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Clause"><!---->HAVING Clause<!----></a></li><li><a class="route-link route-link-active auto-link vp-sidebar-link active" href="/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/Fill-Clause.html" aria-label="FILL Clause"><!---->FILL Clause<!----></a></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-link" href="/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/OrderBy-Clause.html" aria-label="ORDER BY Clause"><!---->ORDER BY Clause<!----></a></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-link" href="/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/Limit-Offset-Clause.html" aria-label="LIMIT&OFFSET Clause"><!---->LIMIT&OFFSET Clause<!----></a></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-link" href="/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/Nested-Queries.html" aria-label="Nested Queries"><!---->Nested Queries<!----></a></li></ul></section></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-link" href="/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/SQL-Maintenance-Statements_apache.html" aria-label="Maintenance Statements"><!---->Maintenance Statements<!----></a></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-link" href="/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/Identifier.html" aria-label="Identifier"><!---->Identifier<!----></a></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-link" href="/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/Keywords.html" aria-label="Keywords"><!---->Keywords<!----></a></li><li><section class="vp-sidebar-group"><button class="vp-sidebar-header clickable" type="button"><!----><span class="vp-sidebar-title">Functions and Operators</span><span class="vp-arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li></ul></section></li><li><section class="vp-sidebar-group"><button class="vp-sidebar-header clickable" type="button"><!----><span class="vp-sidebar-title">Technical Insider</span><span class="vp-arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="vp-sidebar-group"><button class="vp-sidebar-header clickable" type="button"><!----><span class="vp-sidebar-title">Reference</span><span class="vp-arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="vp-sidebar-group"><button class="vp-sidebar-header clickable" type="button"><!----><span class="vp-sidebar-title">FAQ</span><span class="vp-arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li></ul><!----></aside><!--[--><main id="main-content" class="vp-page"><!--[--><!----><!----><nav class="vp-breadcrumb disable"></nav><div class="vp-page-title"><h1><!---->FILL Clause</h1><div class="page-info"><!----><!----><span class="page-date-info" aria-label="Writing Date📅" data-balloon-pos="up"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon calendar-icon" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" fill="currentColor" aria-label="calendar icon" name="calendar"><path d="M716.4 110.137c0-18.753-14.72-33.473-33.472-33.473-18.753 0-33.473 14.72-33.473 33.473v33.473h66.993v-33.473zm-334.87 0c0-18.753-14.72-33.473-33.473-33.473s-33.52 14.72-33.52 33.473v33.473h66.993v-33.473zm468.81 33.52H716.4v100.465c0 18.753-14.72 33.473-33.472 33.473a33.145 33.145 0 01-33.473-33.473V143.657H381.53v100.465c0 18.753-14.72 33.473-33.473 33.473a33.145 33.145 0 01-33.473-33.473V143.657H180.6A134.314 134.314 0 0046.66 277.595v535.756A134.314 134.314 0 00180.6 947.289h669.74a134.36 134.36 0 00133.94-133.938V277.595a134.314 134.314 0 00-133.94-133.938zm33.473 267.877H147.126a33.145 33.145 0 01-33.473-33.473c0-18.752 14.72-33.473 33.473-33.473h736.687c18.752 0 33.472 14.72 33.472 33.473a33.145 33.145 0 01-33.472 33.473z"></path></svg><span data-allow-mismatch="text">1/3/25</span><meta property="datePublished" content="2025-01-03T10:29:25.000Z"></span><!----><span class="page-reading-time-info" aria-label="Reading Time⌛" data-balloon-pos="up"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon timer-icon" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" fill="currentColor" aria-label="timer icon" name="timer"><path d="M799.387 122.15c4.402-2.978 7.38-7.897 7.38-13.463v-1.165c0-8.933-7.38-16.312-16.312-16.312H256.33c-8.933 0-16.311 7.38-16.311 16.312v1.165c0 5.825 2.977 10.874 7.637 13.592 4.143 194.44 97.22 354.963 220.201 392.763-122.204 37.542-214.893 196.511-220.2 389.397-4.661 5.049-7.638 11.651-7.638 19.03v5.825h566.49v-5.825c0-7.379-2.849-13.981-7.509-18.9-5.049-193.016-97.867-351.985-220.2-389.527 123.24-37.67 216.446-198.453 220.588-392.892zM531.16 450.445v352.632c117.674 1.553 211.787 40.778 211.787 88.676H304.097c0-48.286 95.149-87.382 213.728-88.676V450.445c-93.077-3.107-167.901-81.297-167.901-177.093 0-8.803 6.99-15.793 15.793-15.793 8.803 0 15.794 6.99 15.794 15.793 0 80.261 63.69 145.635 142.01 145.635s142.011-65.374 142.011-145.635c0-8.803 6.99-15.793 15.794-15.793s15.793 6.99 15.793 15.793c0 95.019-73.789 172.82-165.96 177.093z"></path></svg><span>About 8 min</span><meta property="timeRequired" content="PT8M"></span><!----><!----></div><hr></div><!----><div class="" vp-content><!----><div id="markdown-content"><h1 id="fill-clause" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#fill-clause"><span>FILL Clause</span></a></h1><h2 id="_1-function-introduction" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-function-introduction"><span>1. Function Introduction</span></a></h2><p>During data queries, you may encounter scenarios where certain columns have missing data in some rows, resulting in NULL values in the result set. These NULL values can hinder data visualization and analysis. To address this, IoTDB provides the FILL clause to populate these NULL values.</p><ul><li>If the query includes an <code>ORDER BY</code> clause, the FILL clause is executed before <code>ORDER BY</code>.</li><li>If a <code>GAPFILL</code> (e.g., <code>date_bin_gapfill</code> function) operation exists, the FILL clause is executed after <code>GAPFILL</code>.</li></ul><h2 id="_2-syntax-overview" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-syntax-overview"><span>2. Syntax Overview</span></a></h2><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">fillClause</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> : FILL METHOD fillMethod</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> ;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">fillMethod</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> : LINEAR timeColumnClause? fillGroupClause? #linearFill</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> | PREVIOUS timeBoundClause? timeColumnClause? fillGroupClause? #previousFill</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> | CONSTANT literalExpression #valueFill</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> ;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">timeColumnClause</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> : TIME_COLUMN INTEGER_VALUE</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> ;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">fillGroupClause</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> : FILL_GROUP INTEGER_VALUE (</span><span style="color:#98C379;">','</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> INTEGER_VALUE)*</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> ;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">timeBoundClause</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> : TIME_BOUND duration</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">timeDuration</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> ;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">timeDuration</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> : (INTEGER_VALUE intervalField)+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> ;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">intervalField</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> : </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">YEAR</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> | </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">MONTH</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> | </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">WEEK</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> | </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DAY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> | </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">HOUR</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> | </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">MINUTE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> | </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">SECOND</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> | </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">MILLISECOND</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> | </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">MICROSECOND</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> | </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">NANOSECOND</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> ;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_2-1-filling-methods" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-1-filling-methods"><span>2.1 ### Filling Methods</span></a></h3><p>IoTDB supports the following three methods to fill NULL values:</p><ol><li><strong>PREVIOUS Fill:</strong> Uses the most recent non-NULL value from the same column to fill NULL values. Starting from V2.0.8, only this method supports the OBJECT type.