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data-allow-mismatch="text">2/4/26</span><meta property="datePublished" content="2026-02-04T04:01:34.000Z"></span><!----><span class="page-reading-time-info" aria-label="Reading Time⌛" data-balloon-pos="up"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon timer-icon" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" fill="currentColor" aria-label="timer icon" name="timer"><path d="M799.387 122.15c4.402-2.978 7.38-7.897 7.38-13.463v-1.165c0-8.933-7.38-16.312-16.312-16.312H256.33c-8.933 0-16.311 7.38-16.311 16.312v1.165c0 5.825 2.977 10.874 7.637 13.592 4.143 194.44 97.22 354.963 220.201 392.763-122.204 37.542-214.893 196.511-220.2 389.397-4.661 5.049-7.638 11.651-7.638 19.03v5.825h566.49v-5.825c0-7.379-2.849-13.981-7.509-18.9-5.049-193.016-97.867-351.985-220.2-389.527 123.24-37.67 216.446-198.453 220.588-392.892zM531.16 450.445v352.632c117.674 1.553 211.787 40.778 211.787 88.676H304.097c0-48.286 95.149-87.382 213.728-88.676V450.445c-93.077-3.107-167.901-81.297-167.901-177.093 0-8.803 6.99-15.793 15.793-15.793 8.803 0 15.794 6.99 15.794 15.793 0 80.261 63.69 145.635 142.01 145.635s142.011-65.374 142.011-145.635c0-8.803 6.99-15.793 15.794-15.793s15.793 6.99 15.793 15.793c0 95.019-73.789 172.82-165.96 177.093z"></path></svg><span>About 5 min</span><meta property="timeRequired" content="PT5M"></span><!----><!----></div><hr></div><!----><div class="" vp-content><!----><div id="markdown-content"><h1 id="time-series-large-models" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#time-series-large-models"><span>Time Series Large Models</span></a></h1><h2 id="_1-introduction" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-introduction"><span>1. Introduction</span></a></h2><p>Time Series Large Models are foundational models specifically designed for time series data analysis. The IoTDB team has been developing the Timer, a self-researched foundational time series model, which is based on the Transformer architecture and pre-trained on massive multi-domain time series data, supporting downstream tasks such as time series forecasting, anomaly detection, and time series imputation. The AINode platform developed by the team also supports the integration of cutting-edge time series foundational models from the industry, providing users with diverse model options. Unlike traditional time series analysis techniques, these large models possess universal feature extraction capabilities and can serve a wide range of analytical tasks through zero-shot analysis, fine-tuning, and other services.</p><p>All technical achievements in the field of time series large models related to this paper (including both the team's self-researched models and industry-leading directions) have been published in top international machine learning conferences, with specific details in the appendix.</p><h2 id="_2-application-scenarios" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-application-scenarios"><span>2. Application Scenarios</span></a></h2><ul><li><strong>Time Series Forecasting</strong>: Providing time series data forecasting services for industrial production, natural environments, and other fields to help users understand future trends in advance.</li><li><strong>Data Imputation</strong>: Performing context-based filling for missing segments in time series to enhance the continuity and integrity of the dataset.</li><li><strong>Anomaly Detection</strong>: Using autoregressive analysis technology to monitor time series data in real-time, promptly alerting potential anomalies.</li></ul><figure><img src="/img/LargeModel10.png" alt="" tabindex="0" loading="lazy"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><h2 id="_3-timer-1-model" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-timer-1-model"><span>3. Timer-1 Model</span></a></h2><p>The Timer model (non-built-in model) not only demonstrates excellent few-shot generalization and multi-task adaptability, but also acquires a rich knowledge base through pre-training, endowing it with universal capabilities to handle diverse downstream tasks, with the following characteristics:</p><ul><li><strong>Generalizability</strong>: The model can achieve industry-leading deep model prediction results through fine-tuning with only a small number of samples.</li><li><strong>Universality</strong>: The model design is flexible, capable of adapting to various different task requirements, and supports variable input and output lengths, enabling it to function effectively in various application scenarios.</li><li><strong>Scalability</strong>: As the number of model parameters increases or the scale of pre-training data expands, the model's performance will continue to improve, ensuring that the model can continuously optimize its prediction effectiveness as time and data volume grow.