automatic differentiation with autograd</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="4-components.html">Step 4: Necessary components that are not in the network</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="5-datasets.html">Step 5: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code></a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="5-datasets.html#Using-own-data-with-included-Datasets">Using own data with included <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="5-datasets.html#Using-your-own-data-with-custom-Datasets">Using your own data with custom <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="5-datasets.html#New-in-MXNet-2.0:-faster-C++-backend-dataloaders">New in MXNet 2.0: faster C++ backend dataloaders</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Step 6: Train a Neural Network</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="7-use-gpus.html">Step 7: Load and Run a NN using GPU</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../to-mxnet/index.html">Moving to MXNet from Other Frameworks</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../to-mxnet/pytorch.html">PyTorch vs Apache MXNet</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../gluon_from_experiment_to_deployment.html">Gluon: from experiment to deployment</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../logistic_regression_explained.html">Logistic regression explained</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="https://mxnet.apache.org/api/python/docs/tutorials/packages/gluon/image/mnist.html">MNIST</a></li> |
| </ul> |
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| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/autograd/index.html">Automatic Differentiation</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/index.html">Blocks</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/custom-layer.html">Custom Layers</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/hybridize.html">Hybridize</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/init.html">Initialization</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/naming.html">Parameter and Block Naming</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/nn.html">Layers and Blocks</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/activations/activations.html">Activation Blocks</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/data/datasets.html">Gluon <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code></a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/data/datasets.html#Using-own-data-with-included-Datasets">Using own data with included <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/data/datasets.html#Using-own-data-with-custom-Datasets">Using own data with custom <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/data/datasets.html#Appendix:-Upgrading-from-Module-DataIter-to-Gluon-DataLoader">Appendix: Upgrading from Module <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataIter</span></code> to Gluon <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code></a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/image/info_gan.html">Image similarity search with InfoGAN</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/image/mnist.html">Handwritten Digit Recognition</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/loss/index.html">Losses</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/loss/custom-loss.html">Custom Loss Blocks</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/loss/kl_divergence.html">Kullback-Leibler (KL) Divergence</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/loss/loss.html">Loss functions</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/text/gnmt.html">Google Neural Machine Translation</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/text/transformer.html">Machine Translation with Transformer</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/index.html">Training</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/fit_api_tutorial.html">MXNet Gluon Fit API</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/learning_rates/learning_rate_finder.html">Learning Rate Finder</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/learning_rates/learning_rate_schedules.html">Learning Rate Schedules</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/learning_rates/learning_rate_schedules_advanced.html">Advanced Learning Rate Schedules</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/normalization/index.html">Normalization Blocks</a></li> |
| </ul> |
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| </ul> |
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| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/kvstore/index.html">KVStore</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/kvstore/kvstore.html">Distributed Key-Value Store</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/index.html">NDArray</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/01-ndarray-intro.html">An Intro: Manipulate Data the MXNet Way with NDArray</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/02-ndarray-operations.html">NDArray Operations</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/03-ndarray-contexts.html">NDArray Contexts</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/gotchas_numpy_in_mxnet.html">Gotchas using NumPy in Apache MXNet</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/sparse/index.html">Tutorials</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/sparse/csr.html">CSRNDArray - NDArray in Compressed Sparse Row Storage Format</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/sparse/row_sparse.html">RowSparseNDArray - NDArray for Sparse Gradient Updates</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/np/index.html">What is NP on MXNet</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/np/cheat-sheet.html">The NP on MXNet cheat sheet</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/np/np-vs-numpy.html">Differences between NP on MXNet and NumPy</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/onnx/fine_tuning_gluon.html">Fine-tuning an ONNX model</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/onnx/inference_on_onnx_model.html">Running inference on MXNet/Gluon from an ONNX model</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference external" href="https://mxnet.apache.org/api/python/docs/tutorials/deploy/export/onnx.html">Export ONNX Models</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference external" href="https://mxnet.apache.org/api/faq/visualize_graph">Visualize networks</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../performance/index.html">Performance</a><ul> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference external" href="https://gluon-cv.mxnet.io/build/examples_deployment/int8_inference.html">GluonCV with Quantized Models</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../performance/backend/mkldnn/mkldnn_readme.html">Install MXNet with ONEDNN</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../performance/backend/tvm.html">Use TVM</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../performance/backend/profiler.html">Profiling MXNet Models</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../performance/backend/amp.html">Using AMP: Automatic Mixed Precision</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/routines.array-manipulation.html">Array manipulation routines</a><ul> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.ravel.html">mxnet.np.ravel</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.ndarray.flatten.html">mxnet.np.ndarray.flatten</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.swapaxes.html">mxnet.np.swapaxes</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.ndarray.T.html">mxnet.np.ndarray.T</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.moveaxis.html">mxnet.np.moveaxis</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.expand_dims.html">mxnet.np.expand_dims</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.squeeze.html">mxnet.np.squeeze</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.split.html">mxnet.np.split</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.hsplit.html">mxnet.np.hsplit</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.vsplit.html">mxnet.np.vsplit</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.array_split.html">mxnet.np.array_split</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.repeat.html">mxnet.np.repeat</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.delete.html">mxnet.np.delete</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.rot90.html">mxnet.np.rot90</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.flipud.html">mxnet.np.flipud</a></li> |
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| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/routines.io.html">Input and output</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.genfromtxt.html">mxnet.np.genfromtxt</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.ndarray.tolist.html">mxnet.np.ndarray.tolist</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.set_printoptions.html">mxnet.np.set_printoptions</a></li> |