</li><li><strong>LINEAR Fill:</strong> Applies linear interpolation using the nearest previous and next non-NULL values in the same column.</li><li><strong>CONSTANT Fill:</strong> Fills NULL values with a specified constant.</li></ol><p>Only one filling method can be specified, and it applies to all columns in the result set.</p><h3 id="_2-2-supported-data-types-for-filling-methods" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-2-supported-data-types-for-filling-methods"><span>2.2 Supported Data Types for Filling Methods</span></a></h3><table><thead><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Data Type</th><th style="text-align:left;">Previous</th><th style="text-align:left;">Linear</th><th style="text-align:left;">Constant</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:left;">boolean</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td><td style="text-align:left;">-</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">int32</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">int64</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">float</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">double</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">text</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td><td style="text-align:left;">-</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">string</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td><td style="text-align:left;">-</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">blob</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td><td style="text-align:left;">-</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">timestamp</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;">date</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td><td style="text-align:left;">√</td></tr></tbody></table><p><strong>Note:</strong> Columns with data types not supporting the specified filling method will remain unchanged without errors.</p><h2 id="_3-sample-dataset" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-sample-dataset"><span>3. Sample Dataset</span></a></h2><p>The <a class="route-link" href="/UserGuide/latest-Table/Reference/Sample-Data.html">Example Data page</a>page provides SQL statements to construct table schemas and insert data. By downloading and executing these statements in the IoTDB CLI, you can import the data into IoTDB. This data can be used to test and run the example SQL queries included in this documentation, allowing you to reproduce the described results.</p><h3 id="_3-1-previous-fill" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-1-previous-fill"><span>3.1 PREVIOUS Fill</span></a></h3><p><code>PREVIOUS FILL</code> fills NULL values with the most recent non-NULL value in the same column.</p><h4 id="_3-1-1-parameters" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-1-1-parameters"><span>3.1.1 Parameters</span></a></h4><ul><li><strong>TIME_BOUND (optional):</strong> Defines a forward-looking time threshold. If the time difference between the current NULL value and the previous non-NULL value exceeds this threshold, the value will not be filled. By default, the system uses the first <code>TIMESTAMP</code> column in the query result to determine the threshold. <ul><li>Format: A time interval specified with integer values and units, e.g., <code>1d1h</code> (1 day and 1 hour).</li></ul></li><li><strong>TIME_COLUMN (optional):</strong> Allows specifying the <code>TIMESTAMP</code> column used to determine the time threshold. The column is specified using its positional index (starting from 1) in the original table.</li></ul><h4 id="_3-1-2-examples" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-1-2-examples"><span>3.1.2 Examples</span></a></h4><ul><li>Without FILL Clause:</li></ul><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, temperature, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">status</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> WHERE</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> >=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">27</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> and</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> <=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">29</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> plant_id</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'1001'</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> and</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> device_id</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'101'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>Results:</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------+------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|temperature|</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">status</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------+------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">38</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| true|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">39</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">40</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">41</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">42</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| false|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">43</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| false|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">44</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| false|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------+------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Total </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">line</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> number</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 7</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">It costs </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.088s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ul><li>Using <code>PREVIOUS Fill</code>:</li></ul><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, temperature, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">status</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> WHERE</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> >=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">27</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> and</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> <=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">29</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> plant_id</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'1001'</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> and</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> device_id</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'101'</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> FILL METHOD