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| <h1 class="title">SPARQL Tutorial - Data Formats</h1> |
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| <article class="flex-column me-lg-4"> |
| <p>First, we need to be clear about what data is being queried. SPARQL |
| queries RDF graphs. An RDF graph is a set of triples (Jena calls |
| RDF graphs “models” and triples “statements” because that is what |
| they were called at the time the Jena API was first designed).</p> |
| <p>It is important to realize that it is the triples that matter, not |
| the serialization. The serialization is just a way to write the |
| triples down. RDF/XML is the W3C recommendation but it can be |
| difficult to see the triples in the serialized form because there are |
| multiple ways to encode the same graph. In this tutorial, we use a |
| more “triple-like” serialization, called |
| <a href="http://www.ilrt.bris.ac.uk/discovery/2004/01/turtle/">Turtle</a> (see |
| also N3 language described in the |
| <a href="https://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/Primer">W3C semantic web primer</a>).</p> |
| <p>We will start with the simple data in <a href="sparql_data/vc-db-1.rdf">vc-db-1.rdf</a>: |
| this file contains RDF for a number of vCard descriptions of |
| people. vCards are described in |
| <a href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2426.txt">RFC2426</a> and the RDF |
| translation is described in the W3C note |
| “<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/vcard-rdf.html">Representing vCard Objects in RDF/XML</a>”. |
| Our example database just contains some name information.</p> |
| <p>Graphically, the data looks like:</p> |
| <p><img src="/images/vc-db.png" alt="Graph of the vCard database" title="Graph of the vCard database"></p> |
| <p>In triples, this might look like:</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-turtle" data-lang="turtle"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">@prefix</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b8860b"><http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#></span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">@prefix</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">rdf:</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b8860b"><http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#></span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">@prefix</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">:</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b8860b"><#></span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="color:#b8860b"><http://somewhere/MattJones/></span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">FN</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Matt Jones"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>;<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">N</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>[<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Family</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Jones"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>;<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Given</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Matthew"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>]<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="color:#b8860b"><http://somewhere/RebeccaSmith/></span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">FN</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Becky Smith"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>;<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">N</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>[<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Family</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Smith"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>;<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Given</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Rebecca"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>]<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="color:#b8860b"><http://somewhere/JohnSmith/></span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">FN</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"John Smith"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>;<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">N</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>[<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Family</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Smith"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>;<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Given</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"John"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>]<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="color:#b8860b"><http://somewhere/SarahJones/></span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">FN</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Sarah Jones"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>;<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">N</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>[<span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Family</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Jones"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>;<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Given</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Sarah"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>]<span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span></code></pre></div><p>or even more explicitly as triples:</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-turtle" data-lang="turtle"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">@prefix</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b8860b"><http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#></span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">@prefix</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">rdf:</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b8860b"><http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#></span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="color:#b8860b"><http://somewhere/MattJones/></span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">FN</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Matt Jones"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="color:#b8860b"><http://somewhere/MattJones/></span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">N</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">_</span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">b0</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">_</span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">b0</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Family</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Jones"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">_</span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">b0</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Given</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Matthew"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="color:#b8860b"><http://somewhere/RebeccaSmith/></span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">FN</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Becky Smith"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="color:#b8860b"><http://somewhere/RebeccaSmith/></span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">N</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">_</span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">b1</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">_</span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">b1</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Family</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Smith"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">_</span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">b1</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Given</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Rebecca"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="color:#b8860b"><http://somewhere/JohnSmith/></span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">FN</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"John Smith"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="color:#b8860b"><http://somewhere/JohnSmith/></span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">N</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">_</span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">b2</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">_</span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">b2</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Family</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Smith"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">_</span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">b2</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Given</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"John"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="color:#b8860b"><http://somewhere/SarahJones/></span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">FN</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Sarah Jones"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="color:#b8860b"><http://somewhere/SarahJones/></span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">N</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">_</span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">b3</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">_</span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">b3</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Family</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Jones"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">_</span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">b3</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Given</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Sarah"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span>.<span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span></code></pre></div><p>It is important to realize that these are the same RDF graph and |
| that the triples in the graph are in no particular order. They are |
| just written in related groups above for the human reader - the |
| machine does not care.</p> |
| <p><a href="sparql_query1.html">Next: A Simple Query</a></p> |
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