| </ul> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/routines.linalg.html">Linear algebra (<code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numpy.linalg</span></code>)</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.dot.html">mxnet.np.dot</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.vdot.html">mxnet.np.vdot</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.tensordot.html">mxnet.np.tensordot</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.einsum.html">mxnet.np.einsum</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.multi_dot.html">mxnet.np.linalg.multi_dot</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.matmul.html">mxnet.np.matmul</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.matrix_power.html">mxnet.np.linalg.matrix_power</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.kron.html">mxnet.np.kron</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.svd.html">mxnet.np.linalg.svd</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.cholesky.html">mxnet.np.linalg.cholesky</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.qr.html">mxnet.np.linalg.qr</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.eig.html">mxnet.np.linalg.eig</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.eigh.html">mxnet.np.linalg.eigh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.eigvals.html">mxnet.np.linalg.eigvals</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.eigvalsh.html">mxnet.np.linalg.eigvalsh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.norm.html">mxnet.np.linalg.norm</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.trace.html">mxnet.np.trace</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.cond.html">mxnet.np.linalg.cond</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.det.html">mxnet.np.linalg.det</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.matrix_rank.html">mxnet.np.linalg.matrix_rank</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.slogdet.html">mxnet.np.linalg.slogdet</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.solve.html">mxnet.np.linalg.solve</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.tensorsolve.html">mxnet.np.linalg.tensorsolve</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.lstsq.html">mxnet.np.linalg.lstsq</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.inv.html">mxnet.np.linalg.inv</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.pinv.html">mxnet.np.linalg.pinv</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.tensorinv.html">mxnet.np.linalg.tensorinv</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/routines.math.html">Mathematical functions</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.sin.html">mxnet.np.sin</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.cos.html">mxnet.np.cos</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.tan.html">mxnet.np.tan</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arcsin.html">mxnet.np.arcsin</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arccos.html">mxnet.np.arccos</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arctan.html">mxnet.np.arctan</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.degrees.html">mxnet.np.degrees</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.radians.html">mxnet.np.radians</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.hypot.html">mxnet.np.hypot</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arctan2.html">mxnet.np.arctan2</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.deg2rad.html">mxnet.np.deg2rad</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.rad2deg.html">mxnet.np.rad2deg</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.unwrap.html">mxnet.np.unwrap</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.sinh.html">mxnet.np.sinh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.cosh.html">mxnet.np.cosh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.tanh.html">mxnet.np.tanh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arcsinh.html">mxnet.np.arcsinh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arccosh.html">mxnet.np.arccosh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arctanh.html">mxnet.np.arctanh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.rint.html">mxnet.np.rint</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.fix.html">mxnet.np.fix</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.floor.html">mxnet.np.floor</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.ceil.html">mxnet.np.ceil</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.trunc.html">mxnet.np.trunc</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.around.html">mxnet.np.around</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.round_.html">mxnet.np.round_</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.sum.html">mxnet.np.sum</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.prod.html">mxnet.np.prod</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.cumsum.html">mxnet.np.cumsum</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.nanprod.html">mxnet.np.nanprod</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.nansum.html">mxnet.np.nansum</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.cumprod.html">mxnet.np.cumprod</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.nancumprod.html">mxnet.np.nancumprod</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.nancumsum.html">mxnet.np.nancumsum</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.diff.html">mxnet.np.diff</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.ediff1d.html">mxnet.np.ediff1d</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.cross.html">mxnet.np.cross</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.trapz.html">mxnet.np.trapz</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.exp.html">mxnet.np.exp</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.expm1.html">mxnet.np.expm1</a></li> |
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| <span class="mdl-layout-title toc">Table Of Contents</span> |
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| <nav class="mdl-navigation"> |
| <ul class="current"> |
| <li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="../../index.html">Python Tutorials</a><ul class="current"> |
| <li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="reference internal" href="../index.html">Getting Started</a><ul class="current"> |
| <li class="toctree-l3 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">Crash Course</a><ul class="current"> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="0-introduction.html">Introduction</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="1-nparray.html">Step 1: Manipulate data with NP on MXNet</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="2-create-nn.html">Step 2: Create a neural network</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="3-autograd.html">Step 3: Automatic differentiation with autograd</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="4-components.html">Step 4: Necessary components that are not in the network</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="5-datasets.html">Step 5: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code></a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="5-datasets.html#Using-own-data-with-included-Datasets">Using own data with included <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="5-datasets.html#Using-your-own-data-with-custom-Datasets">Using your own data with custom <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="5-datasets.html#New-in-MXNet-2.0:-faster-C++-backend-dataloaders">New in MXNet 2.0: faster C++ backend dataloaders</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Step 6: Train a Neural Network</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="7-use-gpus.html">Step 7: Load and Run a NN using GPU</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../to-mxnet/index.html">Moving to MXNet from Other Frameworks</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../to-mxnet/pytorch.html">PyTorch vs Apache MXNet</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../gluon_from_experiment_to_deployment.html">Gluon: from experiment to deployment</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../logistic_regression_explained.html">Logistic regression explained</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference external" href="https://mxnet.apache.org/api/python/docs/tutorials/packages/gluon/image/mnist.html">MNIST</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/index.html">Packages</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/autograd/index.html">Automatic Differentiation</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/index.html">Gluon</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/index.html">Blocks</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/custom-layer.html">Custom Layers</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/hybridize.html">Hybridize</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/init.html">Initialization</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/naming.html">Parameter and Block Naming</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/nn.html">Layers and Blocks</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/parameters.html">Parameter Management</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/save_load_params.html">Saving and Loading Gluon Models</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/blocks/activations/activations.html">Activation Blocks</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/data/index.html">Data Tutorials</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/data/data_augmentation.html">Image Augmentation</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/data/datasets.html">Gluon <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code></a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/data/datasets.html#Using-own-data-with-included-Datasets">Using own data with included <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/data/datasets.html#Using-own-data-with-custom-Datasets">Using own data with custom <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Dataset</span></code>s</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/data/datasets.html#Appendix:-Upgrading-from-Module-DataIter-to-Gluon-DataLoader">Appendix: Upgrading from Module <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataIter</span></code> to Gluon <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoader</span></code></a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/image/index.html">Image Tutorials</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/image/info_gan.html">Image similarity search with InfoGAN</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/image/mnist.html">Handwritten Digit Recognition</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/loss/index.html">Losses</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/loss/custom-loss.html">Custom Loss Blocks</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/loss/kl_divergence.html">Kullback-Leibler (KL) Divergence</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/loss/loss.html">Loss functions</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/text/index.html">Text Tutorials</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/text/gnmt.html">Google Neural Machine Translation</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/text/transformer.html">Machine Translation with Transformer</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/index.html">Training</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/fit_api_tutorial.html">MXNet Gluon Fit API</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/trainer.html">Trainer</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/learning_rates/index.html">Learning Rates</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/learning_rates/learning_rate_finder.html">Learning Rate Finder</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/learning_rates/learning_rate_schedules.html">Learning Rate Schedules</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/learning_rates/learning_rate_schedules_advanced.html">Advanced Learning Rate Schedules</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/gluon/training/normalization/index.html">Normalization Blocks</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/kvstore/index.html">KVStore</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/kvstore/kvstore.html">Distributed Key-Value Store</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/index.html">Legacy</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/index.html">NDArray</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/01-ndarray-intro.html">An Intro: Manipulate Data the MXNet Way with NDArray</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/02-ndarray-operations.html">NDArray Operations</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/03-ndarray-contexts.html">NDArray Contexts</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/gotchas_numpy_in_mxnet.html">Gotchas using NumPy in Apache MXNet</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/sparse/index.html">Tutorials</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/sparse/csr.html">CSRNDArray - NDArray in Compressed Sparse Row Storage Format</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l6"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/legacy/ndarray/sparse/row_sparse.html">RowSparseNDArray - NDArray for Sparse Gradient Updates</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/np/index.html">What is NP on MXNet</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/np/cheat-sheet.html">The NP on MXNet cheat sheet</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/np/np-vs-numpy.html">Differences between NP on MXNet and NumPy</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/onnx/index.html">ONNX</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/onnx/fine_tuning_gluon.html">Fine-tuning an ONNX model</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/onnx/inference_on_onnx_model.html">Running inference on MXNet/Gluon from an ONNX model</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference external" href="https://mxnet.apache.org/api/python/docs/tutorials/deploy/export/onnx.html">Export ONNX Models</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/optimizer/index.html">Optimizers</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../packages/viz/index.html">Visualization</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference external" href="https://mxnet.apache.org/api/faq/visualize_graph">Visualize networks</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../../performance/index.html">Performance</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="../../performance/compression/index.html">Compression</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../performance/compression/int8.html">Deploy with int-8</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference external" href="https://mxnet.apache.org/api/faq/float16">Float16</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference external" href="https://mxnet.apache.org/api/faq/gradient_compression">Gradient Compression</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference external" href="https://gluon-cv.mxnet.io/build/examples_deployment/int8_inference.html">GluonCV with Quantized Models</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../performance/backend/mkldnn/mkldnn_readme.html">Install MXNet with ONEDNN</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../performance/backend/amp.html">Using AMP: Automatic Mixed Precision</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.copy.html">mxnet.np.copy</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arange.html">mxnet.np.arange</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.tril.html">mxnet.np.tril</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/routines.array-manipulation.html">Array manipulation routines</a><ul> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.ravel.html">mxnet.np.ravel</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.ndarray.flatten.html">mxnet.np.ndarray.flatten</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.swapaxes.html">mxnet.np.swapaxes</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.ndarray.T.html">mxnet.np.ndarray.T</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.moveaxis.html">mxnet.np.moveaxis</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.squeeze.html">mxnet.np.squeeze</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.broadcast_arrays.html">mxnet.np.broadcast_arrays</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.dstack.html">mxnet.np.dstack</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.column_stack.html">mxnet.np.column_stack</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.split.html">mxnet.np.split</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.hsplit.html">mxnet.np.hsplit</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.vsplit.html">mxnet.np.vsplit</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.array_split.html">mxnet.np.array_split</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.dsplit.html">mxnet.np.dsplit</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.repeat.html">mxnet.np.repeat</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.unique.html">mxnet.np.unique</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.delete.html">mxnet.np.delete</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.append.html">mxnet.np.append</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.resize.html">mxnet.np.resize</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.trim_zeros.html">mxnet.np.trim_zeros</a></li> |
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| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.roll.html">mxnet.np.roll</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.rot90.html">mxnet.np.rot90</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.fliplr.html">mxnet.np.fliplr</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.flipud.html">mxnet.np.flipud</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/routines.io.html">Input and output</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.genfromtxt.html">mxnet.np.genfromtxt</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.ndarray.tolist.html">mxnet.np.ndarray.tolist</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.set_printoptions.html">mxnet.np.set_printoptions</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/routines.linalg.html">Linear algebra (<code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numpy.linalg</span></code>)</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.dot.html">mxnet.np.dot</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.vdot.html">mxnet.np.vdot</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.inner.html">mxnet.np.inner</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.outer.html">mxnet.np.outer</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.tensordot.html">mxnet.np.tensordot</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.einsum.html">mxnet.np.einsum</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.multi_dot.html">mxnet.np.linalg.multi_dot</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.matmul.html">mxnet.np.matmul</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.matrix_power.html">mxnet.np.linalg.matrix_power</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.kron.html">mxnet.np.kron</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.svd.html">mxnet.np.linalg.svd</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.cholesky.html">mxnet.np.linalg.cholesky</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.qr.html">mxnet.np.linalg.qr</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.eig.html">mxnet.np.linalg.eig</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.eigh.html">mxnet.np.linalg.eigh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.eigvals.html">mxnet.np.linalg.eigvals</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.eigvalsh.html">mxnet.np.linalg.eigvalsh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.norm.html">mxnet.np.linalg.norm</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.trace.html">mxnet.np.trace</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.cond.html">mxnet.np.linalg.cond</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.det.html">mxnet.np.linalg.det</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.matrix_rank.html">mxnet.np.linalg.matrix_rank</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.slogdet.html">mxnet.np.linalg.slogdet</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.solve.html">mxnet.np.linalg.solve</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.tensorsolve.html">mxnet.np.linalg.tensorsolve</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.lstsq.html">mxnet.np.linalg.lstsq</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.inv.html">mxnet.np.linalg.inv</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.pinv.html">mxnet.np.linalg.pinv</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.linalg.tensorinv.html">mxnet.np.linalg.tensorinv</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/routines.math.html">Mathematical functions</a><ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.sin.html">mxnet.np.sin</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.cos.html">mxnet.np.cos</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.tan.html">mxnet.np.tan</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arcsin.html">mxnet.np.arcsin</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arccos.html">mxnet.np.arccos</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arctan.html">mxnet.np.arctan</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.degrees.html">mxnet.np.degrees</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.radians.html">mxnet.np.radians</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.hypot.html">mxnet.np.hypot</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arctan2.html">mxnet.np.arctan2</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.deg2rad.html">mxnet.np.deg2rad</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.rad2deg.html">mxnet.np.rad2deg</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.unwrap.html">mxnet.np.unwrap</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.sinh.html">mxnet.np.sinh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.cosh.html">mxnet.np.cosh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.tanh.html">mxnet.np.tanh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arcsinh.html">mxnet.np.arcsinh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arccosh.html">mxnet.np.arccosh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.arctanh.html">mxnet.np.arctanh</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.rint.html">mxnet.np.rint</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.fix.html">mxnet.np.fix</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.floor.html">mxnet.np.floor</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.ceil.html">mxnet.np.ceil</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.trunc.html">mxnet.np.trunc</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.around.html">mxnet.np.around</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.round_.html">mxnet.np.round_</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.sum.html">mxnet.np.sum</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.prod.html">mxnet.np.prod</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.cumsum.html">mxnet.np.cumsum</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.nanprod.html">mxnet.np.nanprod</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.nansum.html">mxnet.np.nansum</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.cumprod.html">mxnet.np.cumprod</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.nancumprod.html">mxnet.np.nancumprod</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l5"><a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/np/generated/mxnet.np.nancumsum.html">mxnet.np.nancumsum</a></li> |
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| <!--- Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one --><!--- or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file --><!--- distributed with this work for additional information --><!--- regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file --><!--- to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the --><!--- "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance --><!--- with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at --><!--- http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 --><!--- Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, --><!--- software distributed under the License is distributed on an --><!--- "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY --><!--- KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the --><!--- specific language governing permissions and limitations --><!--- under the License. --><div class="section" id="Step-6:-Train-a-Neural-Network"> |
| <h1>Step 6: Train a Neural Network<a class="headerlink" href="#Step-6:-Train-a-Neural-Network" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> |
| <p>Now that you have seen all the necessary components for creating a neural network, you are now ready to put all the pieces together and train a model end to end.</p> |
| <div class="section" id="1.-Data-preparation"> |
| <h2>1. Data preparation<a class="headerlink" href="#1.-Data-preparation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>The typical process for creating and training a model starts with loading and preparing the datasets. For this Network you will use a <a class="reference external" href="https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/hb74ynkjcn/1">dataset of leaf images</a> that consists of healthy and diseased examples of leafs from twelve different plant species. To get this dataset you have to download and extract it with the following commands.</p> |
| <div class="nbinput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[ ]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="c1"># Import all the necessary libraries to train</span> |
| <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">time</span> |
| <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span> |
| <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">zipfile</span> |
| |
| <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">mxnet</span> <span class="kn">as</span> <span class="nn">mx</span> |
| <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mxnet</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">npx</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">gluon</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">init</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">autograd</span> |
| <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mxnet.gluon</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">nn</span> |
| <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mxnet.gluon.data.vision</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">transforms</span> |
| |
| <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span class="kn">as</span> <span class="nn">plt</span> |
| <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span class="kn">as</span> <span class="nn">plt</span> |
| <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="kn">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span> |
| |
| <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">prepare_dataset</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">process_dataset</span> <span class="c1">#utility code to rearrange the data</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">seed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="nbinput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[ ]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="c1"># Download dataset</span> |
| <span class="n">url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'https://md-datasets-cache-zipfiles-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/hb74ynkjcn-1.zip'</span> |
| <span class="n">zip_file_path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">utils</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">download</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">makedirs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'plants'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exist_ok</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">zipfile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ZipFile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">zip_file_path</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'r'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">zf</span><span class="p">:</span> |
| <span class="n">zf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extractall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'plants'</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">zip_file_path</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="Data-inspection"> |
