| <!doctype html> |
| <html lang="en-US" data-theme="light"> |
| <head> |
| <meta charset="utf-8" /> |
| <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" /> |
| <meta name="generator" content="VuePress 2.0.0-rc.26" /> |
| <meta name="theme" content="VuePress Theme Hope 2.0.0-rc.99" /> |
| <style> |
| :root { |
| --vp-c-bg: #fff; |
| } |
| |
| [data-theme="dark"] { |
| --vp-c-bg: #1b1b1f; |
| } |
| |
| html, |
| body { |
| background: var(--vp-c-bg); |
| } |
| </style> |
| <script> |
| const userMode = localStorage.getItem("vuepress-theme-hope-scheme"); |
| const systemDarkMode = |
| window.matchMedia && |
| window.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches; |
| |
| if (userMode === "dark" || (userMode !== "light" && systemDarkMode)) { |
| document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-theme", "dark"); |
| } |
| </script> |
| <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Featured Functions","image":[""],"dateModified":"2026-04-15T10:39:00.000Z","author":[]}</script><meta property="og:url" content="https://iotdb.apache.org/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/Featured-Functions_apache.html"><meta property="og:site_name" content="IoTDB Website"><meta property="og:title" content="Featured Functions"><meta property="og:description" content="Featured Functions 1. Downsampling Functions 1.1 date_bin Function Description The date_bin function is a scalar function that aligns timestamps to the start of specified time i..."><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="og:locale" content="en-US"><meta property="og:locale:alternate" content="zh-CN"><meta property="og:updated_time" content="2026-04-15T10:39:00.000Z"><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2026-04-15T10:39:00.000Z"><link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-cn" href="https://iotdb.apache.org/zh/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/Featured-Functions_apache.html"><script async src="https://widget.kapa.ai/kapa-widget.bundle.js" data-website-id="2d37bfdd-8d98-40ba-9223-9d4f81bfb327" data-project-name="Apache IoTDB" data-project-color="#FFFFFF" data-button-z-index="1999" data-button-padding="4px" data-button-border-radius="4px" data-button-image-height="24px" data-button-image-width="20px" data-button-text-color="#9E2878" data-project-logo="https://iotdb.apache.org/img/logo.svg" data-button-position-right="16px" data-button-position-bottom="8px" data-button-height="56px" data-button-width="48px" data-button-text="Ask" data-modal-override-open-selector="#custom-ask-ai-button" data-modal-image-width="150px" data-modal-title="AI Docs" data-modal-title-color="#9E2878" data-deep-thinking-button-active-bg-color="#F6F7F8" data-deep-thinking-button-active-text-color="#9E2878" data-deep-thinking-button-active-hover-text-color="#9E2878" data-modal-disclaimer="This is a custom LLM for Apache IoTDB with access to all [documentation](iotdb.apache.org/docs/), [GitHub Open Issues, PRs and READMEs](github.com/apache/iotdb). |
| |
| If you encounter <Error in verifying browser for feedback submission. Captcha token could not be obtained.> please ensure that you can access Google services." data-user-analytics-fingerprint-enabled="true" data-consent-required="true" data-consent-screen-disclaimer="By clicking <I agree, let's chat>, you consent to the use of the AI assistant in accordance with kapa.ai's [Privacy Policy](https://www.kapa.ai/content/privacy-policy). This service uses reCAPTCHA, which requires your consent to Google's [Privacy Policy](https://policies.google.com/privacy) and [Terms of Service](https://policies.google.com/terms). By proceeding, you explicitly agree to both kapa.ai's and Google's privacy policies."></script><link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico"><meta name="Description" content="Apache IoTDB: Time Series Database for IoT"><meta name="Keywords" content="TSDB, time series, time series database, IoTDB, IoT database, IoT data management, 时序数据库, 时间序列管理, IoTDB, 物联网数据库, 实时数据库, 物联网数据管理, 物联网数据"><meta name="baidu-site-verification" content="wfKETzB3OT"><meta name="google-site-verification" content="mZWAoRY0yj_HAr-s47zHCGHzx5Ju-RVm5wDbPnwQYFo"><script type="text/javascript">var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || []; |
| /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */ |
| _paq.push(["setDoNotTrack", true]); |
| _paq.push(["disableCookies"]); |
| _paq.push(['trackPageView']); |
| _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); |
| (function() { |
| var u="https://analytics.apache.org/"; |
| _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); |
| _paq.push(['setSiteId', '56']); |
| var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; |
| g.async=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); |
| })(); |
