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type="button"><!----><span class="vp-sidebar-title">附录</span><span class="vp-arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="vp-sidebar-group"><button class="vp-sidebar-header clickable" type="button"><!----><span class="vp-sidebar-title">FAQ</span><span class="vp-arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li></ul><!----></aside><!--[--><main id="main-content" class="vp-page"><!--[--><!----><!----><nav class="vp-breadcrumb disable"></nav><div class="vp-page-title"><h1><!---->基础函数</h1><div class="page-info"><!----><!----><span class="page-date-info" aria-label="写作日期📅" data-balloon-pos="up"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon calendar-icon" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" fill="currentColor" aria-label="calendar icon" name="calendar"><path d="M716.4 110.137c0-18.753-14.72-33.473-33.472-33.473-18.753 0-33.473 14.72-33.473 33.473v33.473h66.993v-33.473zm-334.87 0c0-18.753-14.72-33.473-33.473-33.473s-33.52 14.72-33.52 33.473v33.473h66.993v-33.473zm468.81 33.52H716.4v100.465c0 18.753-14.72 33.473-33.472 33.473a33.145 33.145 0 01-33.473-33.473V143.657H381.53v100.465c0 18.753-14.72 33.473-33.473 33.473a33.145 33.145 0 01-33.473-33.473V143.657H180.6A134.314 134.314 0 0046.66 277.595v535.756A134.314 134.314 0 00180.6 947.289h669.74a134.36 134.36 0 00133.94-133.938V277.595a134.314 134.314 0 00-133.94-133.938zm33.473 267.877H147.126a33.145 33.145 0 01-33.473-33.473c0-18.752 14.72-33.473 33.473-33.473h736.687c18.752 0 33.472 14.72 33.472 33.473a33.145 33.145 0 01-33.472 33.473z"></path></svg><span data-allow-mismatch="text">2025/2/13</span><meta property="datePublished" content="2025-02-13T13:17:08.000Z"></span><!----><span class="page-reading-time-info" aria-label="阅读时间⌛" data-balloon-pos="up"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon timer-icon" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" fill="currentColor" aria-label="timer icon" name="timer"><path d="M799.387 122.15c4.402-2.978 7.38-7.897 7.38-13.463v-1.165c0-8.933-7.38-16.312-16.312-16.312H256.33c-8.933 0-16.311 7.38-16.311 16.312v1.165c0 5.825 2.977 10.874 7.637 13.592 4.143 194.44 97.22 354.963 220.201 392.763-122.204 37.542-214.893 196.511-220.2 389.397-4.661 5.049-7.638 11.651-7.638 19.03v5.825h566.49v-5.825c0-7.379-2.849-13.981-7.509-18.9-5.049-193.016-97.867-351.985-220.2-389.527 123.24-37.67 216.446-198.453 220.588-392.892zM531.16 450.445v352.632c117.674 1.553 211.787 40.778 211.787 88.676H304.097c0-48.286 95.149-87.382 213.728-88.676V450.445c-93.077-3.107-167.901-81.297-167.901-177.093 0-8.803 6.99-15.793 15.793-15.793 8.803 0 15.794 6.99 15.794 15.793 0 80.261 63.69 145.635 142.01 145.635s142.011-65.374 142.011-145.635c0-8.803 6.99-15.793 15.794-15.793s15.793 6.99 15.793 15.793c0 95.019-73.789 172.82-165.96 177.093z"></path></svg><span>大约 50 分钟</span><meta property="timeRequired" content="PT50M"></span><!----><!----></div><hr></div><!----><div class="" vp-content><!----><div id="markdown-content"><h1 id="基础函数" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#基础函数"><span>基础函数</span></a></h1><h2 id="_1-比较函数和运算符" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-比较函数和运算符"><span>1. 比较函数和运算符</span></a></h2><h3 id="_1-1-基本比较运算符" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-1-基本比较运算符"><span>1.1 基本比较运算符</span></a></h3><p>比较运算符用于比较两个值，并返回比较结果（true或false）。</p><table><thead><tr><th>运算符</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><</td><td>小于</td></tr><tr><td>></td><td>大于</td></tr><tr><td><=</td><td>小于或等于</td></tr><tr><td>>=</td><td>大于或等于</td></tr><tr><td>=</td><td>等于</td></tr><tr><td><></td><td>不等于</td></tr><tr><td>!=</td><td>不等于</td></tr></tbody></table><h4 id="_1-1-1-比较规则" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-1-1-比较规则"><span>1.1.1 比较规则：</span></a></h4><ol><li>所有类型都可以与自身进行比较</li><li>数值类型（INT32, INT64, FLOAT, DOUBLE, TIMESTAMP）之间可以相互比较</li><li>字符类型（STRING, TEXT）之间也可以相互比较</li><li>除上述规则外的类型进行比较时，均会报错。</li></ol><h3 id="_1-2-between-运算符" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-between-运算符"><span>1.2 BETWEEN 运算符</span></a></h3><ol><li><code>BETWEEN</code> 操作符用于判断一个值是否在指定的范围内。</li><li><code>NOT BETWEEN</code>操作符用于判断一个值是否不在指定范围内。</li><li><code>BETWEEN</code> 和 <code>NOT BETWEEN</code> 操作符可用于评估任何可排序的类型。</li><li><code>BETWEEN</code> 和 <code>NOT BETWEEN</code> 的值、最小值和最大值参数必须是同一类型，否则会报错。</li></ol><p><strong>语法</strong>：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> value</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> BETWEEN</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> min </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AND</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> max：</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> value</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> NOT</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> BETWEEN</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> min </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AND</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> max：</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>示例 1 ：BETWEEN</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 查询 temperature 在 85.0 和 90.0 之间的记录</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">WHERE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> temperature </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">BETWEEN</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 90</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>示例 2 ：NOT BETWEEN</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#D19A66;">3</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 查询 humidity 不在 35.0 和 40.0 之间的记录</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">WHERE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> humidity </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">NOT</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> BETWEEN</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 35</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 40</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_1-3-is-null-运算符" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-3-is-null-运算符"><span>1.3 IS NULL 运算符</span></a></h3><ol><li><code>IS NULL</code> 和 <code>IS NOT NULL</code> 运算符用于判断一个值是否为 NULL。</li><li>这两个运算符适用于所有数据类型。</li></ol><p>示例1：查询 temperature 为 NULL 的记录</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">WHERE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> temperature </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">IS</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> NULL</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>示例2：查询 humidity 不为 NULL 的记录</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">WHERE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> humidity </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">IS NOT NULL</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_1-4-in-运算符" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-4-in-运算符"><span>1.4 IN 运算符</span></a></h3><ol><li><code>IN</code> 操作符可用于 <code>WHERE</code> 子句中，比较一列中的一些值。</li><li>这些值可以由静态数组、标量表达式。</li></ol><p><strong>语法：</strong></p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">... </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">WHERE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> column </span><span style="color:#E06C75;">[NOT]</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> IN</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> (</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'value1'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'value2'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, expression1)</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>示例 1：静态数组：查询 region 为 '北京' 或 '上海' 的记录</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">WHERE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> region </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">IN</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> (</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'北京'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#98C379;">'上海'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">);</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--等价于</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> region </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">WHERE</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> name</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#98C379;"> '北京'</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> OR</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> name</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#98C379;"> '上海'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>示例 2：标量表达式：查询 temperature 在特定值中的记录</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">WHERE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> temperature </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">IN</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> (</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">90</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">);</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>示例 3：查询 region 不为 '北京' 或 '上海' 的记录</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">WHERE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> region </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">NOT</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> IN</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> (</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'北京'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#98C379;">'上海'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">);</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_1-5-greatest-和-least" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-5-greatest-和-least"><span>1.5 GREATEST 和 LEAST</span></a></h3><p><code>Greatest</code> 函数用于返回参数列表中的最大值，<code>Least</code> 函数用于返回参数列表中的最小值，返回数据类型与输入类型相同。</p><ol><li>空值处理：若所有参数均为 NULL，则返回 NULL。</li><li>参数要求：必须提供 至少 2 个参数。</li><li>类型约束：仅支持 相同数据类型 的参数比较。</li><li>支持类型： <code>BOOLEAN</code>、<code>FLOAT</code>、<code>DOUBLE</code>、<code>INT32</code>、<code>INT64</code>、<code>STRING</code>、<code>TEXT</code>、<code>TIMESTAMP</code>、<code>DATE</code></li></ol><p><strong>语法：</strong></p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> greatest</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(value1, value2, ..., valueN)</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> least</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(value1, value2, ..., valueN)</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p><strong>示例：</strong></p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 查询 table2 中 temperature 和 humidity 的最大记录</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> GREATEST</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(temperature,humidity) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table2;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 查询 table2 中 temperature 和 humidity 的最小记录</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> LEAST</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(temperature,humidity) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table2;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h2 id="_2-聚合函数" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-聚合函数"><span>2. 聚合函数</span></a></h2><h3 id="_2-1-概述" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-1-概述"><span>2.1 概述</span></a></h3><ol><li>聚合函数是多对一函数。它们对一组值进行聚合计算，得到单个聚合结果。</li><li>除了 <code>COUNT()</code>之外，其他所有聚合函数都忽略空值，并在没有输入行或所有值为空时返回空值。 例如，<code>SUM()</code> 返回 null 而不是零，而 <code>AVG()</code> 在计数中不包括 null 值。</li></ol><h3 id="_2-2-支持的聚合函数" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-2-支持的聚合函数"><span>2.2 支持的聚合函数</span></a></h3><table><thead><tr><th>函数名</th><th>功能描述</th><th>允许的输入类型</th><th>输出类型</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>COUNT</td><td>计算数据点数。</td><td>所有类型</td><td>INT64</td></tr><tr><td>COUNT_IF</td><td>COUNT_IF(exp) 用于统计满足指定布尔表达式的记录行数</td><td>exp 必须是一个布尔类型的表达式，例如 count_if(temperature>20)</td><td>INT64</td></tr><tr><td>APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT</td><td>APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT(x[,maxStandardError]) 函数提供 COUNT(DISTINCT x) 的近似值，返回不同输入值的近似个数。</td><td><code>x</code>：待计算列，支持所有类型；<br> <code>maxStandardError</code>：指定该函数应产生的最大标准误差，取值范围[0.0040625, 0.26]，未指定值时默认0.023。</td><td>INT64</td></tr><tr><td>APPROX_MOST_FREQUENT</td><td>APPROX_MOST_FREQUENT(x, k, capacity) 函数用于近似计算数据集中出现频率最高的前 k 个元素。它返回一个JSON 格式的字符串，其中键是该元素的值，值是该元素对应的近似频率。（V 2.0.5.1 及以后版本支持）</td><td><code>x</code>：待计算列，支持 IoTDB 现有所有的数据类型；<br> <code>k</code>：返回出现频率最高的 k 个值；<br> <code>capacity</code>: 用于计算的桶的数量，跟内存占用相关：其值越大误差越小，但占用内存更大，反之capacity值越小误差越大，但占用内存更小。</td><td>STRING</td></tr><tr><td>SUM</td><td>求和。</td><td>INT32 INT64 FLOAT DOUBLE</td><td>DOUBLE</td></tr><tr><td>AVG</td><td>求平均值。</td><td>INT32 INT64 FLOAT DOUBLE</td><td>DOUBLE</td></tr><tr><td>MAX</td><td>求最大值。</td><td>所有类型</td><td>与输入类型一致</td></tr><tr><td>MIN</td><td>求最小值。</td><td>所有类型</td><td>与输入类型一致</td></tr><tr><td>FIRST</td><td>求时间戳最小且不为 NULL 的值。</td><td>所有类型</td><td>与输入类型一致</td></tr><tr><td>LAST</td><td>求时间戳最大且不为 NULL 的值。</td><td>所有类型</td><td>与输入类型一致</td></tr><tr><td>STDDEV</td><td>STDDEV_SAMP 的别名，求样本标准差。</td><td>INT32 INT64 FLOAT DOUBLE</td><td>DOUBLE</td></tr><tr><td>STDDEV_POP</td><td>求总体标准差。</td><td>INT32 INT64 FLOAT DOUBLE</td><td>DOUBLE</td></tr><tr><td>STDDEV_SAMP</td><td>求样本标准差。</td><td>INT32 INT64 FLOAT DOUBLE</td><td>DOUBLE</td></tr><tr><td>VARIANCE</td><td>VAR_SAMP 的别名，求样本方差。</td><td>INT32 INT64 FLOAT DOUBLE</td><td>DOUBLE</td></tr><tr><td>VAR_POP</td><td>求总体方差。</td><td>INT32 INT64 FLOAT DOUBLE</td><td>DOUBLE</td></tr><tr><td>VAR_SAMP</td><td>求样本方差。</td><td>INT32 INT64 FLOAT DOUBLE</td><td>DOUBLE</td></tr><tr><td>EXTREME</td><td>求具有最大绝对值的值。如果正值和负值的最大绝对值相等，则返回正值。</td><td>INT32 INT64 FLOAT DOUBLE</td><td>与输入类型一致</td></tr><tr><td>MODE</td><td>求众数。注意： 1.输入序列的不同值个数过多时会有内存异常风险; 2.如果所有元素出现的频次相同，即没有众数，则随机返回一个元素; 3.如果有多个众数，则随机返回一个众数； 4. NULL 值也会被统计频次，所以即使输入序列的值不全为 NULL，最终结果也可能为 NULL。</td><td>所有类型</td><td>与输入类型一致</td></tr><tr><td>MAX_BY</td><td>MAX_BY(x, y) 求二元输入 x 和 y 在 y 最大时对应的 x 的值。MAX_BY(time, x) 返回 x 取最大值时对应的时间戳。</td><td>x 和 y 可以是任意类型</td><td>与第一个输入 x 的数据类型一致</td></tr><tr><td>MIN_BY</td><td>MIN_BY(x, y) 求二元输入 x 和 y 在 y 最小时对应的 x 的值。MIN_BY(time, x) 返回 x 取最小值时对应的时间戳。</td><td>x 和 y 可以是任意类型</td><td>与第一个输入 x 的数据类型一致</td></tr><tr><td>FIRST_BY</td><td>FIRST_BY(x, y) 求当 y 为第一个不为 NULL 的值时，同一行里对应的 x 值。</td><td>x 和 y 可以是任意类型</td><td>与第一个输入 x 的数据类型一致</td></tr><tr><td>LAST_BY</td><td>LAST_BY(x, y) 求当 y 为最后一个不为 NULL 的值时，同一行里对应的 x 值。</td><td>x 和 y 可以是任意类型</td><td>与第一个输入 x 的数据类型一致</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id="_2-3-示例" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-示例"><span>2.3 示例</span></a></h3><h4 id="_2-3-1-示例数据" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-1-示例数据"><span>2.3.1 示例数据</span></a></h4><p>在<a class="route-link" href="/zh/UserGuide/latest-Table/Reference/Sample-Data.html">示例数据页面</a>中，包含了用于构建表结构和插入数据的SQL语句，下载并在IoTDB CLI中执行这些语句，即可将数据导入IoTDB，您可以使用这些数据来测试和执行示例中的SQL语句，并获得相应的结果。</p><h4 id="_2-3-2-count" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-2-count"><span>2.3.2 Count</span></a></h4><p>统计的是整张表的行数和 <code>temperature</code> 列非 NULL 值的数量。</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> count</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(*), </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">count</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(temperature) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>执行结果如下：</p><blockquote><p>注意：只有COUNT函数可以与*一起使用，否则将抛出错误。</p></blockquote><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col0|_col1|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">18</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">12</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Total </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">line</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> number</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">It costs </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.834s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="_2-3-3-count-if" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-3-count-if"><span>2.3.3 Count_if</span></a></h4><p>统计 <code>table2</code> 中 到达时间 <code>arrival_time</code> 不是 <code>null</code> 的记录行数。</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> count_if(arrival_time </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">is not null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table2;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>执行结果如下：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">4</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Total </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">line</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> number</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">It costs </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.047s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="_2-3-4-approx-count-distinct" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-4-approx-count-distinct"><span>2.3.4 Approx_count_distinct</span></a></h4><p>查询 <code>table1</code> 中 <code>temperature</code> 列不同值的个数。