| <h3>Data inspection<a class="headerlink" href="#Data-inspection" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>If you take a look at the dataset you find the following structure for the directories:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">plants</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="n">Alstonia</span> <span class="n">Scholaris</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">P2</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="n">Arjun</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">P1</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="n">Bael</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">P4</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="n">diseased</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="mf">0016_0001.</span><span class="n">JPG</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="o">.</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="o">.</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="o">.</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="mf">0016_0118.</span><span class="n">JPG</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="o">.</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="o">.</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="o">.</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="n">Mango</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">P0</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="n">diseased</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="n">healthy</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Each plant species has its own directory, for each of those directories you might find subdirectories with examples of diseased leaves, healthy leaves, or both. With this dataset you can formulate different classification problems; for example, you can create a multi-class classifier that determines the species of a plant based on the leaves; you can instead create a binary classifier that tells you whether the plant is healthy or diseased. Additionally, you can create a multi-class, multi-label |
| classifier that tells you both: what species a plant is and whether the plant is diseased or healthy. In this example you will stick to the simplest classification question, which is whether a plant is healthy or not.</p> |
| <p>To do this, you need to manipulate the dataset in two ways. First, you need to combine all images with labels consisting of healthy and diseased, regardless of the species, and then you need to split the data into train, validation, and test sets. We prepared a small utility script that does this to get the dataset ready for you. Once you run this utility code on the data, the structure will be already organized in folders containing the right images in each of the classes, you can use the |
| <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ImageFolderDataset</span></code> class to import the images from the file to MXNet.</p> |
| <div class="nbinput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[ ]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="c1"># Call the utility function to rearrange the images</span> |
| <span class="n">process_dataset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'plants'</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <p>The dataset is located in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">datasets</span></code> folder and the new structure looks like this:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">datasets</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="n">test</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="n">diseased</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="n">healthy</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="n">train</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="n">validation</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="n">diseased</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="n">healthy</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="n">image1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">JPG</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="n">image2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">JPG</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="o">.</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="o">.</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="o">.</span> |
| <span class="o">|--</span> <span class="n">imagen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">JPG</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Now, you need to create three different Dataset objects from the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">train</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">validation</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test</span></code> folders, and the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ImageFolderDataset</span></code> class takes care of inferring the classes from the directory names. If you don’t remember how the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ImageFolderDataset</span></code> works, take a look at <a class="reference internal" href="5-datasets.html"><span class="doc">Step 5</span></a> of this course for a deeper description.</p> |
| <div class="nbinput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[ ]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="c1"># Use ImageFolderDataset to create a Dataset object from directory structure</span> |
| <span class="n">train_dataset</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vision</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ImageFolderDataset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'./datasets/train'</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">val_dataset</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vision</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ImageFolderDataset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'./datasets/validation'</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">test_dataset</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vision</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ImageFolderDataset</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'./datasets/test'</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <p>The result from this operation is a different Dataset object for each folder. These objects hold a collection of images and labels and as such they can be indexed, to get the <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(i\)</span>-th element from the dataset. The <span class="math notranslate nohighlight">\(i\)</span>-th element is a tuple with two objects, the first object of the tuple is the image in array form and the second is the corresponding label for that image.</p> |
| <div class="nbinput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[ ]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="n">sample_idx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">888</span> <span class="c1"># choose a random sample</span> |
| <span class="n">sample</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">train_dataset</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">sample_idx</span><span class="p">]</span> |
| <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sample</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> |
| <span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sample</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">imshow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asnumpy</span><span class="p">())</span> |
| <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="s2">"Data type: {data.dtype}"</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="s2">"Label: {label}"</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="s2">"Label description: {train_dataset.synsets[label]}"</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="s2">"Image shape: {data.shape}"</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <p>As you can see from the plot, the image size is very large 4000 x 6000 pixels. Usually, you downsize images before passing them to a neural network to reduce the training time. It is also customary to make slight modifications to the images to improve generalization. That is why you add transformations to the data in a process called Data Augmentation.</p> |
| <p>You can augment data in MXNet using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">transforms</span></code>. For a complete list of all the available transformations in MXNet check out <a class="reference internal" href="../../../api/gluon/data/vision/transforms/index.html"><span class="doc">available transforms</span></a>. It is very common to use more than one transform per image, and it is also common to process transforms sequentially. To this end, you can use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">transforms.Compose</span></code> class. This class is very useful to create a transformation pipeline for your images.</p> |
| <p>You have to compose two different transformation pipelines, one for training and the other one for validating and testing. This is because each pipeline serves different pursposes. You need to downsize, convert to tensor and normalize images across all the different datsets; however, you typically do not want to randomly flip or add color jitter to the validation or test images since you could reduce performance.</p> |
| <div class="nbinput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[ ]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="c1"># Import transforms as compose a series of transformations to the images</span> |
| <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mxnet.gluon.data.vision</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">transforms</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">jitter_param</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0.05</span> |
| |
