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| <h1 class="title">SPARQL Tutorial - Basic Patterns</h1> |
| |
| |
| <main class="d-flex flex-xl-row flex-column"> |
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| <h2 class="h6 sticky-top m-0 p-2 bg-body-tertiary">On this page</h2> |
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| <ul> |
| <li><a href="#solutions">Solutions</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#basic-patterns">Basic Patterns</a> |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="#qnames">QNames</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#blank-nodes">Blank Nodes</a></li> |
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| <article class="flex-column me-lg-4"> |
| <p>This section covers basic patterns and solutions, the main building |
| blocks of SPARQL queries.</p> |
| <h2 id="solutions">Solutions</h2> |
| <p>Query solutions are a set of pairs of a variable name with a value. |
| A <code>SELECT</code> query directly exposes the solutions (after |
| order/limit/offset are applied) as the result set - other query |
| forms use the solutions to make a graph. The solution is the way |
| the pattern matched - which values the variables must take for a |
| pattern to match.</p> |
| <p>The first query example had a single solution. Change the pattern |
| to this second query: (<a href="sparql_data/q-bp1.rq">q-bp1.rq</a>):</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-sparql" data-lang="sparql"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">SELECT</span> <span style="color:#b8860b">?x</span> <span style="color:#b8860b">?fname</span> |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">WHERE</span> {<span style="color:#b8860b">?x</span> <span style="color:#a0a000"><http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#FN></span> <span style="color:#b8860b">?fname</span>} |
| </span></span></code></pre></div><p>This has 4 solutions, one for each VCARD name property triples in |
| the data source</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-turtle" data-lang="turtle"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="">----------------------------------------------------</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">x</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">fname</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">====================================================</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b8860b"><http://somewhere/RebeccaSmith/></span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Becky Smith"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b8860b"><http://somewhere/SarahJones/></span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Sarah Jones"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b8860b"><http://somewhere/JohnSmith/></span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"John Smith"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b8860b"><http://somewhere/MattJones/></span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Matt Jones"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">----------------------------------------------------</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span></code></pre></div><p>So far, with triple patterns and basic patterns, every variable |
| will be defined in every solution. The solutions to a query can be |
| thought of a table, but in the general case, it is a table where |
| not every row will have a value for every column. All the solutions |
| to a given SPARQL query don’t have to have values for all the |
| variables in every solution as we shall see later.</p> |
| <h2 id="basic-patterns">Basic Patterns</h2> |
| <p>A basic pattern is a set of triple patterns. It matches when the |
| triple patterns all match with the same value used each time the |
| variable with the same name is used.</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-sparql" data-lang="sparql"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">SELECT</span> <span style="color:#b8860b">?givenName</span> |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">WHERE</span> |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> { <span style="color:#b8860b">?y</span> <span style="color:#a0a000"><http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#Family></span> <span style="color:#b44">"Smith"</span> . |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#b8860b">?y</span> <span style="color:#a0a000"><http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#Given></span> <span style="color:#b8860b">?givenName</span> . |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> } |
| </span></span></code></pre></div><p>This query (<a href="sparql_data/q-bp2.rq">q-bp2.rq</a>) involves two triple patterns, each |
| triple ends in a ‘.’ (but the dot after the last one can be omitted |
| like it was in the one triple pattern example). The variable y has |
| to be the same for each triple pattern match. The solutions |
| are:</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-turtle" data-lang="turtle"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="">-------------</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">givenName</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">=============</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"John"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Rebecca"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">-------------</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span></code></pre></div><h3 id="qnames">QNames</h3> |
| <p>There is shorthand mechanism for writing long URIs using prefixes. |
| The query above is more clearly written as the query |
| (<a href="sparql_data/q-bp3.rq">q-bp3.rq</a>):</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-sparql" data-lang="sparql"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">PREFIX</span> <span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vcard</span>: <span style="color:#a0a000"><http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#></span> |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">SELECT</span> <span style="color:#b8860b">?givenName</span> |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">WHERE</span> |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> { <span style="color:#b8860b">?y</span> <span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vcard</span>:<span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Family</span> <span style="color:#b44">"Smith"</span> . |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#b8860b">?y</span> <span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vcard</span>:<span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Given</span> <span style="color:#b8860b">?givenName</span> . |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> } |
| </span></span></code></pre></div><p>This is a prefixing mechanism - the two parts of the URIs, from the |
| prefix declaration and from the part after the “:” in the qname, |
| are concatenated together. This is strictly not what an XML qname |
| is but uses the RDF rule for turning a qname into a URI by |
| concatenating the parts.</p> |
| <h3 id="blank-nodes">Blank Nodes</h3> |
| <p>Change the query just a little to return y as well |
| (<a href="sparql_data/q-bp4.rq">q-bp4.rq</a>) :</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-sparql" data-lang="sparql"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">PREFIX</span> <span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vcard</span>: <span style="color:#a0a000"><http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#></span> |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">SELECT</span> <span style="color:#b8860b">?y</span> <span style="color:#b8860b">?givenName</span> |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">WHERE</span> |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> { <span style="color:#b8860b">?y</span> <span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vcard</span>:<span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Family</span> <span style="color:#b44">"Smith"</span> . |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#b8860b">?y</span> <span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vcard</span>:<span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Given</span> <span style="color:#b8860b">?givenName</span> . |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> } |
| </span></span></code></pre></div><p>and the blank nodes appear</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-turtle" data-lang="turtle"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="">--------------------</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">y</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">givenName</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">====================</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">_</span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">b0</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"John"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">_</span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">:</span><span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">b1</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Rebecca"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">--------------------</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span></code></pre></div><p>as odd looking qnames starting <code>_:</code>. This isn’t the internal label |
| for the blank node - it is ARQ printing them out that assigned the |
| <code>_:b0</code>, <code>_:b1</code> to show when two blank nodes are the same. Here they |
| are different. It does not reveal the internal label used for the |
| blank node although that is available when using the Java API.</p> |
| <p><a href="sparql_filters.html">Next: Filters</a></p> |
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