</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> COUNT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DISTINCT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> temperature) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> origin, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(temperature) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> approx </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> COUNT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DISTINCT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> temperature) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> origin, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(temperature,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">006</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> approx </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>执行结果如下：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|origin|approx|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Total </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">line</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> number</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">It costs </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.022s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="_2-3-5-approx-most-frequent" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-5-approx-most-frequent"><span>2.3.5 Approx_most_frequent</span></a></h4><p>查询 <code>table1</code> 中 <code>temperature</code> 列出现频次最高的2个值</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> approx_most_frequent(temperature,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> topk </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>执行结果如下：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| topk|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|{</span><span style="color:#98C379;">"85.0"</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">6</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#98C379;">"90.0"</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">5</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">}|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Total </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">line</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> number</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">It costs </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.064s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="_2-3-6-first" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-6-first"><span>2.3.6 First</span></a></h4><p>查询<code>temperature</code>列、<code>humidity</code>列时间戳最小且不为 NULL 的值。</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> first</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(temperature), </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">first</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(humidity) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>执行结果如下：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col0|_col1|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">90</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">35</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Total </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">line</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> number</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">It costs </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.170s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="_2-3-7-last" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-7-last"><span>2.3.7 Last</span></a></h4><p>查询<code>temperature</code>列、<code>humidity</code>列时间戳最大且不为 NULL 的值。</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> last</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(temperature), </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">last</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(humidity) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>执行结果如下：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col0|_col1|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">90</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">34</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">8</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Total </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">line</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> number</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">It costs </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.211s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="_2-3-8-first-by" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-8-first-by"><span>2.3.8 First_by</span></a></h4><p>查询 <code>temperature</code> 列中非 NULL 且时间戳最小的行的 <code>time</code> 值，以及 <code>temperature</code> 列中非 NULL 且时间戳最小的行的 <code>humidity</code> 值。</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> first_by(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, temperature), first_by(humidity, temperature) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>执行结果如下：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| _col0|_col1|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-26T13:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">37</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">35</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Total </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">line</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> number</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">It costs </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.269s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="_2-3-9-last-by" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-9-last-by"><span>2.3.9 Last_by</span></a></h4><p>查询<code>temperature</code> 列中非 NULL 且时间戳最大的行的 <code>time</code> 值，以及 <code>temperature</code> 列中非 NULL 且时间戳最大的行的 <code>humidity</code> 值。</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> last_by(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, temperature), last_by(humidity, temperature) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>执行结果如下：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| _col0|_col1|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-30T14:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">30</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">34</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">8</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Total </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">line</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> number</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">It costs </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.070s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="_2-3-10-max-by" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-10-max-by"><span>2.3.10 Max_by</span></a></h4><p>查询<code>temperature</code> 列中最大值所在行的 <code>time</code> 值，以及<code>temperature</code> 列中最大值所在行的 <code>humidity</code> 值。</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> max_by(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, temperature), max_by(humidity, temperature) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>执行结果如下：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| _col0|_col1|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-30T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">30</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">35</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Total </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">line</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> number</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">It costs </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.172s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="_2-3-11-min-by" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-11-min-by"><span>2.3.11 Min_by</span></a></h4><p>查询<code>temperature</code> 列中最小值所在行的 <code>time</code> 值，以及<code>temperature</code> 列中最小值所在行的 <code>humidity</code> 值。</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">select</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> min_by(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, temperature), min_by(humidity, temperature) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>执行结果如下：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| _col0|_col1|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-29T10:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Total </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">line</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> number</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">It costs </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.244s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h2 id="_3-逻辑运算符" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-逻辑运算符"><span>3. 逻辑运算符</span></a></h2><h3 id="_3-1-概述" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-1-概述"><span>3.1 概述</span></a></h3><p>逻辑运算符用于组合条件或否定条件，返回布尔结果（<code>true</code> 或 <code>false</code>）。</p><p>以下是常用的逻辑运算符及其描述：</p><table><thead><tr><th>运算符</th><th>描述</th><th>示例</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>AND</td><td>仅当两个值都为 true 时为 true</td><td>a AND b</td></tr><tr><td>OR</td><td>任一值为 true 时为 true</td><td>a OR b</td></tr><tr><td>NOT</td><td>当值为 false 时为 true</td><td>NOT a</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id="_3-2-null-对逻辑运算符的影响" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-2-null-对逻辑运算符的影响"><span>3.2 NULL 对逻辑运算符的影响</span></a></h3><h4 id="_3-2-1-and-运算符" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-2-1-and-运算符"><span>3.2.1 AND 运算符</span></a></h4><ul><li>如果表达式的一侧或两侧为 <code>NULL</code>，结果可能为 <code>NULL</code>。</li><li>如果 <code>AND</code> 运算符的一侧为 <code>FALSE</code>，则表达式结果为 <code>FALSE</code>。</li></ul><p>示例：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">NULL</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> true </span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- null</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">NULL</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> false </span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- false</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">NULL</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> NULL</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;"> -- null</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="_3-2-2-or-运算符" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-2-2-or-运算符"><span>3.2.2 OR 运算符</span></a></h4><ul><li>如果表达式的一侧或两侧为 <code>NULL</code>，结果可能为 <code>NULL</code>。</li><li>如果 <code>OR</code> 运算符的一侧为 <code>TRUE</code>，则表达式结果为 <code>TRUE</code>。</li></ul><p>示例：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">NULL</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> OR</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> NULL</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;"> -- null</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">NULL</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> OR</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> false </span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- null</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">NULL</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> OR</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> true </span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- true</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h5 id="_3-2-2-1-真值表" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-2-2-1-真值表"><span>3.2.2.1 真值表</span></a></h5><p>以下真值表展示了 <code>NULL</code> 在 <code>AND</code> 和 <code>OR</code> 运算符中的处理方式：</p><table><thead><tr><th>a</th><th>b</th><th>a AND b</th><th>a OR b</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>TRUE</td><td>TRUE</td><td>TRUE</td><td>TRUE</td></tr><tr><td>TRUE</td><td>FALSE</td><td>FALSE</td><td>TRUE</td></tr><tr><td>TRUE</td><td>NULL</td><td>NULL</td><td>TRUE</td></tr><tr><td>FALSE</td><td>TRUE</td><td>FALSE</td><td>TRUE</td></tr><tr><td>FALSE</td><td>FALSE</td><td>FALSE</td><td>FALSE</td></tr><tr><td>FALSE</td><td>NULL</td><td>FALSE</td><td>NULL</td></tr><tr><td>NULL</td><td>TRUE</td><td>NULL</td><td>TRUE</td></tr><tr><td>NULL</td><td>FALSE</td><td>FALSE</td><td>NULL</td></tr><tr><td>NULL</td><td>NULL</td><td>NULL</td><td>NULL</td></tr></tbody></table><h4 id="_3-2-3-not-运算符" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-2-3-not-运算符"><span>3.2.3 NOT 运算符</span></a></h4><p>NULL 的逻辑否定仍然是 NULL</p><p>示例：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">NOT NULL</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;"> -- null</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h5 id="_3-2-3-1真值表" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-2-3-1真值表"><span>3.2.3.1真值表</span></a></h5><p>以下真值表展示了 <code>NULL</code> 在 <code>NOT</code> 运算符中的处理方式：</p><table><thead><tr><th>a</th><th>NOT a</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>TRUE</td><td>FALSE</td></tr><tr><td>FALSE</td><td>TRUE</td></tr><tr><td>NULL</td><td>NULL</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id="_4-日期和时间函数和运算符" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_4-日期和时间函数和运算符"><span>4. 日期和时间函数和运算符</span></a></h2><h3 id="_4-1-now-timestamp" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_4-1-now-timestamp"><span>4.1 now() -> Timestamp</span></a></h3><p>返回当前时间的时间戳。</p><h3 id="_4-2-date-bin-interval-timestamp-timestamp-timestamp" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_4-2-date-bin-interval-timestamp-timestamp-timestamp"><span>4.2 date_bin(interval, Timestamp[, Timestamp]) -> Timestamp</span></a></h3><p><code>date_bin</code> 函数是一种用于处理时间数据的函数，作用是将一个时间戳（Timestamp）舍入到指定的时间间隔（interval）的边界上。</p><p><strong>语法：</strong></p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 从时间戳为 0 开始计算时间间隔，返回最接近指定时间戳的时间间隔起始点</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">date_bin(interval,source)</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 从时间戳为 origin 开始计算时间间隔，返回最接近指定时间戳的时间间隔起始点</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">date_bin(interval,source,origin)</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- interval支持的时间单位有:</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 年y、月mo、周week、日d、小时h、分钟M、秒s、毫秒ms、微秒µs、纳秒ns。</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- source必须为时间戳类型。</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p><strong>参数：</strong></p><table><thead><tr><th>参数</th><th>含义</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>interval</td><td>时间间隔支持的时间单位有：年y、月mo、周week、日d、小时h、分钟M、秒s、毫秒ms、微秒µs、纳秒ns。</td></tr><tr><td>source</td><td>待计算时间列，也可以是表达式。必须为时间戳类型。</td></tr><tr><td>origin</td><td>起始时间戳</td></tr></tbody></table><h4 id="_4-2-1-语法约定" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_4-2-1-语法约定"><span>4.2.1 语法约定：</span></a></h4><ol><li>不传入 <code>origin</code> 时，起始时间戳从 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z 开始计算（北京时间为 1970-01-01 08:00:00）。</li><li><code>interval</code> 为一个非负数，且必须带上时间单位。<code>interval</code> 为 0ms 时，不进行计算，直接返回 <code>source</code>。</li><li>当传入 <code>origin</code> 或 <code>source</code> 为负时，表示纪元时间之前的某个时间点，<code>date_bin</code> 会正常计算并返回与该时间点相关的时间段。</li><li>如果 <code>source</code> 中的值为 <code>null</code>，则返回 <code>null</code>。</li><li>不支持月份和非月份时间单位混用，例如 <code>1 MONTH 1 DAY</code>，这种时间间隔有歧义。</li></ol><blockquote><p>假设是起始时间是 2000 年 4 月 30 日进行计算，那么在一个时间间隔后，如果是先算 DAY再算MONTH，则会得到 2000 年 6 月 1 日，如果先算 MONTH 再算 DAY 则会得到 2000 年 5 月 31 日，二者得出的时间日期不同。</p></blockquote><h4 id="_4-2-2-示例" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_4-2-2-示例"><span>4.2.2 示例</span></a></h4><h5 id="示例数据" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#示例数据"><span>示例数据</span></a></h5><p>在<a class="route-link" href="/zh/UserGuide/latest-Table/Reference/Sample-Data.html">示例数据页面</a>中，包含了用于构建表结构和插入数据的SQL语句，下载并在IoTDB CLI中执行这些语句，即可将数据导入IoTDB，您可以使用这些数据来测试和执行示例中的SQL语句，并获得相应的结果。