</li></ul><figure><img src="/img/model01.png" alt="" tabindex="0" loading="lazy"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><h2 id="_4-timer-xl-model" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_4-timer-xl-model"><span>4. Timer-XL Model</span></a></h2><p>Timer-XL further extends and upgrades the network structure based on Timer, achieving comprehensive breakthroughs in multiple dimensions:</p><ul><li><strong>Ultra-Long Context Support</strong>: This model breaks through the limitations of traditional time series forecasting models, supporting the processing of inputs with thousands of Tokens (equivalent to tens of thousands of time points), effectively solving the context length bottleneck problem.</li><li><strong>Coverage of Multi-Variable Forecasting Scenarios</strong>: Supports various forecasting scenarios, including the prediction of non-stationary time series, multi-variable prediction tasks, and predictions involving covariates, meeting diversified business needs.</li><li><strong>Large-Scale Industrial Time Series Dataset</strong>: Pre-trained on a trillion-scale time series dataset from the industrial IoT field, the dataset possesses important characteristics such as massive scale, excellent quality, and rich domain coverage, covering multiple fields including energy, aerospace, steel, and transportation.</li></ul><figure><img src="/img/model02.png" alt="" tabindex="0" loading="lazy"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><h2 id="_5-timer-sundial-model" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_5-timer-sundial-model"><span>5. Timer-Sundial Model</span></a></h2><p>Timer-Sundial is a series of generative foundational models focused on time series forecasting. The base version has 128 million parameters and has been pre-trained on 1 trillion time points, with the following core characteristics:</p><ul><li><strong>Strong Generalization Performance</strong>: Possesses zero-shot forecasting capabilities and can support both point forecasting and probabilistic forecasting simultaneously.</li><li><strong>Flexible Prediction Distribution Analysis</strong>: Not only can it predict means or quantiles, but it can also evaluate any statistical properties of the prediction distribution through the raw samples generated by the model.</li><li><strong>Innovative Generative Architecture</strong>: Employs a "Transformer + TimeFlow" collaborative architecture - the Transformer learns the autoregressive representations of time segments, while the TimeFlow module transforms random noise into diverse prediction trajectories based on the flow-matching framework (Flow-Matching), achieving efficient generation of non-deterministic samples.</li></ul><figure><img src="/img/model03.png" alt="" tabindex="0" loading="lazy"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><h2 id="_6-chronos-2-model" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_6-chronos-2-model"><span>6. Chronos-2 Model</span></a></h2><p>Chronos-2 is a universal time series foundational model developed by the Amazon Web Services (AWS) research team, evolved from the Chronos discrete token modeling paradigm. This model is suitable for both zero-shot univariate forecasting and covariate forecasting. Its main characteristics include:</p><ul><li><strong>Probabilistic Forecasting Capability</strong>: The model outputs multi-step prediction results in a generative manner, supporting quantile or distribution-level forecasting to characterize future uncertainty.</li><li><strong>Zero-Shot General Forecasting</strong>: Leveraging the contextual learning ability acquired through pre-training, it can directly execute forecasting on unseen datasets without retraining or parameter updates.</li><li><strong>Unified Modeling of Multi-Variable and Covariates</strong>: Supports joint modeling of multiple related time series and their covariates under the same architecture to improve prediction performance for complex tasks. However, it has strict input requirements: <ul><li>The set of names of future covariates must be a subset of the set of names of historical covariates;</li><li>The length of each historical covariate must equal the length of the target variable;</li><li>The length of each future covariate must equal the prediction length;</li></ul></li><li><strong>Efficient Inference and Deployment</strong>: The model adopts a compact encoder-only structure, maintaining strong generalization capabilities while ensuring inference efficiency.</li></ul><figure><img src="/img/timeseries-large-model-chronos2.png" alt="" tabindex="0" loading="lazy"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><h2 id="_7-performance-showcase" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_7-performance-showcase"><span>7. Performance Showcase</span></a></h2><p>Time Series Large Models can adapt to real time series data from various different domains and scenarios, demonstrating excellent processing capabilities across various tasks. The following shows the actual performance on different datasets:</p><p><strong>Time Series Forecasting:</strong></p><p>Leveraging the forecasting capabilities of Time Series Large Models, future trends of time series can be accurately predicted. The blue curve in the following figure represents the predicted trend, while the red curve represents the actual trend, with both curves highly consistent.