PREVIOUS;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>Results:</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------+------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|temperature|</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">status</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------+------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">38</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| true|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">39</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| true|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">40</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| true|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">41</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| true|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">42</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| false|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">43</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| false|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">44</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| false|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------+------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Total </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">line</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> number</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 7</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">It costs </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.091s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ul><li>Using <code>PREVIOUS Fill</code> with a Specified Time Threshold:</li></ul><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"># Do </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">not</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> specify a </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> column</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, temperature, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">status</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> WHERE</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> >=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">27</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> and</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> <=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">29</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> plant_id</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'1001'</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> and</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> device_id</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'101'</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> FILL METHOD PREVIOUS TIME_BOUND 1m;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"># Manually specify the </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> column</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, temperature, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">status</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> WHERE</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> >=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">27</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> and</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> <=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">29</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> plant_id</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'1001'</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> and</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> device_id</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'101'</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> FILL METHOD PREVIOUS 1m TIME_COLUMN </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>Results:</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------+------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|temperature|</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">status</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------+------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">38</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| true|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">39</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| true|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">40</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">41</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">42</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| false|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">43</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| false|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">44</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| false|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------+------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Total </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">line</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> number</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 7</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">It costs </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.075s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_3-2-linear-fill" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-2-linear-fill"><span>3.2 LINEAR Fill</span></a></h3><p><code>LINEAR Fill</code> fills NULL values using linear interpolation based on the nearest previous and next non-NULL values in the same column.</p><h4 id="_3-2-1-linear-fill-rules" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-2-1-linear-fill-rules"><span>3.2.1 Linear Fill Rules</span></a></h4><ol><li>If all previous or all subsequent values are NULL, no filling is performed.</li><li>Columns with data types such as <code>boolean</code>, <code>string</code>, <code>blob</code>, or <code>text</code> are not filled, and no error is returned.</li><li>If no auxiliary time column is specified, the first <code>TIMESTAMP</code>-type column in the <code>SELECT</code> clause is used by default for interpolation. If no <code>TIMESTAMP</code> column exists, an error will be returned.</li></ol><h4 id="_3-2-2-parameters" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-2-2-parameters"><span>3.2.2 Parameters</span></a></h4><ul><li><strong>TIME_COLUMN (optional):</strong> Specifies the <code>TIMESTAMP</code> column to be used as an auxiliary column for linear interpolation. The column is identified by its positional index (starting from 1) in the original table.</li></ul><p><strong>Note:</strong> The auxiliary column used for linear interpolation is not required to be the <code>time</code> column. However, the auxiliary column must be sorted in ascending or descending order for meaningful interpolation. If another column is specified, the user must ensure the result set is ordered correctly.</p><h4 id="_3-2-3-examples" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-2-3-examples"><span>3.2.3 Examples</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, temperature, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">status</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> WHERE</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> >=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">27</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> and</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> <=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">29</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> plant_id</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'1001'</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> and</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> device_id</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'101'</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> FILL METHOD LINEAR;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>Result:</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------+------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|temperature|</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">status</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------+------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">38</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| true|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">39</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">40</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">41</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">42</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| false|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">43</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| false|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">44</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| false|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------+------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Total </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">line</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> number</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 7</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">It costs </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.053s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_3-3-constant-fill" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-3-constant-fill"><span>3.3 ### CONSTANT Fill</span></a></h3><p><code>CONSTANT Fill</code> fills NULL values with a specified constant value.