</p><p>示例 1：不指定起始时间戳</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> date_bin(1h,</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> time_bin</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>结果：</p><div class="language-plain line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="plain" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-plain"><span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>| time| time_bin|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-30T09:30:00.000+08:00|2024-11-30T09:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-30T14:30:00.000+08:00|2024-11-30T14:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T10:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-29T10:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:38:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:39:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:40:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:41:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:42:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:43:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:44:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T18:30:00.000+08:00|2024-11-29T18:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-26T13:37:00.000+08:00|2024-11-26T13:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-26T13:38:00.000+08:00|2024-11-26T13:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>Total line number = 18</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>It costs 0.683s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>示例 2：指定起始时间戳</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> date_bin(1h, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-29T18:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">30</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> time_bin</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>结果：</p><div class="language-plain line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="plain" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-plain"><span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>| time| time_bin|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-30T09:30:00.000+08:00|2024-11-30T09:30:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-30T14:30:00.000+08:00|2024-11-30T14:30:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T10:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-29T09:30:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:38:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:30:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:39:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:30:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:40:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:30:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:41:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:30:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:42:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:30:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:43:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:30:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:44:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:30:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-29T10:30:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T18:30:00.000+08:00|2024-11-29T18:30:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-28T07:30:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-28T08:30:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-28T09:30:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-28T10:30:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-26T13:37:00.000+08:00|2024-11-26T13:30:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-26T13:38:00.000+08:00|2024-11-26T13:30:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>Total line number = 18</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>It costs 0.056s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>示例 3：<code>origin</code> 为负数的情况</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> date_bin(1h, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1969</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">12</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">31</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> time_bin</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>结果：</p><div class="language-plain line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="plain" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-plain"><span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>| time| time_bin|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-30T09:30:00.000+08:00|2024-11-30T09:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-30T14:30:00.000+08:00|2024-11-30T14:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T10:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-29T10:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:38:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:39:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:40:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:41:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:42:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:43:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:44:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T18:30:00.000+08:00|2024-11-29T18:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-26T13:37:00.000+08:00|2024-11-26T13:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-26T13:38:00.000+08:00|2024-11-26T13:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>Total line number = 18</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>It costs 0.203s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>示例 4：<code>interval</code> 为 0 的情况</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> date_bin(0ms, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> time_bin</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>结果：</p><div class="language-plain line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="plain" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-plain"><span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>| time| time_bin|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-30T09:30:00.000+08:00|2024-11-30T09:30:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-30T14:30:00.000+08:00|2024-11-30T14:30:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T10:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-29T10:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:38:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:38:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:39:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:39:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:40:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:40:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:41:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:41:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:42:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:42:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:43:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:43:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:44:00.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:44:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T18:30:00.000+08:00|2024-11-29T18:30:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-26T13:37:00.000+08:00|2024-11-26T13:37:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-26T13:38:00.000+08:00|2024-11-26T13:38:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>Total line number = 18</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>It costs 0.107s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>示例 5：<code>source</code> 为 null 的情况</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> arrival_time,</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> date_bin(1h,arrival_time) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> time_bin</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>结果：</p><div class="language-plain line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="plain" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-plain"><span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>| arrival_time| time_bin|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>| null| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-30T14:30:17.000+08:00|2024-11-30T14:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T10:00:13.000+08:00|2024-11-29T10:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:37:01.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>| null| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:37:03.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:37:04.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>| null| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>| null| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:37:08.000+08:00|2024-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>| null| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T18:30:15.000+08:00|2024-11-29T18:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T08:00:09.000+08:00|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>| null| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T10:00:11.000+08:00|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T11:00:12.000+08:00|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-26T13:37:34.000+08:00|2024-11-26T13:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-26T13:38:25.000+08:00|2024-11-26T13:00:00.000+08:00|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>Total line number = 18</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>It costs 0.319s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_4-3-extract-函数" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_4-3-extract-函数"><span>4.3 Extract 函数</span></a></h3><p>该函数用于提取日期对应部分的值。（V2.0.6 版本起支持）</p><h4 id="_4-3-1-语法定义" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_4-3-1-语法定义"><span>4.3.1 语法定义</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">EXTRACT (identifier </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> expression)</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ul><li>参数说明 <ul><li><p><strong>expression</strong>： <code>TIMESTAMP</code> 类型或时间常量</p></li><li><p><strong>identifier</strong> ：取值范围及对应的返回值见下表</p><table><thead><tr><th>取值范围</th><th>返回值类型</th><th>返回值范围</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>YEAR</code></td><td><code>INT64</code></td><td><code>/</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>QUARTER</code></td><td><code>INT64</code></td><td><code>1-4</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>MONTH</code></td><td><code>INT64</code></td><td><code>1-12</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>WEEK</code></td><td><code>INT64</code></td><td><code>1-53</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>DAY_OF_MONTH (DAY)</code></td><td><code>INT64</code></td><td><code>1-31</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>DAY_OF_WEEK (DOW)</code></td><td><code>INT64</code></td><td><code>1-7</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>DAY_OF_YEAR (DOY)</code></td><td><code>INT64</code></td><td><code>1-366</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>HOUR</code></td><td><code>INT64</code></td><td><code>0-23</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>MINUTE</code></td><td><code>INT64</code></td><td><code>0-59</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>SECOND</code></td><td><code>INT64</code></td><td><code>0-59</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>MS</code></td><td><code>INT64</code></td><td><code>0-999</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>US</code></td><td><code>INT64</code></td><td><code>0-999</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>NS</code></td><td><code>INT64</code></td><td><code>0-999</code></td></tr></tbody></table></li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="_4-3-2-使用示例" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_4-3-2-使用示例"><span>4.3.2 使用示例</span></a></h4><p>以<a class="route-link" href="/zh/UserGuide/latest-Table/Reference/Sample-Data.html">示例数据</a>中的 table1 为源数据，查询某段时间每天前12个小时的温度平均值</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> format</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'%1$tY-%1$tm-%1$td'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,date_bin(1d,</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">)) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> fmtdate,</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">avg</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(temperature) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> avgtp </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">where</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> >=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-26T00:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> and</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> <=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-30T23:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">59</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">59</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> and</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> extract(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">hour</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> from</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"><=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 12</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> group by</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> date_bin(1d,</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">order by</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> date_bin(1d,</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">)</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">----------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| fmtdate|avgtp|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">----------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">28</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">86</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">29</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">30</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">90</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">----------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Total </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">line</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> number</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 3</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">It costs </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.041s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p><code>Format</code> 函数介绍：<a class="route-link" href="/zh/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/Basis-Function_apache.html#_7-2-format-%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0">Format 函数</a></p><p><code>Date_bin</code> 函数介绍：<a class="route-link" href="/zh/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/Basis-Function_apache.html#_4-2-date-bin-interval-timestamp-timestamp-timestamp">Date_bin 函数</a></p><h2 id="_5-数学函数和运算符" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_5-数学函数和运算符"><span>5. 数学函数和运算符</span></a></h2><h3 id="_5-1-数学运算符" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_5-1-数学运算符"><span>5.1 数学运算符</span></a></h3><table><thead><tr><th><strong>运算符</strong></th><th><strong>描述</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>+</td><td>加法</td></tr><tr><td>-</td><td>减法</td></tr><tr><td>*</td><td>乘法</td></tr><tr><td>/</td><td>除法（整数除法执行截断）</td></tr><tr><td>%</td><td>模（余数）</td></tr><tr><td>-</td><td>取反</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id="_5-2-数学函数" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_5-2-数学函数"><span>5.2 数学函数</span></a></h3><table><thead><tr><th>函数名</th><th>描述</th><th>输入</th><th>输出</th><th>用法</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>sin</td><td>正弦函数</td><td>double、float、INT64、INT32</td><td>double</td><td>sin(x)</td></tr><tr><td>cos</td><td>余弦函数</td><td>double、float、INT64、INT32</td><td>double</td><td>cos(x)</td></tr><tr><td>tan</td><td>正切函数</td><td>double、float、INT64、INT32</td><td>double</td><td>tan(x)</td></tr><tr><td>asin</td><td>反正弦函数</td><td>double、float、INT64、INT32</td><td>double</td><td>asin(x)</td></tr><tr><td>acos</td><td>反余弦函数</td><td>double、float、INT64、INT32</td><td>double</td><td>acos(x)</td></tr><tr><td>atan</td><td>反正切函数</td><td>double、float、INT64、INT32</td><td>double</td><td>atan(x)</td></tr><tr><td>sinh</td><td>双曲正弦函数</td><td>double、float、INT64、INT32</td><td>double</td><td>sinh(x)</td></tr><tr><td>cosh</td><td>双曲余弦函数</td><td>double、float、INT64、INT32</td><td>double</td><td>cosh(x)</td></tr><tr><td>tanh</td><td>双曲正切函数</td><td>double、float、INT64、INT32</td><td>double</td><td>tanh(x)</td></tr><tr><td>degrees</td><td>将弧度角 x 转换为度</td><td>double、float、INT64、INT32</td><td>double</td><td>degrees(x)</td></tr><tr><td>radians</td><td>将度转换为弧度</td><td>double、float、INT64、INT32</td><td>double</td><td>radians(x)</td></tr><tr><td>abs</td><td>绝对值</td><td>double、float、INT64、INT32</td><td>返回与输入类型相同的值</td><td>abs(x)</td></tr><tr><td>sign</td><td>返回 x 的符号函数，即：如果参数为 0，则返回 0，如果参数大于 0，则返回 1，如果参数小于 0，则返回 -1。对于 double/float 类型的参数，函数还会返回：如果参数为 NaN，则返回 NaN，如果参数为 +Infinity，则返回 1.0，如果参数为 -Infinity，则返回 -1.0。</td><td>double、float、INT64、INT32</td><td>返回与输入类型相同的值</td><td>sign(x)</td></tr><tr><td>ceil</td><td>返回 x 向上取整到最近的整数。</td><td>double、float、INT64、INT32</td><td>double</td><td>ceil(x)</td></tr><tr><td>floor</td><td>返回 x 向下取整到最近的整数。</td><td>double、float、INT64、INT32</td><td>double</td><td>floor(x)</td></tr><tr><td>exp</td><td>返回欧拉数 e 的 x 次幂。</td><td>double、float、INT64、INT32</td><td>double</td><td>exp(x)</td></tr><tr><td>ln</td><td>返回 x 的自然对数。</td><td>double、float、INT64、INT32</td><td>double</td><td>ln(x)</td></tr><tr><td>log10</td><td>返回 x 的以 10 为底的对数。</td><td>double、float、INT64、INT32</td><td>double</td><td>log10(x)</td></tr><tr><td>round</td><td>返回 x 四舍五入到最近的整数。</td><td>double、float、INT64、INT32</td><td>double</td><td>round(x)</td></tr><tr><td>round</td><td>返回 x 四舍五入到 d 位小数。</td><td>double、float、INT64、INT32</td><td>double</td><td>round(x, d)</td></tr><tr><td>sqrt</td><td>返回 x 的平方根。</td><td>double、float、INT64、INT32</td><td>double</td><td>sqrt(x)</td></tr><tr><td>e</td><td>自然指数</td><td></td><td>double</td><td>e()</td></tr><tr><td>pi</td><td>π</td><td></td><td>double</td><td>pi()</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id="_6-位运算函数" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-位运算函数"><span>6. 