</p><figure><img src="/img/LargeModel03.png" alt="" tabindex="0" loading="lazy"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p><strong>Data Imputation:</strong></p><p>Using Time Series Large Models to fill missing data segments through predictive imputation.</p><figure><img src="/img/timeseries-large-model-data-imputation.png" alt="" tabindex="0" loading="lazy"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p><strong>Anomaly Detection:</strong></p><p>Using Time Series Large Models to accurately identify outliers that deviate significantly from the normal trend.</p><figure><img src="/img/LargeModel05.png" alt="" tabindex="0" loading="lazy"><figcaption></figcaption></figure><h2 id="_8-deployment-and-usage" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_8-deployment-and-usage"><span>8. Deployment and Usage</span></a></h2><ol><li>Open the IoTDB CLI console and check that the ConfigNode, DataNode, and AINode nodes are all Running.</li></ol><div class="language-plain line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="plain" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-plain"><span class="line"><span>IoTDB> show cluster</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+------+----------+-------+---------------+------------+--------------+-----------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|NodeID| NodeType| Status|InternalAddress|InternalPort| Version| BuildInfo|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+------+----------+-------+---------------+------------+--------------+-----------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>| 0|ConfigNode|Running| 127.0.0.1| 10710| 2.0.5.1| 069354f|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>| 1| DataNode|Running| 127.0.0.1| 10730| 2.0.5.1| 069354f|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>| 2| AINode|Running| 127.0.0.1| 10810| 2.0.5.1|069354f-dev|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+------+----------+-------+---------------+------------+--------------+-----------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>Total line number = 3</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>It costs 0.140s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ol start="2"><li><p>In an online environment, the first startup of the AINode node will automatically pull the Timer-XL, Sundial, and Chronos2 models.</p><blockquote><p>Note:</p><ul><li>The AINode installation package does not include model weight files.</li><li>The automatic pull feature depends on the deployment environment having HuggingFace network access capability.</li><li>AINode supports manual upload of model weight files. For specific operation methods, refer to <a class="route-link" href="/UserGuide/latest/Deployment-and-Maintenance/AINode_Deployment_Upgrade_apache.html#_3-3-importing-built-in-weight-files">Importing Weight Files</a>.</li></ul></blockquote></li><li><p>Check if the models are available.</p></li></ol><div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="bash" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-bash"><span class="line"><span style="color:#61AFEF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">> </span><span style="color:#98C379;">show</span><span style="color:#98C379;"> models</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#61AFEF;">+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">ModelId</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">ModelType</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">Category</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">State</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#61AFEF;">+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">arima</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">sktime</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">builtin</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">active</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">holtwinters</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">sktime</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">builtin</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">active</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">exponential_smoothing</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">sktime</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">builtin</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">active</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">naive_forecaster</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">sktime</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">builtin</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">active</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">stl_forecaster</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">sktime</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">builtin</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