| </script><title>Featured Functions | IoTDB Website</title><meta name="description" content="Featured Functions 1. Downsampling Functions 1.1 date_bin Function Description The date_bin function is a scalar function that aligns timestamps to the start of specified time i..."> |
| <link rel="preload" href="/assets/style-JraSdRX4.css" as="style"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/style-JraSdRX4.css"> |
| <link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/app-pmkzp6TS.js"><link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/Featured-Functions_apache.html-BtQ7jDg3.js"> |
| |
| </head> |
| <body> |
| <div id="app"><!--[--><!--[--><!--[--><span tabindex="-1"></span><a href="#main-content" class="vp-skip-link sr-only">Skip to main content</a><!--]--><!--[--><div class="theme-container external-link-icon has-toc" vp-container><!--[--><header id="navbar" class="vp-navbar" vp-navbar><div class="vp-navbar-start"><button type="button" class="vp-toggle-sidebar-button" title="Toggle Sidebar"><span class="icon"></span></button><!--[--><a class="route-link vp-brand" href="/" aria-label="Take me home"><img class="vp-nav-logo" src="/logo.png" alt><!----><!----></a><!--]--></div><div class="vp-navbar-center"><!--[--><!--]--></div><div class="vp-navbar-end"><!--[--><!--[--><div id="docsearch-container" style="display:none;"></div><div class="docsearch-placeholder"><button type="button" aria-label="Search" aria-keyshortcuts="Control+k" class="DocSearch DocSearch-Button"><span class="DocSearch-Button-Container"><svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class="DocSearch-Search-Icon"><circle cx="11" cy="11" r="8" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="1.4"></circle><path d="m21 21-4.3-4.3" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path></svg><span class="DocSearch-Button-Placeholder">Search</span></span><span class="DocSearch-Button-Keys"><kbd class="DocSearch-Button-Key DocSearch-Button-Key--ctrl">Ctrl</kbd><kbd class="DocSearch-Button-Key">K</kbd></span></button></div><!--]--><div><button id="custom-ask-ai-button"> ✨ Ask AI </button></div><nav class="vp-nav-links"><div class="vp-nav-item hide-in-mobile"><div class="vp-dropdown-wrapper"><button type="button" class="vp-dropdown-title" aria-label="Documentation"><!--[--><!---->Documentation<!--]--><span class="arrow"></span><ul class="vp-dropdown"><li class="vp-dropdown-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/UserGuide/latest/QuickStart/QuickStart_apache.html" aria-label="v2.0.x"><!---->v2.0.x<!----></a></li><li class="vp-dropdown-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/UserGuide/V1.3.x/QuickStart/QuickStart_apache.html" aria-label="v1.3.x"><!---->v1.3.x<!----></a></li><li class="vp-dropdown-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/UserGuide/V1.2.x/QuickStart/QuickStart.html" aria-label="v1.2.x"><!---->v1.2.x<!----></a></li><li class="vp-dropdown-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/UserGuide/V0.13.x/QuickStart/QuickStart.html" aria-label="v0.13.x"><!---->v0.13.x<!----></a></li></ul></button></div></div><div class="vp-nav-item hide-in-mobile"><a class="auto-link external-link" href="https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/IOTDB/System+Design" aria-label="Design" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><!---->Design<!----></a></div><div class="vp-nav-item hide-in-mobile"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/Download/" aria-label="Download"><!---->Download<!----></a></div><div class="vp-nav-item hide-in-mobile"><div class="vp-dropdown-wrapper"><button type="button" class="vp-dropdown-title" aria-label="Community"><!--[--><!---->Community<!--]--><span class="arrow"></span><ul class="vp-dropdown"><li class="vp-dropdown-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/Community/About-the-Community.html" aria-label="About the Community"><!---->About the Community<!----></a></li><li class="vp-dropdown-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/Community/Development-Guide.html" aria-label="Development Guide"><!---->Development Guide<!----></a></li><li class="vp-dropdown-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/Community/Community-Partners.html" aria-label="Community Partners"><!---->Community Partners<!----></a></li><li class="vp-dropdown-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/Community/Communication-Channels.html" aria-label="Communication Channels"><!---->Communication Channels<!----></a></li><li class="vp-dropdown-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/Community/Events-and-Reports.html" aria-label="Events and Reports"><!---->Events and Reports<!----></a></li><li class="vp-dropdown-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/Community/Committers.html" aria-label="Committers"><!---->Committers<!