</p><h4 id="_3-3-1-constant-fill-rules" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-3-1-constant-fill-rules"><span>3.3.1 Constant Fill Rules</span></a></h4><ol><li>If the data type of the constant does not match the column's data type, IoTDB does not fill the result set and no error is returned.</li><li>If the constant value exceeds the column's allowable range, IoTDB does not fill the result set and no error is returned.</li></ol><h4 id="_3-3-2-examples" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-3-2-examples"><span>3.3.2 Examples</span></a></h4><ul><li>Using a <code>FLOAT</code> constant:</li></ul><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, temperature, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">status</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> WHERE</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> >=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">27</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> and</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> <=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">29</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> plant_id</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'1001'</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> and</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> device_id</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'101'</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> FILL METHOD CONSTANT </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">80</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>Results:</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------+------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|temperature|</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">status</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------+------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">38</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">80</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| true|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">39</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| true|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">40</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| true|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">41</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| true|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">42</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">80</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| false|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">43</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">80</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| false|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">44</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">80</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| false|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------+------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Total </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">line</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> number</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 7</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">It costs </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.242s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>W- Using a <code>BOOLEAN</code> constant:</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, temperature, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">status</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> WHERE</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> >=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">27</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> and</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> <=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">29</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> plant_id</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'1001'</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> and</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> device_id</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'101'</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> FILL METHOD CONSTANT true;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>Results:</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------+------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|temperature|</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">status</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------+------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">38</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| true|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">39</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| true|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">40</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| true|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">41</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| true|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">42</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| false|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">43</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| false|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">44</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| false|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------+------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Total </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">line</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> number</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 7</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">It costs </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.073s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h2 id="_4-advanced-usage" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_4-advanced-usage"><span>4. Advanced Usage</span></a></h2><p>When using the <code>PREVIOUS</code> or <code>LINEAR</code> FILL methods, the <code>FILL_GROUP</code> parameter allows filling within specific groups without being influenced by other groups.</p><h4 id="examples" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#examples"><span>Examples</span></a></h4><ul><li><strong>Filling Missing Values Within <code>device_id</code></strong></li></ul><p>The following query demonstrates how to fill missing values for each <code>device_id</code> group independently, without using values from other devices:</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> date_bin(1h, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AS</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> hour_time, plant_id, device_id, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">avg</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(temperature) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AS</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> avg_temp</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> WHERE</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> >=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">28</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> <</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">30</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 14</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">30</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> group