">active</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">gaussian_hmm</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">sktime</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">builtin</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">active</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">gmm_hmm</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">sktime</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">builtin</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">active</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">stray</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">sktime</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">builtin</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">active</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">timer_xl</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">timer</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">builtin</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">active</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">sundial</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">sundial</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">builtin</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">active</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">chronos2</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">t5</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">builtin</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#61AFEF;">active</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#61AFEF;">+---------------------+---------+--------+--------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="appendix" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#appendix"><span>Appendix</span></a></h3><p><strong>[1]</strong> Timer: Generative Pre-trained Transformers Are Large Time Series Models, Yong Liu, Haoran Zhang, Chenyu Li, Xiangdong Huang, Jianmin Wang, Mingsheng Long. <a href="">↩ Back</a></p><p><strong>[2]</strong> TIMER-XL: LONG-CONTEXT TRANSFORMERS FOR UNIFIED TIME SERIES FORECASTING, Yong Liu, Guo Qin, Xiangdong Huang, Jianmin Wang, Mingsheng Long. <a href="">↩ Back</a></p><p><strong>[3]</strong> Sundial: A Family of Highly Capable Time Series Foundation Models, Yong Liu, Guo Qin, Zhiyuan Shi, Zhi Chen, Caiyin Yang, Xiangdong Huang, Jianmin Wang, Mingsheng Long, <strong>ICML 2025 spotlight</strong>. <a href="">↩ Back</a></p><p><strong>[4]</strong> Chronos-2: From Univariate to Universal Forecasting, Abdul Fatir Ansari, Oleksandr Shchur, Jaris Küken, Andreas Auer, Boran Han, Pedro Mercado, Syama Sundar Rangapuram, Huibin Shen, Lorenzo Stella, Xiyuan Zhang, Mononito Goswami, Shubham Kapoor, Danielle C. Maddix, Pablo Guerron, Tony Hu, Junming Yin, Nick Erickson, Prateek Mutalik Desai, Hao Wang, Huzefa Rangwala, George Karypis, Yuyang Wang, Michael Bohlke-Schneider, <strong>arXiv:2510.15821</strong>. <a href="">↩ Back</a></p></div><!----><!----><!----></div><footer class="vp-page-meta"><div class="vp-meta-item edit-link"><a class="auto-link external-link vp-meta-label" href="https://github.com/apache/iotdb-docs/edit/main/src/UserGuide/latest/AI-capability/TimeSeries-Large-Model_Upgrade_apache.md" aria-label="Found Error? Edit this page on GitHub" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><!--[--><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon edit-icon" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" fill="currentColor" aria-label="edit icon" name="edit"><path d="M430.818 653.65a60.46 60.46 0 0 1-50.96-93.281l71.69-114.012 7.773-10.365L816.038 80.138A60.46 60.46 0 0 1 859.225 62a60.46 60.46 0 0 1 43.186 18.138l43.186 43.186a60.46 60.46 0 0 1 0 86.373L588.879 565.55l-8.637 8.637-117.466 68.234a60.46 60.46 0 0 1-31.958 11.229z"></path><path d="M728.802 962H252.891A190.883 190.883 0 0 1 62.008 771.98V296.934a190.883 190.883 0 0 1 190.883-192.61h267.754a60.46 60.46 0 0 1 0 120.92H252.891a69.962 69.962 0 0 0-69.098 69.099V771.98a69.962 69.962 0 0 0 69.098 69.098h475.911A69.962 69.962 0 0 0 797.9 771.98V503.363a60.46 60.46 0 1 1 120.922 0V771.98A190.883 190.883 0 0 1 728.802 962z"></path></svg><!--]-->Found Error? Edit this page on GitHub<!----></a></div><div class="vp-meta-item git-info"><div class="update-time"><span class="vp-meta-label">Last Updated: </span><time class="vp-meta-info" datetime="2026-02-04T04:01:34.000Z" data-allow-mismatch>2/4/26, 4:01 AM</time></div><!----></div></footer><nav class="vp-page-nav"><a class="route-link auto-link prev" href="/UserGuide/latest/AI-capability/TimeSeries-Large-Model.html" aria-label="TimeSeries Large Model(V2.0.5/6)"><div class="hint"><span class="arrow start"></span>Prev</div><div class="link"><!---->TimeSeries Large Model(V2.0.5/6)</div></a><!----></nav><!----><!----><!--]--></main><!--]--><footer class="site-footer"><span id="doc-version" style="display:none;">latest</span><p class="copyright-text">Copyright © 2026 The Apache Software Foundation. |
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