位运算函数</span></a></h2><blockquote><p>V 2.0.6 版本起支持</p></blockquote><p>示例原始数据如下：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+---------+------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|device_id|</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|width|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+---------+------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2025</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-29T15:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">59</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">42</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">957</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| d1| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">14</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">12</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2025</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-29T15:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">58</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">59</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">399</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| d3| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2025</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-29T15:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">59</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">32</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">769</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| d2| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">13</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">12</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+---------+------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--建表语句</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">CREATE</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> TABLE</span><span style="color:#61AFEF;"> bit_table</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> TIMESTAMP</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> TIME</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, device_id STRING TAG, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> INT32 FIELD, width INT32 FIELD);</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--写入数据</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">INSERT INTO</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">values</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2025</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">29</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">59</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">42</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">957</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#98C379;">'d1'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">14</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">12</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">),(</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2025</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">29</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">58</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">59</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">399</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#98C379;">'d3'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">),(</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2025</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">29</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">59</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">32</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">769</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#98C379;">'d2'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">13</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">12</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">);</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_6-1-bit-count-num-bits" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-1-bit-count-num-bits"><span>6.1 bit_count(num, bits)</span></a></h3><p><code>bit_count(num, bits)</code> 函数用于统计整数 <code>num</code>在指定位宽 <code>bits</code>下的二进制表示中 1 的个数。</p><h4 id="_6-1-1-语法定义" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-1-1-语法定义"><span>6.1.1 语法定义</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#56B6C2;">bit_count</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(num, bits) -</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> INT64 </span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--返回结果类型为 Int64</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ul><li>参数说明 <ul><li><strong>num：</strong>任意整型数值（int32 或者 int64）</li><li><strong>bits：</strong>整型数值，取值范围为2~64</li></ul></li></ul><p>注意：如果 bits 位数不够表示 num，会报错（此处是<strong>有符号补码</strong>）：<code>Argument exception, the scalar function num must be representable with the bits specified. [num] cannot be represented with [bits] bits.</code></p><ul><li>调用方式 <ul><li>两个具体数值：<code>bit_count(9, 64)</code></li><li>列与数值：<code>bit_count(column1, 64)</code></li><li>两列之间：<code>bit_count(column1, column2)</code></li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="_6-1-2-使用示例" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-1-2-使用示例"><span>6.1.2 使用示例</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 两个具体数值</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select distinct</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> bit_count</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">8</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 两个具体数值</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select distinct</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> bit_count</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">5</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">8</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">7</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--列与数值</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">bit_count</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">8</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col1|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">14</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">4</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">13</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--bits位数不够</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">bit_count</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Msg: </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">org</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">apache</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">iotdb</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">jdbc</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.IoTDBSQLException: </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">701</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">: Argument exception, the </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">scalar</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> function</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> num must be representable </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">with</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> the bits specified. </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">13</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> cannot be represented </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">with</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bits.</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_6-2-bitwise-and-x-y" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-2-bitwise-and-x-y"><span>6.2 bitwise_and(x, y)</span></a></h3><p><code>bitwise_and(x, y)</code>函数基于二进制补码表示法，对两个整数 x 和 y 的每一位进行逻辑与操作，并返回其按位与（bitwise AND）的运算结果。</p><h4 id="_6-2-1-语法定义" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-2-1-语法定义"><span>6.2.1 语法定义</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">bitwise_and(x, y) -</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> INT64 </span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--返回结果类型为 Int64</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ul><li>参数说明 <ul><li><strong>x, y</strong>: 必须是 Int32 或 Int64 数据类型的整数值</li></ul></li><li>调用方式 <ul><li>两个具体数值：<code>bitwise_and(19, 25)</code></li><li>列与数值：<code>bitwise_and(column1, 25)</code></li><li>两列之间：<code>bitwise_and(column1, column2)</code></li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="_6-2-2-使用示例" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-2-2-使用示例"><span>6.2.2 使用示例</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--两个具体数值</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select distinct</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bitwise_and(</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">19</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">25</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">17</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--列与数值</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, bitwise_and(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">25</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col1|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">14</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">8</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">9</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">13</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">9</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--俩列之间</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, width, bitwise_and(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, width) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|width|_col2|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">14</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">12</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">12</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">13</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">12</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">12</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+-----+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_6-3-bitwise-not-x" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-3-bitwise-not-x"><span>6.3 bitwise_not(x)</span></a></h3><p><code>bitwise_not(x)</code> 函数基于二进制补码表示法，对整数 x 的每一位进行逻辑非操作，并返回其按位取反（bitwise NOT）的运算结果。</p><h4 id="_6-3-1-语法定义" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-3-1-语法定义"><span>6.3.1 语法定义</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">bitwise_not(x) -</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> INT64 </span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--返回结果类型为 Int64</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ul><li>参数说明 <ul><li><strong>x</strong>: 必须是 Int32 或 Int64 数据类型的整数值</li></ul></li><li>调用方式 <ul><li>具体数值：<code>bitwise_not(5)</code></li><li>单列操作：<code>bitwise_not(column1)</code></li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="_6-3-2-使用示例" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-3-2-使用示例"><span>6.3.2 使用示例</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 具体数值</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select distinct</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bitwise_not(</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">5</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| -</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">6</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 单列</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, bitwise_not(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col1|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">14</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| -</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| -</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">16</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">13</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| -</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">14</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_6-4-bitwise-or-x-y" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-4-bitwise-or-x-y"><span>6.4 bitwise_or(x, y)</span></a></h3><p><code>bitwise_or(x,y)</code> 函数基于二进制补码表示法，对两个整数 x 和 y 的每一位进行逻辑或操作，并返回其按位或（bitwise OR）的运算结果。</p><h4 id="_6-4-1-语法定义" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-4-1-语法定义"><span>6.4.1 语法定义</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">bitwise_or(x, y) -</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> INT64 </span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--返回结果类型为 Int64</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ul><li>参数说明 <ul><li><strong>x, y</strong>: 必须是 Int32 或 Int64 数据类型的整数值</li></ul></li><li>调用方式 <ul><li>两个具体数值：<code>bitwise_or(19, 25)</code></li><li>列与数值：<code>bitwise_or(column1, 25)</code></li><li>两列之间：<code>bitwise_or(column1, column2)</code></li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="_6-4-2-使用示例" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-4-2-使用示例"><span>6.4.2 使用示例</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 两个具体数值</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select distinct</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bitwise_or(</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">19</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">25</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">27</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 列与数值</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,bitwise_or(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">25</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col1|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">14</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">31</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">31</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">13</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">29</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 两列之间</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, width, bitwise_or(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,width) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|width|_col2|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">14</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">12</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">14</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">13</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">12</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">13</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+-----+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_6-5-bitwise-xor-x-y" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-5-bitwise-xor-x-y"><span>6.5 bitwise_xor(x, y)</span></a></h3><p>bitwise_xor(x,y) 函数基于二进制补码表示法，对两个整数 x 和 y 的每一位进行逻辑异或操作，并返回其按位异或（bitwise XOR）的运算结果。异或规则：相同为0，不同为1。</p><h4 id="_6-5-1-语法定义" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-5-1-语法定义"><span>6.5.1 语法定义</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">bitwise_xor(x, y) -</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> INT64 </span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--返回结果类型为 Int64</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ul><li>参数说明 <ul><li><strong>x, y</strong>: 必须是 Int32 或 Int64 数据类型的整数值</li></ul></li><li>调用方式 <ul><li>两个具体数值：<code>bitwise_xor(19, 25)</code></li><li>列与数值：<code>bitwise_xor(column1, 25)</code></li><li>两列之间：<code>bitwise_xor(column1, column2)</code></li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="_6-5-2-使用示例" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-5-2-使用示例"><span>6.5.2 使用示例</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 两个具体数值</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select distinct</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bitwise_xor(</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">19</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">25</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 列与数值</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,bitwise_xor(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">25</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col1|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">14</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">23</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">22</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">13</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">20</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 两列之间</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, width, bitwise_xor(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,width) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|width|_col2|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">14</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">12</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">5</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">13</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">12</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+-----+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_6-6-bitwise-left-shift-value-shift" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-6-bitwise-left-shift-value-shift"><span>6.6 bitwise_left_shift(value, shift)</span></a></h3><p><code>bitwise_left_shift(value, shift)</code> 函数返回将整数 <code>value</code>的二进制表示左移 <code>shift</code>位后的结果。左移操作将二进制位向高位方向移动，右侧空出的位用 0 填充，左侧溢出的位直接丢弃。等价于： <code>value << shift</code>。</p><h4 id="_6-6-1-语法定义" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-6-1-语法定义"><span>6.6.1 语法定义</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">bitwise_left_shift(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">value</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, shift) -</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#E06C75;"> [same as value]</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;"> --返回结果类型与value数据类型相同</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ul><li>参数说明 <ul><li><strong>value</strong>: 要左移的整数值，必须是 Int32 或 Int64 数据类型</li><li><strong>shift</strong>: 左移的位数，必须是 Int32 或 Int64 数据类型</li></ul></li><li>调用方式 <ul><li>两个具体数值：<code>bitwise_left_shift(1, 2)</code></li><li>列与数值：<code>bitwise_left_shift(column1, 2)</code></li><li>两列之间：<code>bitwise_left_shift(column1, column2)</code></li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="_6-6-2-使用示例" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-6-2-使用示例"><span>6.6.2 使用示例</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--两个具体数值</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select distinct</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bitwise_left_shift(</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">4</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 列与数值</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, bitwise_left_shift(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col1|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">14</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">56</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">60</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">13</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">52</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 两列之间</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, width, bitwise_left_shift(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,width) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|width|_col2|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">14</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">12</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">13</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">12</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+-----+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_6-7-bitwise-right-shift-value-shift" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-7-bitwise-right-shift-value-shift"><span>6.7 bitwise_right_shift(value, shift)</span></a></h3><p><code>bitwise_right_shift(value, shift)</code>函数返回将整数 <code>value</code>的二进制表示逻辑右移（无符号右移） <code>shift</code>位后的结果。