----></a></li></ul></button></div></div><div class="vp-nav-item hide-in-mobile"><div class="vp-dropdown-wrapper"><button type="button" class="vp-dropdown-title" aria-label="ASF"><!--[--><!---->ASF<!--]--><span class="arrow"></span><ul class="vp-dropdown"><li class="vp-dropdown-item"><a class="auto-link external-link" href="https://www.apache.org/" aria-label="Foundation" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><!---->Foundation<!----></a></li><li class="vp-dropdown-item"><a class="auto-link external-link" href="https://www.apache.org/licenses/" aria-label="License" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><!---->License<!----></a></li><li class="vp-dropdown-item"><a class="auto-link external-link" href="https://www.apache.org/security/" aria-label="Security" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><!---->Security<!----></a></li><li class="vp-dropdown-item"><a class="auto-link external-link" href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/sponsorship.html" aria-label="Sponsorship" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><!---->Sponsorship<!----></a></li><li class="vp-dropdown-item"><a class="auto-link external-link" href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/thanks.html" aria-label="Thanks" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><!---->Thanks<!----></a></li><li class="vp-dropdown-item"><a class="auto-link external-link" href="https://www.apache.org/events/current-event" aria-label="Current Events" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><!---->Current Events<!----></a></li><li class="vp-dropdown-item"><a class="auto-link external-link" href="https://privacy.apache.org/policies/privacy-policy-public.html" aria-label="Privacy" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><!---->Privacy<!----></a></li></ul></button></div></div></nav><div class="vp-nav-item"><div class="vp-dropdown-wrapper"><button type="button" class="vp-dropdown-title" aria-label="Select language"><!--[--><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon i18n-icon" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" fill="currentColor" aria-label="i18n icon" name="i18n" style="width:1rem;height:1rem;vertical-align:middle;"><path d="M379.392 460.8 494.08 575.488l-42.496 102.4L307.2 532.48 138.24 701.44l-71.68-72.704L234.496 460.8l-45.056-45.056c-27.136-27.136-51.2-66.56-66.56-108.544h112.64c7.68 14.336 16.896 27.136 26.112 35.84l45.568 46.08 45.056-45.056C382.976 312.32 409.6 247.808 409.6 204.8H0V102.4h256V0h102.4v102.4h256v102.4H512c0 70.144-37.888 161.28-87.04 210.944L378.88 460.8zM576 870.4 512 1024H409.6l256-614.4H768l256 614.4H921.6l-64-153.6H576zM618.496 768h196.608L716.8 532.48 618.496 768z"></path></svg><!--]--><span class="arrow"></span><ul class="vp-dropdown"><li class="vp-dropdown-item"><a class="route-link route-link-active auto-link" href="/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/Featured-Functions_apache.html" aria-label="English"><!---->English<!----></a></li><li class="vp-dropdown-item"><a class="route-link auto-link" href="/zh/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/Featured-Functions_apache.html" aria-label="简体中文"><!---->简体中文<!----></a></li></ul></button></div></div><div class="vp-nav-item hide-in-mobile"><button type="button" class="vp-color-mode-switch" id="color-mode-switch"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon auto-icon" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" fill="currentColor" aria-label="auto icon" name="auto" style="display:none;"><path d="M512 992C246.92 992 32 777.08 32 512S246.92 32 512 32s480 214.92 480 480-214.92 480-480 480zm0-840c-198.78 0-360 161.22-360 360 0 198.84 161.22 360 360 360s360-161.16 360-360c0-198.78-161.22-360-360-360zm0 660V212c165.72 0 300 134.34 300 300 0 165.72-134.28 300-300 300z"></path></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon dark-icon" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" fill="currentColor" aria-label="dark icon" name="dark" style="display:none;"><path d="M524.8 938.667h-4.267a439.893 439.893 0 0 1-313.173-134.4 446.293 446.293 0 0 1-11.093-597.334A432.213 432.213 0 0 1 366.933 90.027a42.667 42.667 0 0 1 45.227 9.386 42.667 42.667 0 0 1 10.24 42.667 358.4 358.4 0 0 0 82.773 375.893 361.387 361.387 0 0 0 376.747 82.774 42.667 42.667 0 0 1 54.187 55.04 433.493 433.493 0 0 1-99.84 154.88 438.613 438.613 0 0 1-311.467 128z"></path></svg><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon light-icon" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" fill="currentColor" aria-label="light icon" name="light" style="display:block;"><path d="M952 552h-80a40 40 0 0 1 0-80h80a40 40 0 0 1 0 80zM801.88 280.08a41 41 0 0 1-57.96-57.96l57.96-58a41.04 41.04 0 0 1 58 58l-58 57.96zM512 752a240 240 0 1 1 0-480 240 240 0 0 1 0 480zm0-560a40 40 0 0 1-40-40V72a40 40 0 0 1 80 0v80a40 