by</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, plant_id, device_id;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>Results：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+--------+---------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| hour_time|plant_id|device_id|avg_temp|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+--------+---------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-28T08:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-28T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-28T10:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-28T11:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">88</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-29T10:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-29T11:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3002</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-29T18:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3002</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">90</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-30T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3002</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">90</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+--------+---------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Total </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">line</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> number</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 8</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">It costs </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.110s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ul><li><strong>Without Specifying <code>FILL_GROUP</code></strong></li></ul><p>If the <code>FILL_GROUP</code> parameter is not specified, missing values in <code>device_id = 100</code> will be filled using values from <code>device_id = 101</code>:</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> date_bin(1h, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AS</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> hour_time, plant_id, device_id, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">avg</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(temperature) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AS</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> avg_temp</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> WHERE</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> >=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">28</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> <</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">30</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 14</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">30</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> group by</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, plant_id, device_id</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> FILL METHOD PREVIOUS;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>Results：</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+--------+---------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| hour_time|plant_id|device_id|avg_temp|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+--------+---------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-28T08:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-28T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-28T10:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-28T11:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">88</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-29T10:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-29T11:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3002</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-29T18:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3002</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">90</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-30T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3002</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">90</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+--------+---------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Total </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">line</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> number</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 8</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">It costs </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.066s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ul><li><strong>Specifying <code>FILL_GROUP</code> for Grouped Filling</strong></li></ul><p>By specifying <code>FILL_GROUP 2</code>, the filling is restricted to groups based on the second column (<code>device_id</code>). As a result, missing values in <code>device_id = 100</code> will not be filled using values from <code>device_id = 101</code>:</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> date_bin(1h, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AS</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> hour_time, plant_id, device_id, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">avg</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(temperature) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AS</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> avg_temp</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> WHERE</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> >=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">28</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> <</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">30</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 14</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">30</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> group by</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, plant_id, device_id</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> FILL METHOD PREVIOUS FILL_GROUP </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>Results:</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+--------+---------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| hour_time|plant_id|device_id|avg_temp|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+--------+---------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-28T08:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-28T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-28T10:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-28T11:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">88</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-29T10:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">85</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-29T11:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3002</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-29T18:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3002</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">90</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-30T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3002</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">90</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+--------+---------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Total </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">line</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> number</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 8</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">It costs </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.089s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h2 id="_5-special-notes" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_5-special-notes"><span>5. Special Notes</span></a></h2><p>When using <code>LINEAR</code> or <code>PREVIOUS</code> FILL methods, if the auxiliary time column (used to determine filling logic) contains NULL values, IoTDB follows these rules:</p><ul><li>Rows with NULL values in the auxiliary column will not be filled.</li><li>These rows are also excluded from the filling logic calculations.