逻辑右移操作将二进制位向低位方向移动，左侧空出的高位用 0 填充，右侧溢出的低位直接丢弃。</p><h4 id="_6-7-1-语法定义" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-7-1-语法定义"><span>6.7.1 语法定义</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">bitwise_right_shift(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">value</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, shift) -</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#E06C75;"> [same as value]</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;"> --返回结果类型与value数据类型相同</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ul><li>参数说明 <ul><li><strong>value</strong>: 要右移的整数值，必须是 Int32 或 Int64 数据类型</li><li><strong>shift</strong>: 右移的位数，必须是 Int32 或 Int64 数据类型</li></ul></li><li>调用方式 <ul><li>两个具体数值：<code>bitwise_right_shift(8, 3)</code></li><li>列与数值：<code>bitwise_right_shift(column1, 3)</code></li><li>两列之间：<code>bitwise_right_shift(column1, column2)</code></li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="_6-7-2-使用示例" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-7-2-使用示例"><span>6.7.2 使用示例</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--两个具体数值</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select distinct</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bitwise_right_shift(</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">8</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--列与数值</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, bitwise_right_shift(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col1|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">14</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">13</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--两列之间</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, width, bitwise_right_shift(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,width) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|width|_col2|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">14</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">12</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">13</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">12</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_6-8-bitwise-right-shift-arithmetic-value-shift" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-8-bitwise-right-shift-arithmetic-value-shift"><span>6.8 bitwise_right_shift_arithmetic(value, shift)</span></a></h3><p><code>bitwise_right_shift_arithmetic(value, shift)</code>函数返回将整数 <code>value</code>的二进制表示算术右移 <code>shift</code>位后的结果。算术右移操作将二进制位向低位方向移动，右侧溢出的低位直接丢弃，左侧空出的高位用符号位填充（正数补0，负数补1），以保持数值的符号不变。</p><h4 id="_6-8-1-语法定义" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-8-1-语法定义"><span>6.8.1 语法定义</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">bitwise_right_shift_arithmetic(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">value</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, shift) -</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#E06C75;"> [same as value]</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--返回结果类型与value数据类型相同</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ul><li>参数说明 <ul><li><strong>value</strong>: 要右移的整数值，必须是 Int32 或 Int64 数据类型</li><li><strong>shift</strong>: 右移的位数，必须是 Int32 或 Int64 数据类型</li></ul></li><li>调用方式： <ul><li>两个具体数值：<code>bitwise_right_shift_arithmetic(12, 2)</code></li><li>列与数值：<code>bitwise_right_shift_arithmetic(column1, 64)</code></li><li>两列之间：<code>bitwise_right_shift_arithmetic(column1, column2)</code></li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="_6-8-2-使用示例" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-8-2-使用示例"><span>6.8.2 使用示例</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--两个具体数值</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select distinct</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bitwise_right_shift_arithmetic(</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">12</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 列与数值</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, bitwise_right_shift_arithmetic(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col1|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">14</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">13</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--两列之间</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, width, bitwise_right_shift_arithmetic(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,width) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bit_table</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">length</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|width|_col2|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">14</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">12</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">13</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">12</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------+-----+-----+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h2 id="_7-条件表达式" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_7-条件表达式"><span>7. 条件表达式</span></a></h2><h3 id="_7-1-case-表达式" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_7-1-case-表达式"><span>7.1 CASE 表达式</span></a></h3><p>CASE 表达式有两种形式：简单形式、搜索形式</p><h4 id="_7-1-1-简单形式" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_7-1-1-简单形式"><span>7.1.1 简单形式</span></a></h4><p>简单形式从左到右搜索每个值表达式，直到找到一个与表达式相等的值：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">CASE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> expression</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> WHEN</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> value</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> THEN</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> result</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#E06C75;"> [ WHEN ... ]</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#E06C75;"> [ ELSE result ]</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">END</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>如果找到匹配的值，则返回相应的结果。如果没有找到匹配项，则返回 ELSE 子句中的结果（如果存在），否则返回 null。例如：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> a, </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> CASE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> a </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> WHEN</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> THEN</span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'one'</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> WHEN</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> THEN</span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'two'</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> ELSE</span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'many'</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> END</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="_7-1-2-搜索形式" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_7-1-2-搜索形式"><span>7.1.2 搜索形式</span></a></h4><p>搜索形式从左到右评估每个布尔条件，直到找到一个为真的条件，并返回相应的结果：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">CASE</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> WHEN</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> condition </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">THEN</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> result</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#E06C75;"> [ WHEN ... ]</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#E06C75;"> [ ELSE result ]</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">END</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>如果没有条件为真，则返回 ELSE 子句中的结果（如果存在），否则返回 null。例如：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> a, b, </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> CASE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> WHEN</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> a </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> THEN</span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'aaa'</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> WHEN</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> b </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> THEN</span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'bbb'</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> ELSE</span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'ccc'</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> END</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_7-2-coalesce-函数" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_7-2-coalesce-函数"><span>7.2 COALESCE 函数</span></a></h3><p>返回参数列表中的第一个非空值。</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#56B6C2;">coalesce</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(value1, value2</span><span style="color:#E06C75;">[, ...]</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">)</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h2 id="_8-转换函数" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_8-转换函数"><span>8. 转换函数</span></a></h2><h3 id="_8-1-转换函数" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_8-1-转换函数"><span>8.1 转换函数</span></a></h3><h4 id="_8-1-1-cast-value-as-type-→-type" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_8-1-1-cast-value-as-type-→-type"><span>8.1.1 cast(value AS type) → type</span></a></h4><ol><li>显式地将一个值转换为指定类型。</li><li>可以用于将字符串（varchar）转换为数值类型，或数值转换为字符串类型</li><li>如果转换失败，将抛出运行时错误。</li></ol><p>示例：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> *</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> WHERE</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> CAST</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AS</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> DATE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> IN</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> (</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">CAST</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'2024-11-27'</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AS</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> DATE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">), </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">CAST</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'2024-11-28'</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AS</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> DATE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">));</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="_8-1-2-try-cast-value-as-type-→-type" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_8-1-2-try-cast-value-as-type-→-type"><span>8.1.2 try_cast(value AS type) → type</span></a></h4><ol><li>与 <code>cast()</code> 类似。</li><li>如果转换失败，则返回 <code>null</code>。</li></ol><p>示例：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> *</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> WHERE</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> try_cast</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AS</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> DATE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> IN</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> (</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">try_cast</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'2024-11-27'</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AS</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> DATE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">), </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">try_cast</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'2024-11-28'</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AS</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> DATE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">));</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_8-2-format-函数" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_8-2-format-函数"><span>8.2 Format 函数</span></a></h3><p>该函数基于指定的格式字符串与输入参数，生成并返回格式化后的字符串输出。其功能与 Java 语言中的<code>String.format</code> 方法及 C 语言中的<code>printf</code>函数相类似，支持开发者通过占位符语法构建动态字符串模板，其中预设的格式标识符将被传入的对应参数值精准替换，最终形成符合特定格式要求的完整字符串。</p><h4 id="_8-2-1-语法介绍" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_8-2-1-语法介绍"><span>8.2.1 语法介绍</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#56B6C2;">format</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(pattern,...args) -</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> String</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p><strong>参数定义</strong></p><ul><li><code>pattern</code>: 格式字符串，可包含静态文本及一个或多个格式说明符（如 <code>%s</code>, <code>%d</code> 等），或任意返回类型为 <code>STRING/TEXT</code> 的表达式。</li><li><code>args</code>: 用于替换格式说明符的输入参数。需满足以下条件： <ul><li>参数数量 ≥ 1</li><li>若存在多个参数，以逗号<code>,</code>分隔（如 <code>arg1,arg2</code>）</li><li>参数总数可多于 <code>pattern</code> 中的占位符数量，但不可少于，否则触发异常</li></ul></li></ul><p><strong>返回值</strong></p><ul><li>类型为 <code>STRING</code> 的格式化结果字符串</li></ul><h4 id="_8-2-2-使用示例" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_8-2-2-使用示例"><span>8.2.2 使用示例</span></a></h4><ol><li>格式化浮点数</li></ol><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> format</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'%.5f'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,humidity) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">where</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> humidity </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 35</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">4</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| _col0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">35</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">40000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ol start="2"><li>格式化整数</li></ol><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> format</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'%03d'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">8</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">limit</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">008</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ol start="3"><li>格式化日期和时间戳</li></ol><ul><li>Locale-specific日期</li></ul><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> format</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'%1$tA, %1$tB %1$te, %1$tY'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">limit</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| _col0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|星期一, 一月 </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--------------------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ul><li>去除时区信息</li></ul><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> format</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'%1$tY-%1$tm-%1$td %1$tH:%1$tM:%1$tS.%1$tL'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T00:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">limit</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| _col0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ul><li>获取秒级时间戳精度</li></ul><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> format</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'%1$tF %1$tT'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T00:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">limit</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| _col0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-------------------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ul><li>日期符号说明如下</li></ul><table><thead><tr><th><strong>符号</strong></th><th><strong> 描述</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>'H'</td><td>24 小时制的小时数，格式为两位数，必要时加上前导零，i.e. 00 - 23。</td></tr><tr><td>'I'</td><td>12 小时制的小时数，格式为两位数，必要时加上前导零，i.e. 01 - 12。</td></tr><tr><td>'k'</td><td>24 小时制的小时数，i.e. 0 - 23。</td></tr><tr><td>'l'</td><td>12 小时制的小时数，i.e. 1 - 12。</td></tr><tr><td>'M'</td><td>小时内的分钟，格式为两位数，必要时加上前导零，i.e. 00 - 59。</td></tr><tr><td>'S'</td><td>分钟内的秒数，格式为两位数，必要时加上前导零，i.e. 00 - 60（“60 ”是支持闰秒所需的特殊值）。</td></tr><tr><td>'L'</td><td>秒内毫秒，格式为三位数，必要时加前导零，i.e. 000 - 999。</td></tr><tr><td>'N'</td><td>秒内的纳秒，格式为九位数，必要时加前导零，i.e. 000000000 - 999999999。</td></tr><tr><td>'p'</td><td>当地特定的<a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/23/docs/api/java.base/java/text/DateFormatSymbols.html#getAmPmStrings()" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">上午或下午</a>标记，小写，如 “am ”或 “pm”。使用转换前缀 “T ”会强制输出为大写。</td></tr><tr><td>'z'</td><td>从格林尼治标准时间偏移的<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc0822.txt" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">RFC 822</a>式数字时区，例如 -0800。该值将根据夏令时的需要进行调整。对于 long、<a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/23/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/Long.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Long</a>和<a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/23/docs/api/java.base/java/util/Date.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Date</a>，使用的时区是 Java 虚拟机此实例的<a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/23/docs/api/java.base/java/util/TimeZone.html#getDefault()" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">默认时区</a>。</td></tr><tr><td>'Z'</td><td>表示时区缩写的字符串。该值将根据夏令时的需要进行调整。对于 long、<a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/23/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/Long.