| <span class="c1"># mean and std for normalizing image value in range (0,1)</span> |
| <span class="n">mean</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">0.485</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.456</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.406</span><span class="p">]</span> |
| <span class="n">std</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">0.229</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.224</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.225</span><span class="p">]</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">training_transformer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">transforms</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Compose</span><span class="p">([</span> |
| <span class="n">transforms</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Resize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">224</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">keep_ratio</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">),</span> |
| <span class="n">transforms</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">CenterCrop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">),</span> |
| <span class="n">transforms</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">RandomFlipLeftRight</span><span class="p">(),</span> |
| <span class="n">transforms</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">RandomColorJitter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">contrast</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">jitter_param</span><span class="p">),</span> |
| <span class="n">transforms</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ToTensor</span><span class="p">(),</span> |
| <span class="n">transforms</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Normalize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mean</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="p">])</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">validation_transformer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">transforms</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Compose</span><span class="p">([</span> |
| <span class="n">transforms</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Resize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">224</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">keep_ratio</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">),</span> |
| <span class="n">transforms</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">CenterCrop</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">),</span> |
| <span class="n">transforms</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ToTensor</span><span class="p">(),</span> |
| <span class="n">transforms</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Normalize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mean</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="p">])</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <p>With your augmentations ready, you can create the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DataLoaders</span></code> to use them. To do this the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gluon.data.DataLoader</span></code> class comes in handy. You have to pass the dataset with the applied transformations (notice the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.transform_first()</span></code> method on the datasets) to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gluon.data.DataLoader</span></code>. Additionally, you need to decide the batch size, which is how many images you will be passing to the network, and whether you want to shuffle the dataset.</p> |
| <div class="nbinput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[ ]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="c1"># Create data loaders</span> |
| <span class="n">batch_size</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">4</span> |
| <span class="n">train_loader</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataLoader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">train_dataset</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">transform_first</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">training_transformer</span><span class="p">),</span> |
| <span class="n">batch_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">batch_size</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">shuffle</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">try_nopython</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">validation_loader</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataLoader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val_dataset</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">transform_first</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">validation_transformer</span><span class="p">),</span> |
| <span class="n">batch_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">batch_size</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">try_nopython</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">test_loader</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataLoader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">test_dataset</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">transform_first</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">validation_transformer</span><span class="p">),</span> |
| <span class="n">batch_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">batch_size</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">try_nopython</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Now, you can inspect the transformations that you made to the images. A prepared utility function has been provided for this.</p> |
| <div class="nbinput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[ ]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="c1"># Function to plot batch</span> |
| <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">show_batch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">batch</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">columns</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fig_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">pad</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="n">labels</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">batch</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asnumpy</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="n">batch</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">batch</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mf">0.5</span> <span class="c1"># unnormalize</span> |
| <span class="n">batch</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">batch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asnumpy</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># clip values</span> |
| <span class="n">size</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">batch</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> |
| <span class="n">rows</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">size</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">fig</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">axes</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplots</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rows</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">columns</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">figsize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">fig_size</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">ax</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">img</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">zip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">axes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">flatten</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">batch</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">labels</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="n">ax</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">imshow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">transpose</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">img</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)))</span> |
| <span class="n">ax</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="s2">"Label: {label}"</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">fig</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tight_layout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">h_pad</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">pad</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">w_pad</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">pad</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">show</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="nbinput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[ ]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">batch</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">train_loader</span><span class="p">:</span> |
| <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">batch</span> |
| <span class="k">break</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="nbinput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[ ]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="n">show_batch</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <p>You can see that the original images changed to have different sizes and variations in color and lighting. These changes followed the specified transformations you stated in the pipeline. You are now ready to go to the next step: <strong>Create the architecture</strong>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="2.-Create-Neural-Network"> |