</li></ul><p><strong>Example of <code>PREVIOUS Fill</code></strong></p><ul><li>Query original data:</li></ul><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, plant_id, device_id, humidity, arrival_time</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> WHERE</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> >=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">26</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 16</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">37</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> and</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> <=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">28</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> plant_id</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'1001'</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> and</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> device_id</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'101'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>Results:</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+--------+---------+--------+-----------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|plant_id|device_id|humidity| arrival_time|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+--------+---------+--------+-----------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">38</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">35</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">37</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">39</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">35</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">40</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">37</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">03</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">41</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">37</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">04</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">42</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">35</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">43</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">44</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">37</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+--------+---------+--------+-----------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Total </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">line</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> number</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 7</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">It costs </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.119s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><ul><li>Using <code>arrival_time</code> as the auxiliary column with a time interval (<code>TIME_BOUND</code>) of 2 seconds</li></ul><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, plant_id, device_id, humidity, arrival_time</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> WHERE</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> >=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">26</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 16</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">37</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> and</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> <=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">28</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> plant_id</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'1001'</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> and</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> device_id</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'101'</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> FILL METHOD PREVIOUS TIME_BOUND 2s TIME_COLUMN </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">5</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>Results:</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+--------+---------+--------+-----------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|plant_id|device_id|humidity| arrival_time|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+--------+---------+--------+-----------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">38</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">35</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">37</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">39</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">35</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">3</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">40</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">35</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">37</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">03</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">41</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">37</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">04</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">42</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">35</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">43</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">44</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1001</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">null</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-27T16:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">37</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+--------+---------+--------+-----------------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">Total </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">line</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> number</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 7</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">It costs </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.049s</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p><strong>Filling Details</strong></p><ol><li>For <code>humidity</code> at <code>16:39</code>, <code>16:42</code>, and <code>16:43</code>: <ol><li>Since the auxiliary column <code>arrival_time</code> is NULL, no filling is performed.</li></ol></li><li>For <code>humidity</code> at <code>16:40</code>: <ol><li>The auxiliary column <code>arrival_time</code> is not NULL and has a value of <code>1970-01-01T08:00:00.003+08:00</code>.</li><li>The time difference from the previous non-NULL value (<code>1970-01-01T08:00:00.001+08:00</code>) is less than 2 seconds (<code>TIME_BOUND</code>)</li><li>So the value <code>35.1</code> from the first row is used for filling.</li></ol></li><li>For <code>humidity</code> at <code>16:41</code>: <ol><li>Although the auxiliary column <code>arrival_time</code> is not NULL, the time difference from the previous non-NULL value exceeds 2 seconds, so no filling is performed.</li></ol></li><li>For <code>humidity</code> at <code>16:44</code>: <ol><li>Similarly, the time difference exceeds 2 seconds, so no filling is performed.</li></ol></li></ol></div><!----><!----><!----></div><footer class="vp-page-meta"><div class="vp-meta-item edit-link"><a class="auto-link external-link vp-meta-label" href="https://github.com/apache/iotdb-docs/edit/main/src/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/Fill-Clause.md" aria-label="Found Error? Edit this page on GitHub" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><!--[--><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon edit-icon" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" fill="currentColor" aria-label="edit icon" name="edit"><path d="M430.818 653.65a60.46 60.46 0 0 1-50.96-93.281l71.69-114.012 7.773-10.365L816.038 80.138A60.46 60.46 0 0 1 859.225 62a60.46 60.46 0 0 1 43.186 18.138l43.186 43.186a60.46 60.46 0 0 1 0 86.373L588.879 565.55l-8.637 8.637-117.466 68.234a60.46 60.46 0 0 1-31.958 11.229z"></path><path d="M728.802 962H252.891A190.883 190.883 0 0 1 62.008 771.98V296.934a190.883 190.883 0 0 1 190.883-192.61h267.754a60.46 60.46 0 0 1 0 120.92H252.891a69.962 69.962 0 0 0-69.098 69.099V771.98a69.962 69.962 0 0 0 69.098 69.098h475.911A69.962 69.962 0 0 0 797.9 771.98V503.363a60.46 60.46 0 1 1 120.922 0V771.98A190.883 190.883 0 0 1 728.802 962z"></path></svg><!--]-->Found Error? Edit this page on GitHub<!----></a></div><div class="vp-meta-item git-info"><div class="update-time"><span class="vp-meta-label">Last Updated: </span><time class="vp-meta-info" datetime="2026-02-06T02:30:37.000Z" data-allow-mismatch>2/6/26, 2:30 AM</time></div><!----></div></footer><nav class="vp-page-nav"><a class="route-link auto-link prev" href="/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/Having-Clause.html" aria-label="HAVING Clause"><div class="hint"><span class="arrow start"></span>Prev</div><div class="link"><!---->HAVING Clause</div></a><a class="route-link auto-link next" href="/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/OrderBy-Clause.html" aria-label="ORDER BY Clause"><div class="hint">Next<span class="arrow end"></span></div><div class="link">ORDER BY Clause<!----></div></a></nav><!----><!----><!--]--></main><!--]--><footer class="site-footer"><span id="doc-version" style="display:none;">latest-Table</span><p class="copyright-text">Copyright © 2026 The Apache Software Foundation. |
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