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Long</a>和<a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/23/docs/api/java.base/java/util/Date.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Date</a>，使用的时区是此 Java 虚拟机实例的<a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/23/docs/api/java.base/java/util/TimeZone.html#getDefault()" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">默认时区</a>。Formatter 的时区将取代参数的时区（如果有）。</td></tr><tr><td>'s'</td><td>自 1970 年 1 月 1 日 00:00:00 UTC 开始的纪元起的秒数，i.e. Long.MIN_VALUE/1000 至 Long.MAX_VALUE/1000。</td></tr><tr><td>'Q'</td><td>自 1970 年 1 月 1 日 00:00:00 UTC 开始的纪元起的毫秒数，i.e. Long.MIN_VALUE 至 Long.MAX_VALUE。</td></tr></tbody></table><ul><li>用于格式化常见的日期/时间组成的转换字符说明如下</li></ul><table><thead><tr><th><strong>符号</strong></th><th><strong>描述</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>'B'</td><td>特定于区域设置<a href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/23/docs/api/java.base/java/text/DateFormatSymbols.html#getMonths()" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">的完整月份名称</a>，例如 “January”、“February”。</td></tr><tr><td>'b'</td><td>当地特定月份的缩写名称，如"1 月"、"2 月"。</td></tr><tr><td>'h'</td><td>与"b "相同。</td></tr><tr><td>'A'</td><td>一周中某一天在当地的全称，如"星期日"、"星期一"。</td></tr><tr><td>'a'</td><td>当地特有的星期简短名称，例如"星期日"、"星期一</td></tr><tr><td>'C'</td><td>四位数年份除以100，格式为两位数，必要时加上前导零，即00 - 99</td></tr><tr><td>'Y'</td><td>年份，格式为至少四位数，必要时加上前导零，例如0092相当于公历92年。</td></tr><tr><td>'y'</td><td>年份的最后两位数，格式为必要的前导零，即00 - 99。</td></tr><tr><td>'j'</td><td>年号，格式为三位数，必要时加前导零，例如公历为001 - 366。</td></tr><tr><td>'m'</td><td>月份，格式为两位数，必要时加前导零，即01 - 13。</td></tr><tr><td>'d'</td><td>月日，格式为两位数，必要时加前导零，即01 - 31</td></tr><tr><td>'e'</td><td>月日，格式为两位数，即1 - 31。</td></tr></tbody></table><ol start="4"><li>格式化字符串</li></ol><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> format</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'The measurement status is :%s'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">status</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table2 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">limit</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-------------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| _col0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-------------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|The measurement </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">status</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> is</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> :true|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-------------------------------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ol start="5"><li>格式化百分号</li></ol><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> format</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'%s%%'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">99</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">9</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">limit</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|_col0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">99</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">9</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">%|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="_8-2-3-格式转换失败场景说明" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_8-2-3-格式转换失败场景说明"><span>8.2.3 <strong>格式转换失败场景说明</strong></span></a></h4><ol><li>类型不匹配错误</li></ol><ul><li>时间戳类型冲突 若格式说明符中包含时间相关标记（如 <code>%Y-%m-%d</code>），但参数提供： <ul><li>非 <code>DATE</code>/<code>TIMESTAMP</code> 类型值</li><li>或涉及日期细粒度单位（如 <code>%H</code> 小时、<code>%M</code> 分钟）时，参数仅支持 <code>TIMESTAMP</code> 类型，否则将抛出类型异常</li></ul></li></ul><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 示例1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> format</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'%1$tA, %1$tB %1$te, %1$tY'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, humidity) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table2 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">limit</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Msg: </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">org</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">apache</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">iotdb</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">jdbc</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.IoTDBSQLException: </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">701</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">: Invalid format string: %</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">$tA, %</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">$tB %</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">$te, %</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">$tY (IllegalFormatConversion: A </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">!=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> java</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">lang</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">Float</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">)</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 示例2</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> format</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'%1$tY-%1$tm-%1$td %1$tH:%1$tM:%1$tS.%1$tL'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, humidity) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">limit</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Msg: </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">org</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">apache</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">iotdb</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">jdbc</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.IoTDBSQLException: </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">701</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">: Invalid format string: %</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">$tY-%</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">$tm-%</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">$td %</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">$tH:%</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">$tM:%</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">$tS.%</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">$tL (IllegalFormatConversion: Y </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">!=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> java</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">lang</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">Float</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">)</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ul><li>浮点数类型冲突 若使用 <code>%f</code> 等浮点格式说明符，但参数提供非数值类型（如字符串、布尔值），将触发类型转换错误</li></ul><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> format</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'%.5f'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">status</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">where</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> humidity </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 35</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">4</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Msg: </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">org</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">apache</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">iotdb</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">jdbc</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.IoTDBSQLException: </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">701</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">: Invalid format string: %.5f (IllegalFormatConversion: f </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">!=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> java</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">lang</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">Boolean</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">)</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ol start="2"><li>参数数量不匹配错误</li></ol><ul><li>实际提供的参数数量 必须等于或大于 格式字符串中格式说明符的数量</li><li>若参数数量少于格式说明符数量，将抛出 <code>ArgumentCountMismatch</code> 异常</li></ul><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> format</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'%.5f %03d'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, humidity) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">where</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> humidity </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 35</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">4</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Msg: </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">org</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">apache</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">iotdb</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">jdbc</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.IoTDBSQLException: </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">701</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">: Invalid format string: %.5f %03d (MissingFormatArgument: Format specifier </span><span style="color:#98C379;">'%03d'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">)</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ol start="3"><li>无效调用错误</li></ol><ul><li>当函数参数满足以下任一条件时，视为非法调用： <ul><li>参数总数 小于 2（必须包含格式字符串及至少一个参数）</li><li>格式字符串（<code>pattern</code>）类型非 <code>STRING/TEXT</code></li></ul></li></ul><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 示例1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> format</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'%s'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">limit</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Msg: </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">org</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">apache</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">iotdb</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">jdbc</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.IoTDBSQLException: </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">701</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">: </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">Scalar</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> function</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> format must have </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">at</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> least two arguments, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">and</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> first</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> argument pattern must be </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">TEXT</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> or</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> STRING </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">type</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">--示例2</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB:database1</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> select</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> format</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">123</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, humidity) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">from</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">limit</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Msg: </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">org</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">apache</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">iotdb</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">jdbc</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.IoTDBSQLException: </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">701</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">: </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">Scalar</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> function</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> format must have </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">at</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> least two arguments, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">and</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> first</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> argument pattern must be </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">TEXT</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> or</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> STRING </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">type</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h2 id="_9-字符串函数和操作符" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_9-字符串函数和操作符"><span>9. 字符串函数和操作符</span></a></h2><h3 id="_9-1-字符串操作符" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_9-1-字符串操作符"><span>9.1 字符串操作符</span></a></h3><h4 id="_9-1-1-操作符" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_9-1-1-操作符"><span>9.1.1 || 操作符</span></a></h4><p><code>||</code> 操作符用于字符串连接，功能与 <code>concat</code> 函数相同。</p><h4 id="_9-1-2-like-语句" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_9-1-2-like-语句"><span>9.1.2 LIKE 语句</span></a></h4><p><code>LIKE</code> 语句用于模式匹配，具体用法在<a href="#1-like-%E8%BF%90%E7%AE%97%E7%AC%A6">模式匹配：LIKE</a> 中有详细文档。</p><h3 id="_9-2-字符串函数" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_9-2-字符串函数"><span>9.2 字符串函数</span></a></h3><table><thead><tr><th>函数名</th><th>描述</th><th>输入</th><th>输出</th><th>用法</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>length</td><td>返回字符串的字符长度，而不是字符数组的长度。</td><td>支持一个参数，类型可以是字符串或文本。<strong>string</strong>：要计算长度的字符串。</td><td>INT32</td><td>length(string)</td></tr><tr><td>upper</td><td>将字符串中的字母转换为大写。</td><td>支持一个参数，类型可以是字符串或文本。<strong>string</strong>：要计算长度的字符串。</td><td>String</td><td>upper(string)</td></tr><tr><td>lower</td><td>将字符串中的字母转换为小写。</td><td>支持一个参数，类型可以是字符串或文本。<strong>string</strong>：要计算长度的字符串。</td><td>String</td><td>lower(string)</td></tr><tr><td>trim</td><td>从源字符串中删除指定的开头和/或结尾字符。</td><td>支持三个参数<strong>specification（可选）</strong>：指定从哪边去掉字符，可以是：<code>BOTH</code>：两边都去掉（默认）。<code>LEADING</code>：只去掉开头的字符。<code>TRAILING</code>：只去掉结尾的字符。<strong>trimcharacter（可选）</strong>：要去掉的字符，如果没指定，默认去掉空格。<strong>string</strong>：要处理的字符串。</td><td>String</td><td>trim([ [ specification ] [ trimcharacter ] FROM ] string) 示例：<code>trim('!' FROM '!foo!');</code> —— <code>'foo'</code></td></tr><tr><td>strpos</td><td>返回子字符串在字符串中第一次出现的起始位置。位置从 1 开始计数。如果未找到，返回 0。注意：起始位置是基于字符而不是字节数组确定的。</td><td>仅支持两个参数，类型可以是字符串或文本。<strong>sourceStr</strong>：要搜索的字符串。<strong>subStr</strong>：要找的子字符串。</td><td>INT32</td><td>strpos(sourceStr, subStr)</td></tr><tr><td>starts_with</td><td>测试子字符串是否是字符串的前缀。</td><td>支持两个参数，类型可以是字符串或文本。<strong>sourceStr</strong>：要检查的字符串，类型可以是字符串或文本。<strong>prefix</strong>：前缀子字符串，类型可以是字符串或文本。</td><td>Boolean</td><td>starts_with(sourceStr, prefix)</td></tr><tr><td>ends_with</td><td>测试字符串是否以指定的后缀结束。</td><td>支持两个参数，类型可以是字符串或文本。<strong>sourceStr</strong>：要检查的字符串。<strong>suffix</strong>：后缀子字符串。</td><td>Boolean</td><td>ends_with(sourceStr, suffix)</td></tr><tr><td>concat</td><td>返回字符串 <code>string1</code>、<code>string2</code>、...、<code>stringN</code> 的连接结果。功能与连接操作符 <code>||</code> 相同。</td><td>至少两个参数，所有参数类型必须是字符串或文本。</td><td>String</td><td>concat(str1, str2, ...) 或 str1 || str2 ...</td></tr><tr><td>strcmp</td><td>比较两个字符串的字母序。</td><td>支持两个参数，两个参数类型必须是字符串或文本。<strong>string1</strong>：第一个要比较的字符串。<strong>string2</strong>：第二个要比较的字符串。</td><td>返回一个整数值INT32如果 <code>str1 < str2</code>，返回 <code>-1</code>如果 <code>str1 = str2</code>，返回 <code>0</code>如果 <code>str1 > str2</code>，返回 <code>1</code>如果 <code>str1</code> 或 <code>str2</code> 为 <code>NULL</code>，返回 <code>NULL</code></td><td>strcmp(str1, str2)</td></tr><tr><td>replace</td><td>从字符串中删除所有 <code>search</code> 的实例。</td><td>支持两个参数，可以是字符串或文本类型。<strong>string</strong>：原始字符串，要从中删除内容的字符串。<strong>search</strong>：要删除的子字符串。</td><td>String</td><td>replace(string, string)</td></tr><tr><td>replace</td><td>将字符串中所有 <code>search</code> 的实例替换为 <code>replace</code>。</td><td>支持三个参数，可以是字符串或文本类型。<strong>string</strong>：原始字符串，要从中替换内容的字符串。<strong>search</strong>：要替换掉的子字符串。<strong>replace</strong>：用来替换的新字符串。</td><td>String</td><td>replace(string, string, string)</td></tr><tr><td>substring</td><td>从指定位置提取字符到字符串末尾。需要注意的是，起始位置是基于字符而不是字节数组确定的。<code>start_index</code> 从 1 开始计数，长度从 <code>start_index</code> 位置计算。</td><td>支持两个参数<strong>string</strong>：要提取子字符串的源字符串，可以是字符串或文本类型。<strong>start_index</strong>：从哪个索引开始提取子字符串，索引从 1 开始计数。</td><td>String：返回一个字符串，从 <code>start_index</code> 位置开始到字符串末尾的所有字符。<strong>注意事项</strong>：<code>start_index</code> 从 1 开始，即数组的第 0 个位置是 1参数为 null时，返回 <code>null</code>start_index 大于字符串长度时，结果报错。</td><td>substring(string from start_index)或 substring(string, start_index)</td></tr><tr><td>substring</td><td>从一个字符串中提取从指定位置开始、指定长度的子字符串注意：起始位置和长度是基于字符而不是字节数组确定的。<code>start_index</code> 从 1 开始计数，长度从 <code>start_index</code> 位置计算。</td><td>支持三个参数<strong>string</strong>：要提取子字符串的源字符串，可以是字符串或文本类型。<strong>start_index</strong>：从哪个索引开始提取子字符串，索引从 1 开始计数。<strong>length</strong>：要提取的子字符串的长度。</td><td>String：返回一个字符串，从 <code>start_index</code> 位置开始，提取 <code>length</code> 个字符。<strong>注意事项</strong>：参数为 null时，返回 <code>null</code>如果 <code>start_index</code> 大于字符串的长度，结果报错。如果 <code>length</code> 小于 0，结果报错。极端情况，<code>start_index + length</code> 超过 <code>int.MAX</code> 并变成负数，将导致异常结果。</td><td>substring(string from start_index for length) 或 substring(string, start_index, length)</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 id="_10-模式匹配函数" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-模式匹配函数"><span>10. 