| <h2>2. Create Neural Network<a class="headerlink" href="#2.-Create-Neural-Network" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>Convolutional neural networks are a great tool to capture the spatial relationship of pixel values within images, for this reason they have become the gold standard for computer vision. In this example you will create a small convolutional neural network using what you learned from <a class="reference internal" href="2-create-nn.html"><span class="doc">Step 2</span></a> of this crash course series. First, you can set up two functions that will generate the two types of blocks you intend to use, the convolution block and the dense block. Then you can create |
| an entire network based on these two blocks using a custom class.</p> |
| <div class="nbinput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[ ]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="c1"># The convolutional block has a convolution layer, a max pool layer and a batch normalization layer</span> |
| <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">conv_block</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filters</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">kernel_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">stride</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">batch_norm</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="n">conv_block</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HybridSequential</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="n">conv_block</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Conv2D</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">channels</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">filters</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">kernel_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">kernel_size</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">activation</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'relu'</span><span class="p">),</span> |
| <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MaxPool2D</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pool_size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">strides</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">stride</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">batch_norm</span><span class="p">:</span> |
| <span class="n">conv_block</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BatchNorm</span><span class="p">())</span> |
| <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">conv_block</span> |
| |
| <span class="c1"># The dense block consists of a dense layer and a dropout layer</span> |
| <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">dense_block</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">neurons</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">activation</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'relu'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dropout</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.2</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="n">dense_block</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HybridSequential</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="n">dense_block</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dense</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">neurons</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">activation</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">activation</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">dropout</span><span class="p">:</span> |
| <span class="n">dense_block</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dropout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dropout</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">dense_block</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="nbinput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[ ]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="c1"># Create neural network blueprint using the blocks</span> |
| <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">LeafNetwork</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HybridBlock</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="nb">super</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">LeafNetwork</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">conv1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conv_block</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">32</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">conv2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conv_block</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">64</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">conv3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conv_block</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">flatten</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Flatten</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dense1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dense_block</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dense2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dense_block</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dense3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Dense</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">batch</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="n">batch</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">conv1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">batch</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">batch</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">conv2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">batch</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">batch</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">conv3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">batch</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">batch</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">flatten</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">batch</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">batch</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dense1</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">batch</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">batch</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dense2</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">batch</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">batch</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dense3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">batch</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">batch</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <p>You have concluded the architecting part of the network, so now you can actually build a model from that architecture for training. As you have seen previously on <a class="reference internal" href="4-components.html"><span class="doc">Step 4</span></a> of this crash course series, to use the network you need to initialize the parameters and hybridize the model.</p> |
| <div class="nbinput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[ ]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="c1"># Create the model based on the blueprint provided and initialize the parameters</span> |
| <span class="n">ctx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cpu</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">initializer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">initializer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Xavier</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">LeafNetwork</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">initialize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">initializer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ctx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ctx</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">summary</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">nd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">uniform</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">128</span><span class="p">)))</span> |
| <span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hybridize</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="3.-Choose-Optimizer-and-Loss-function"> |
| <h2>3. Choose Optimizer and Loss function<a class="headerlink" href="#3.-Choose-Optimizer-and-Loss-function" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>With the network created you can move on to choosing an optimizer and a loss function. The network you created uses these components to make an informed decision on how to tune the parameters to fit the final objective better. You can use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gluon.Trainer</span></code> class to help with optimizing these parameters. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gluon.Trainer</span></code> class needs two things to work properly: the parameters needing to be tuned and the optimizer with its corresponding hyperparameters. The trainer uses the error reported |
| by the loss function to optimize these parameters.</p> |
| <p>For this particular dataset you will use Stochastic Gradient Descent as the optimizer and Cross Entropy as the loss function.</p> |
| <div class="nbinput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[ ]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="c1"># SGD optimizer</span> |
| <span class="n">optimizer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'sgd'</span> |
| |
| <span class="c1"># Set parameters</span> |