模式匹配函数</span></a></h2><h3 id="_10-1-like-运算符" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-1-like-运算符"><span>10.1 LIKE 运算符</span></a></h3><h4 id="_10-1-1-用途" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-1-1-用途"><span>10.1.1 用途</span></a></h4><p><code>LIKE</code> 运算符用于将值与模式进行比较。它通常用于 <code>WHERE</code> 子句中，用于匹配字符串中的特定模式。</p><h4 id="_10-1-2-语法" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-1-2-语法"><span>10.1.2 语法</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">... column </span><span style="color:#E06C75;">[NOT]</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> LIKE</span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'pattern'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> ESCAPE </span><span style="color:#98C379;">'character'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="_10-1-3-匹配规则" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-1-3-匹配规则"><span>10.1.3 匹配规则</span></a></h4><ul><li>匹配字符是区分大小写的。</li><li>模式支持两个匹配符号： <ul><li><code>_</code>：匹配任意单个字符。</li><li><code>%</code>：匹配0个或多个字符。</li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="_10-1-4-注意事项" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-1-4-注意事项"><span>10.1.4 注意事项</span></a></h4><ul><li><code>LIKE</code> 模式匹配总是覆盖整个字符串。如果需要匹配字符串中的任意位置，模式必须以 <code>%</code> 开头和结尾。</li><li>如果需要匹配 <code>%</code> 或 <code>_</code> 作为普通字符，必须使用转义字符。</li></ul><h4 id="_10-1-5-示例" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-1-5-示例"><span>10.1.5 示例</span></a></h4><p>示例 1：匹配以特定字符开头的字符串</p><ul><li><strong>说明</strong>：查找所有以字母 <code>E</code> 开头的名称，例如 <code>Europe</code>。</li></ul><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">WHERE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> continent </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">LIKE</span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'E%'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>示例 2：排除特定模式</p><ul><li><strong>说明</strong>：查找所有不以字母 <code>E</code> 开头的名称。</li></ul><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">WHERE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> continent </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">NOT</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> LIKE</span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'E%'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>示例 3：匹配特定长度的字符串</p><ul><li><strong>说明</strong>：查找所有以 <code>A</code> 开头、以 <code>a</code> 结尾且中间有两个字符的名称，例如 <code>Asia</code>。</li></ul><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">WHERE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> continent </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">LIKE</span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'A__a'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>示例 4：转义特殊字符</p><ul><li><strong>说明</strong>：查找所有以 <code>South_</code> 开头的名称。这里使用了转义字符 <code>\</code> 来转义 <code>_</code> 等特殊字符，例如<code>South_America</code>。</li></ul><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">WHERE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> continent </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">LIKE</span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'South\_%'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> ESCAPE </span><span style="color:#98C379;">'\'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>示例 5：匹配转义字符本身</p><ul><li><strong>说明</strong>：如果需要匹配转义字符本身，可以使用双转义字符 <code>\\</code>。</li></ul><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">WHERE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> continent </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">LIKE</span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'South\\%'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> ESCAPE </span><span style="color:#98C379;">'\'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_10-2-regexp-like-函数" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-2-regexp-like-函数"><span>10.2 regexp_like 函数</span></a></h3><h4 id="_10-2-1-用途" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-2-1-用途"><span>10.2.1 用途</span></a></h4><p><code>regexp_like</code> 函数用于评估正则表达式模式，并确定该模式是否包含在字符串中。</p><h4 id="_10-2-2-语法" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-2-2-语法"><span>10.2.2 语法</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">regexp_like(string, pattern);</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="_10-2-3-注意事项" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-2-3-注意事项"><span>10.2.3 注意事项</span></a></h4><ul><li><code>regexp_like</code> 的模式只需包含在字符串中，而不需要匹配整个字符串。</li><li>如果需要匹配整个字符串，可以使用正则表达式的锚点 <code>^</code> 和 <code>$</code>。</li><li><code>^</code> 表示“字符串的开头”，<code>$</code> 表示“字符串的结尾”。</li><li>正则表达式采用 Java 定义的正则语法，但存在以下需要注意的例外情况： <ul><li><strong>多行模式</strong><ol><li>启用方式：<code>(?m)</code>。</li><li>只识别<code>\n</code>作为行终止符。</li><li>不支持<code>(?d)</code>标志，且禁止使用。</li></ol></li><li><strong>不区分大小写匹配</strong><ol><li>启用方式：<code>(?i)</code>。</li><li>基于Unicode规则，不支持上下文相关和本地化匹配。</li><li>不支持<code>(?u)</code>标志，且禁止使用。</li></ol></li><li><strong>字符类</strong><ol><li>在字符类（如<code>[A-Z123]</code>）中，<code>\Q</code>和<code>\E</code>不被支持，被视为普通字面量。</li></ol></li><li><strong>Unicode字符类（</strong><code>\p{prop}</code><strong>）</strong><ol><li><strong>名称下划线</strong>：名称中的所有下划线必须删除（如<code>OldItalic</code>而非<code>Old_Italic</code>）。</li><li><strong>文字（Scripts）</strong>：直接指定，无需<code>Is</code>、<code>script=</code>或<code>sc=</code>前缀（如<code>\p{Hiragana}</code>）。</li><li><strong>区块（Blocks）</strong>：必须使用<code>In</code>前缀，不支持<code>block=</code>或<code>blk=</code>前缀（如<code>\p{InMongolian}</code>）。</li><li><strong>类别（Categories）</strong>：直接指定，无需<code>Is</code>、<code>general_category=</code>或<code>gc=</code>前缀（如<code>\p{L}</code>）。</li><li><strong>二元属性（Binary Properties）</strong>：直接指定，无需<code>Is</code>（如<code>\p{NoncharacterCodePoint}</code>）。</li></ol></li></ul></li></ul><h4 id="_10-2-4-示例" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_10-2-4-示例"><span>10.2.4 示例</span></a></h4><p>示例 1：匹配包含特定模式的字符串</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> regexp_like(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'1a 2b 14m'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#98C379;">'\\d+b'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">); </span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- true</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ul><li><strong>说明</strong>：检查字符串 <code>'1a 2b 14m'</code> 是否包含模式 <code>\d+b</code>。 <ul><li><code>\d+</code> 表示“一个或多个数字”。</li><li><code>b</code> 表示字母 <code>b</code>。</li><li>在 <code>'1a 2b 14m'</code> 中，<code>2b</code> 符合这个模式，所以返回 <code>true</code>。</li></ul></li></ul><p>示例 2：匹配整个字符串</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> regexp_like(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'1a 2b 14m'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#98C379;">'^\\d+b$'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">); </span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- false</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ul><li><strong>说明</strong>：检查字符串 <code>'1a 2b 14m'</code> 是否完全匹配模式 <code>^\\d+b$</code>。 <ul><li><code>\d+</code> 表示“一个或多个数字”。</li><li><code>b</code> 表示字母 <code>b</code>。</li><li><code>'1a 2b 14m'</code> 并不符合这个模式，因为它不是从数字开始，也不是以 <code>b</code> 结束，所以返回 <code>false</code>。</li></ul></li></ul><h2 id="_11-时序分窗函数" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-时序分窗函数"><span>11. 时序分窗函数</span></a></h2><p>原始示例数据如下：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|stock_id|price|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">200</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">103</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">202</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">102</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 创建语句</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">CREATE</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> TABLE</span><span style="color:#61AFEF;"> bid</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> TIMESTAMP</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> TIME</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, stock_id STRING TAG, price </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FLOAT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> FIELD);</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 插入数据</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">INSERT INTO</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, stock_id, price) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">VALUES</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'2021-01-01T09:05:00'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'AAPL'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">),(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'2021-01-01T09:06:00'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'TESL'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">200</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">),(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'2021-01-01T09:07:00'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'AAPL'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">103</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">),(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'2021-01-01T09:07:00'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'TESL'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">202</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">),(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'2021-01-01T09:09:00'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'AAPL'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">102</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">),(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'2021-01-01T09:15:00'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'TESL'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">);</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_11-1-hop" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-1-hop"><span>11.1 HOP</span></a></h3><h4 id="_11-1-1-功能描述" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-1-1-功能描述"><span>11.1.1 功能描述</span></a></h4><p>HOP 函数用于按时间分段分窗分析，识别每一行数据所属的时间窗口。该函数通过指定固定窗口大小（size）和窗口滑动步长（SLIDE），将数据按时间戳分配到所有与其时间戳重叠的窗口中。若窗口之间存在重叠（步长 < 窗口大小），数据会自动复制到多个窗口。</p><h4 id="_11-1-2-函数定义" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-1-2-函数定义"><span>11.1.2 函数定义</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">HOP(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">data</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, timecol, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">size</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, slide</span><span style="color:#E06C75;">[, origin]</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">)</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="_11-1-3-参数说明" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-1-3-参数说明"><span>11.1.3 参数说明</span></a></h4><table><thead><tr><th>参数名</th><th>参数类型</th><th>参数属性</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>DATA</td><td>表参数</td><td>ROW SEMANTICPASS THROUGH</td><td>输入表</td></tr><tr><td>TIMECOL</td><td>标量参数</td><td>字符串类型默认值：time</td><td>时间列</td></tr><tr><td>SIZE</td><td>标量参数</td><td>长整数类型</td><td>窗口大小</td></tr><tr><td>SLIDE</td><td>标量参数</td><td>长整数类型</td><td>窗口滑动步长</td></tr><tr><td>ORIGIN</td><td>标量参数</td><td>时间戳类型默认值：Unix 纪元时间</td><td>第一个窗口起始时间</td></tr></tbody></table><h4 id="_11-1-4-返回结果" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-1-4-返回结果"><span>11.1.4 返回结果</span></a></h4><p>HOP 函数的返回结果列包含：</p><ul><li>window_start: 窗口开始时间（闭区间）</li><li>window_end: 窗口结束时间（开区间）</li><li>映射列：DATA 参数的所有输入列</li></ul><h4 id="_11-1-5-使用示例" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-1-5-使用示例"><span>11.1.5 使用示例</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> HOP(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid,TIMECOL </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'time'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,SLIDE </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 5m,</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">SIZE</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 10m);</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| window_start| window_end| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|stock_id|price|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">200</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">200</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">103</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">202</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">103</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">202</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">102</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">102</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">20</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">25</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 结合 GROUP BY 语句，等效于树模型的 GROUP BY TIME</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_start, window_end, stock_id, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">avg</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(price) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> avg </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> HOP(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid,TIMECOL </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'time'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,SLIDE </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 5m,</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">SIZE</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 10m) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">GROUP BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_start, window_end, stock_id;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| window_start| window_end|stock_id| avg|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">201</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">201</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">20</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">25</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">66666666666667</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">66666666666667</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_11-2-session" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-2-session"><span>11.2 SESSION</span></a></h3><h4 id="_11-2-1-功能描述" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-2-1-功能描述"><span>11.2.1 功能描述</span></a></h4><p>SESSION 函数用于按会话间隔对数据进行分窗。系统逐行检查与前一行的时间间隔，小于阈值（GAP）则归入当前窗口，超过则归入下一个窗口。</p><h4 id="_11-2-2-函数定义" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-2-2-函数定义"><span>11.2.2 函数定义</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SESSION</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">data</span><span style="color:#E06C75;"> [PARTITION BY(pkeys, ...)]</span><span style="color:#E06C75;"> [ORDER BY(okeys, ...)]</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, timecol, gap)</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="_11-2-3-参数说明" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-2-3-参数说明"><span>11.2.3 参数说明</span></a></h4><table><thead><tr><th>参数名</th><th>参数类型</th><th>参数属性</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>DATA</td><td>表参数</td><td>SET SEMANTICPASS THROUGH</td><td>输入表通过 pkeys、okeys 指定分区和排序</td></tr><tr><td>TIMECOL</td><td>标量参数</td><td>字符串类型默认值：'time'</td><td>时间列名</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GAP</td><td>标量参数</td><td>长整数类型</td><td>会话间隔阈值</td></tr></tbody></table><h4 id="_11-2-4-返回结果" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-2-4-返回结果"><span>11.2.4 返回结果</span></a></h4><p>SESSION 函数的返回结果列包含：</p><ul><li>window_start: 会话窗口内的第一条数据的时间</li><li>window_end: 会话窗口内的最后一条数据的时间</li><li>映射列：DATA 参数的所有输入列</li></ul><h4 id="_11-2-5-使用示例" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-2-5-使用示例"><span>11.2.5 使用示例</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SESSION</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">PARTITION</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> stock_id </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">ORDER BY</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,TIMECOL </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'time'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,GAP </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 2m);</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| window_start| window_end| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|stock_id|price|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">200</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">202</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">103</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">102</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 结合 GROUP BY 语句，等效于树模型的 GROUP BY SESSION</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_start, window_end, stock_id, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">avg</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(price) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> avg </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SESSION</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">PARTITION</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> stock_id </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">ORDER BY</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,TIMECOL </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'time'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,GAP </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 2m) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">GROUP BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_start, window_end, stock_id;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| window_start| window_end|stock_id| avg|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">201</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">66666666666667</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_11-3-variation" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-3-variation"><span>11.3 VARIATION</span></a></h3><h4 id="_11-3-1-功能描述" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-3-1-功能描述"><span>11.3.1 功能描述</span></a></h4><p>VARIATION 函数用于按数据差值分窗，将第一条数据作为首个窗口的基准值，每个数据点会与基准值进行差值运算，如果差值小于给定的阈值（delta）则加入当前窗口；如果超过阈值，则分为下一个窗口，将该值作为下一个窗口的基准值。