| <span class="n">optimizer_params</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'learning_rate'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">0.001</span><span class="p">}</span> |
| |
| <span class="c1"># Define the trainer for the model</span> |
| <span class="n">trainer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Trainer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">collect_params</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">optimizer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">optimizer_params</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="c1"># Define the loss function</span> |
| <span class="n">loss_fn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loss</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SoftmaxCrossEntropyLoss</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <p>Finally, you have to set up the training loop, and you need to create a function to evaluate the performance of the network on the validation dataset.</p> |
| <div class="nbinput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[ ]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="c1"># Function to return the accuracy for the validation and test set</span> |
| <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">val_data</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="n">acc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">metric</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Accuracy</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">batch</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">val_data</span><span class="p">:</span> |
| <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">batch</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> |
| <span class="n">labels</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">batch</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> |
| <span class="n">outputs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">acc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">labels</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">outputs</span><span class="p">])</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">acc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="4.-Training-Loop"> |
| <h2>4. Training Loop<a class="headerlink" href="#4.-Training-Loop" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>Now that you have everything set up, you can start training your network. This might take some time to train depending on the hardware, number of layers, batch size and images you use. For this particular case, you will only train for 2 epochs.</p> |
| <div class="nbinput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[ ]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="c1"># Start the training loop</span> |
| <span class="n">epochs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span> |
| <span class="n">accuracy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">gluon</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">metric</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Accuracy</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="n">log_interval</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">5</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">epoch</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">epochs</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="n">tic</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="n">btic</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reset</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">idx</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">batch</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">enumerate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">train_loader</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">batch</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> |
| <span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">batch</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> |
| <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">autograd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">record</span><span class="p">():</span> |
| <span class="n">outputs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">loss</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">loss_fn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">outputs</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">mx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">autograd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">backward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">loss</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">trainer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">step</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">batch_size</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">update</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">outputs</span><span class="p">])</span> |
| <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">log_interval</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">idx</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">log_interval</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span> |
| <span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">acc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="s2">"""Epoch[{epoch + 1}] Batch[{idx + 1}] Speed: {batch_size / (time.time() - btic)} samples/sec </span><span class="se">\</span> |
| <span class="s2"> batch loss = {loss.mean().asscalar()} | accuracy = {acc}"""</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">btic</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">acc</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">accuracy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">acc_val</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">validation_loader</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="s2">"[Epoch {epoch + 1}] training: accuracy={acc}"</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="s2">"[Epoch {epoch + 1}] time cost: {time.time() - tic}"</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="s2">"[Epoch {epoch + 1}] validation: validation accuracy={acc_val}"</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="5.-Test-on-the-test-set"> |
| <h2>5. Test on the test set<a class="headerlink" href="#5.-Test-on-the-test-set" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>Now that your network is trained and has reached a decent accuracy, you can evaluate the performance on the test set. For that, you can use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test_loader</span></code> data loader and the test function you created previously.</p> |
| <div class="nbinput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[ ]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="n">test</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">test_loader</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <p>You have a trained network that can confidently discriminate between plants that are healthy and the ones that are diseased. You can now start your garden and set cameras to automatically detect plants in distress! Or change your classification problem to create a model that classify the species of the plants! Either way you might be able to impress your botanist friends.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="section" id="6.-Save-the-parameters"> |
| <h2>6. Save the parameters<a class="headerlink" href="#6.-Save-the-parameters" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>If you want to preserve the trained weights of the network you can save the parameters in a file. Later, when you want to use the network to make predictions you can load the parameters back!</p> |
| <div class="nbinput nblast docutils container"> |
| <div class="prompt highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[ ]: |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="input_area highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre> |
| <span></span><span class="c1"># Save parameters in the</span> |
| <span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save_parameters</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'leaf_models.params'</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <p>This is the end of this tutorial, to see how you can speed up the training by using GPU hardware continue to the <a class="reference internal" href="7-use-gpus.html"><span class="doc">next tutorial</span></a></p> |
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| <span class="caption-text">Table Of Contents</span> |
| </p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Step 6: Train a Neural Network</a><ul> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#1.-Data-preparation">1. Data preparation</a><ul> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#Data-inspection">Data inspection</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#2.-Create-Neural-Network">2. Create Neural Network</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#3.-Choose-Optimizer-and-Loss-function">3. Choose Optimizer and Loss function</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#4.-Training-Loop">4. Training Loop</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#5.-Test-on-the-test-set">5. Test on the test set</a></li> |
| <li><a class="reference internal" href="#6.-Save-the-parameters">6. Save the parameters</a></li> |
| </ul> |
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| <div>Step 5: Datasets and DataLoader</div> |
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| <div>Step 7: Load and Run a NN using GPU</div> |
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