</p><h4 id="_11-3-2-函数定义" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-3-2-函数定义"><span>11.3.2 函数定义</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">VARIATION(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">data</span><span style="color:#E06C75;"> [PARTITION BY(pkeys, ...)]</span><span style="color:#E06C75;"> [ORDER BY(okeys, ...)]</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, col, delta)</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="_11-3-3-参数说明" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-3-3-参数说明"><span>11.3.3 参数说明</span></a></h4><table><thead><tr><th>参数名</th><th>参数类型</th><th>参数属性</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>DATA</td><td>表参数</td><td>SET SEMANTICPASS THROUGH</td><td>输入表通过 pkeys、okeys 指定分区和排序</td></tr><tr><td>COL</td><td>标量参数</td><td>字符串类型</td><td>标识对哪一列计算差值</td></tr><tr><td>DELTA</td><td>标量参数</td><td>浮点数类型</td><td>差值阈值</td></tr></tbody></table><h4 id="_11-3-4-返回结果" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-3-4-返回结果"><span>11.3.4 返回结果</span></a></h4><p>VARIATION 函数的返回结果列包含：</p><ul><li>window_index: 窗口编号</li><li>映射列：DATA 参数的所有输入列</li></ul><h4 id="_11-3-5-使用示例" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-3-5-使用示例"><span>11.3.5 使用示例</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> VARIATION(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">PARTITION</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> stock_id </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">ORDER BY</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,COL </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'price'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,DELTA </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">);</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|window_index| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|stock_id|price|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">200</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">202</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">103</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">102</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 结合 GROUP BY 语句，等效于树模型的 GROUP BY VARIATION</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> first</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_start, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">last</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_end, stock_id, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">avg</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(price) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> avg </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> VARIATION(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">PARTITION</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> stock_id </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">ORDER BY</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,COL </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'price'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, DELTA </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">GROUP BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_index, stock_id;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| window_start| window_end|stock_id| avg|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">201</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">102</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">5</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_11-4-capacity" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-4-capacity"><span>11.4 CAPACITY</span></a></h3><h4 id="_11-4-1-功能描述" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-4-1-功能描述"><span>11.4.1 功能描述</span></a></h4><p>CAPACITY 函数用于按数据点数（行数）分窗，每个窗口最多有 SIZE 行数据。</p><h4 id="_11-4-2-函数定义" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-4-2-函数定义"><span>11.4.2 函数定义</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">CAPACITY(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">data</span><span style="color:#E06C75;"> [PARTITION BY(pkeys, ...)]</span><span style="color:#E06C75;"> [ORDER BY(okeys, ...)]</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">size</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">)</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="_11-4-3-参数说明" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-4-3-参数说明"><span>11.4.3 参数说明</span></a></h4><table><thead><tr><th>参数名</th><th>参数类型</th><th>参数属性</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>DATA</td><td>表参数</td><td>SET SEMANTICPASS THROUGH</td><td>输入表通过 pkeys、okeys 指定分区和排序</td></tr><tr><td>SIZE</td><td>标量参数</td><td>长整数类型</td><td>窗口大小</td></tr></tbody></table><h4 id="_11-4-4-返回结果" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-4-4-返回结果"><span>11.4.4 返回结果</span></a></h4><p>CAPACITY 函数的返回结果列包含：</p><ul><li>window_index: 窗口编号</li><li>映射列：DATA 参数的所有输入列</li></ul><h4 id="_11-4-5-使用示例" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-4-5-使用示例"><span>11.4.5 使用示例</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> CAPACITY(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">PARTITION</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> stock_id </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">ORDER BY</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">SIZE</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">);</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|window_index| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|stock_id|price|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">200</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">202</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">103</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">102</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 结合 GROUP BY 语句，等效于树模型的 GROUP BY COUNT</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> first</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> start_time, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">last</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> end_time, stock_id, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">avg</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(price) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> avg </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> CAPACITY(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">PARTITION</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> stock_id </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">ORDER BY</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">SIZE</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">GROUP BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_index, stock_id;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| start_time| end_time|stock_id| avg|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">201</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">5</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">102</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_11-5-tumble" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-5-tumble"><span>11.5 TUMBLE</span></a></h3><h4 id="_11-5-1-功能描述" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-5-1-功能描述"><span>11.5.1 功能描述</span></a></h4><p>TUMBLE 函数用于通过时间属性字段为每行数据分配一个窗口，滚动窗口的大小固定且不重复。</p><h4 id="_11-5-2-函数定义" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-5-2-函数定义"><span>11.5.2 函数定义</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">TUMBLE(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">data</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, timecol, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">size</span><span style="color:#E06C75;">[, origin]</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">)</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="_11-5-3-参数说明" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-5-3-参数说明"><span>11.5.3 参数说明</span></a></h4><table><thead><tr><th>参数名</th><th>参数类型</th><th>参数属性</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>DATA</td><td>表参数</td><td>ROW SEMANTICPASS THROUGH</td><td>输入表</td></tr><tr><td>TIMECOL</td><td>标量参数</td><td>字符串类型默认值：time</td><td>时间列</td></tr><tr><td>SIZE</td><td>标量参数</td><td>长整数类型</td><td>窗口大小，需为正数</td></tr><tr><td>ORIGIN</td><td>标量参数</td><td>时间戳类型默认值：Unix 纪元时间</td><td>第一个窗口起始时间</td></tr></tbody></table><h4 id="_11-5-4-返回结果" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-5-4-返回结果"><span>11.5.4 返回结果</span></a></h4><p>TUBMLE 函数的返回结果列包含：</p><ul><li>window_start: 窗口开始时间（闭区间）</li><li>window_end: 窗口结束时间（开区间）</li><li>映射列：DATA 参数的所有输入列</li></ul><h4 id="_11-5-5-使用示例" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-5-5-使用示例"><span>11.5.5 使用示例</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> TUMBLE( </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid, TIMECOL </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'time'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">SIZE</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 10m);</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| window_start| window_end| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|stock_id|price|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">200</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">202</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">20</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">103</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">102</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 结合 GROUP BY 语句，等效于树模型的 GROUP BY TIME</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_start, window_end, stock_id, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">avg</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(price) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> avg </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> TUMBLE(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid, TIMECOL </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'time'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">SIZE</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 10m) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">GROUP BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_start, window_end, stock_id;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| window_start| window_end|stock_id| avg|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">201</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">20</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">66666666666667</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_11-6-cumulate" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-6-cumulate"><span>11.6 CUMULATE</span></a></h3><h4 id="_11-6-1-功能描述" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-6-1-功能描述"><span>11.6.1 功能描述</span></a></h4><p>Cumulate 函数用于从初始的窗口开始，创建相同窗口开始但窗口结束步长不同的窗口，直到达到最大的窗口大小。每个窗口包含其区间内的元素。例如：1小时步长，24小时大小的累计窗口，每天可以获得如下这些窗口：<code>[00:00, 01:00)</code>，<code>[00:00, 02:00)</code>，<code>[00:00, 03:00)</code>， …， <code>[00:00, 24:00)</code></p><h4 id="_11-6-2-函数定义" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-6-2-函数定义"><span>11.6.2 函数定义</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">CUMULATE(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">data</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, timecol, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">size</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, step</span><span style="color:#E06C75;">[, origin]</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">)</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="_11-6-3-参数说明" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-6-3-参数说明"><span>11.6.3 参数说明</span></a></h4><table><thead><tr><th>参数名</th><th>参数类型</th><th>参数属性</th><th>描述</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>DATA</td><td>表参数</td><td>ROW SEMANTICPASS THROUGH</td><td>输入表</td></tr><tr><td>TIMECOL</td><td>标量参数</td><td>字符串类型默认值：time</td><td>时间列</td></tr><tr><td>SIZE</td><td>标量参数</td><td>长整数类型</td><td>窗口大小，SIZE必须是STEP的整数倍，需为正数</td></tr><tr><td>STEP</td><td>标量参数</td><td>长整数类型</td><td>窗口步长，需为正数</td></tr><tr><td>ORIGIN</td><td>标量参数</td><td>时间戳类型默认值：Unix 纪元时间</td><td>第一个窗口起始时间</td></tr></tbody></table><blockquote><p>注意：size 如果不是 step 的整数倍，则会报错<code>Cumulative table function requires size must be an integral multiple of step</code></p></blockquote><h4 id="_11-6-4-返回结果" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-6-4-返回结果"><span>11.6.4 返回结果</span></a></h4><p>CUMULATE函数的返回结果列包含：</p><ul><li>window_start: 窗口开始时间（闭区间）</li><li>window_end: 窗口结束时间（开区间）</li><li>映射列：DATA 参数的所有输入列</li></ul><h4 id="_11-6-5-使用示例" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_11-6-5-使用示例"><span>11.6.5 使用示例</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> CUMULATE(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid,TIMECOL </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'time'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,STEP </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 2m,</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">SIZE</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 10m);</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| window_start| window_end| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|stock_id|price|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">200</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">200</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">202</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">202</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">16</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">18</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">20</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">103</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">103</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">102</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- 结合 GROUP BY 语句，等效于树模型的 GROUP BY TIME</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_start, window_end, stock_id, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">avg</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(price) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> avg </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> CUMULATE(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid,TIMECOL </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'time'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,STEP </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 2m, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">SIZE</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 10m) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">GROUP BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_start, window_end, stock_id;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| window_start| window_end|stock_id| avg|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">201</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">201</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">16</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">18</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">20</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">5</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">66666666666667</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div></div><!----><!----><!----></div><footer class="vp-page-meta"><div class="vp-meta-item edit-link"><a class="auto-link external-link vp-meta-label" href="https://github.com/apache/iotdb-docs/edit/main/src/zh/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/Basis-Function_apache.md" aria-label="发现错误？在 GitHub 上编辑此页" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><!--[--><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon edit-icon" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" fill="currentColor" aria-label="edit icon" name="edit"><path d="M430.818 653.65a60.46 60.46 0 0 1-50.96-93.281l71.69-114.012 7.773-10.365L816.038 80.138A60.46 60.46 0 0 1 859.225 62a60.46 60.46 0 0 1 43.186 18.138l43.186 43.186a60.46 60.46 0 0 1 0 86.373L588.879 565.55l-8.637 8.637-117.466 68.234a60.46 60.46 0 0 1-31.958 11.229z"></path><path d="M728.802 962H252.891A190.883 190.883 0 0 1 62.008 771.98V296.934a190.883 190.883 0 0 1 190.883-192.61h267.754a60.46 60.46 0 0 1 0 120.92H252.891a69.962 69.962 0 0 0-69.098 69.099V771.98a69.962 69.962 0 0 0 69.098 69.098h475.911A69.962 69.962 0 0 0 797.9 771.98V503.363a60.46 60.46 0 1 1 120.922 0V771.98A190.883 190.883 0 0 1 728.802 962z"></path></svg><!--]-->发现错误？在 GitHub 上编辑此页<!----></a></div><div class="vp-meta-item git-info"><div class="update-time"><span class="vp-meta-label">最近更新: </span><time class="vp-meta-info" datetime="2026-04-15T10:39:00.000Z" data-allow-mismatch>2026/4/15 10:39</time></div><!----></div></footer><nav class="vp-page-nav"><!----><a class="route-link auto-link next" href="/zh/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/Featured-Functions_apache.html" aria-label="特色函数"><div class="hint">下一页<span class="arrow end"></span></div><div class="link">特色函数<!----></div></a></nav><!----><!----><!--]--></main><!--]--><footer class="site-footer"><span id="doc-version" style="display:none;">latest-Table</span><p class="copyright-text">版权所有 © 2026 Apache软件基金会。 |
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