40 0 0 1-40 40zm-289.88 88.08-58-57.96a41.04 41.04 0 0 1 58-58l57.96 58a41 41 0 0 1-57.96 57.96zM192 512a40 40 0 0 1-40 40H72a40 40 0 0 1 0-80h80a40 40 0 0 1 40 40zm30.12 231.92a41 41 0 0 1 57.96 57.96l-57.96 58a41.04 41.04 0 0 1-58-58l58-57.96zM512 832a40 40 0 0 1 40 40v80a40 40 0 0 1-80 0v-80a40 40 0 0 1 40-40zm289.88-88.08 58 57.96a41.04 41.04 0 0 1-58 58l-57.96-58a41 41 0 0 1 57.96-57.96z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="vp-nav-item vp-action"><a class="vp-action-link" href="https://github.com/apache/iotdb" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="GitHub"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon github-icon" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" fill="currentColor" aria-label="github icon" name="github" style="width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;vertical-align:middle;"><path d="M511.957 21.333C241.024 21.333 21.333 240.981 21.333 512c0 216.832 140.544 400.725 335.574 465.664 24.49 4.395 32.256-10.07 32.256-23.083 0-11.69.256-44.245 0-85.205-136.448 29.61-164.736-64.64-164.736-64.64-22.315-56.704-54.4-71.765-54.4-71.765-44.587-30.464 3.285-29.824 3.285-29.824 49.195 3.413 75.179 50.517 75.179 50.517 43.776 75.008 114.816 53.333 142.762 40.79 4.523-31.66 17.152-53.377 31.19-65.537-108.971-12.458-223.488-54.485-223.488-242.602 0-53.547 19.114-97.323 50.517-131.67-5.035-12.33-21.93-62.293 4.779-129.834 0 0 41.258-13.184 134.912 50.346a469.803 469.803 0 0 1 122.88-16.554c41.642.213 83.626 5.632 122.88 16.554 93.653-63.488 134.784-50.346 134.784-50.346 26.752 67.541 9.898 117.504 4.864 129.834 31.402 34.347 50.474 78.123 50.474 131.67 0 188.586-114.73 230.016-224.042 242.09 17.578 15.232 33.578 44.672 33.578 90.454v135.85c0 13.142 7.936 27.606 32.854 22.87C862.25 912.597 1002.667 728.747 1002.667 512c0-271.019-219.648-490.667-490.71-490.667z"></path></svg></a></div><!--]--><button type="button" class="vp-toggle-navbar-button" aria-label="Toggle Navbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="nav-screen"><span><span class="vp-top"></span><span class="vp-middle"></span><span class="vp-bottom"></span></span></button></div></header><!----><!--]--><!----><div class="toggle-sidebar-wrapper"><span class="arrow start"></span></div><aside id="sidebar" class="vp-sidebar" vp-sidebar><!--[--><p class="vp-sidebar-header iotdb-sidebar-header"><span class="vp-sidebar-title">IoTDB User Guide (V2.0.x)</span></p><div class="sidebar-top-wrapper"><ul class="switch-list"><li class="switch-type">Tree</li><li class="switch-type switch-active">Table</li></ul><div class="help-icon-wrapper"><div class="help-icon"><span>Description</span></div></div></div><!--]--><ul class="vp-sidebar-links"><li><section class="vp-sidebar-group"><p class="vp-sidebar-header"><!----><span class="vp-sidebar-title">IoTDB User Guide (V2.0.x)</span><!----></p><ul class="vp-sidebar-links"></ul></section></li><li><section class="vp-sidebar-group"><button class="vp-sidebar-header clickable" type="button"><!----><span class="vp-sidebar-title">About IoTDB</span><span class="vp-arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="vp-sidebar-group"><button class="vp-sidebar-header clickable" type="button"><!----><span class="vp-sidebar-title">Background knowledge</span><span class="vp-arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-link" href="/UserGuide/latest-Table/QuickStart/QuickStart_apache.html" aria-label="Quick Start"><!---->Quick Start<!----></a></li><li><section class="vp-sidebar-group"><button class="vp-sidebar-header clickable" type="button"><!----><span class="vp-sidebar-title">Installation and Deployment</span><span class="vp-arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="vp-sidebar-group"><button class="vp-sidebar-header clickable" type="button"><!----><span class="vp-sidebar-title">Basic Functions</span><span class="vp-arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="vp-sidebar-group"><button class="vp-sidebar-header clickable" type="button"><!----><span class="vp-sidebar-title">Advanced Features</span><span class="vp-arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="vp-sidebar-group"><button class="vp-sidebar-header clickable" type="button"><!----><span class="vp-sidebar-title">AI capability</span><span class="vp-arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="vp-sidebar-group"><button class="vp-sidebar-header clickable" type="button"><!----><span class="vp-sidebar-title">Tools System</span><span class="vp-arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="vp-sidebar-group"><button class="vp-sidebar-header clickable" type="button"><!----><span class="vp-sidebar-title">API</span><span class="vp-arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="vp-sidebar-group"><button class="vp-sidebar-header clickable" type="button"><!----><span class="vp-sidebar-title">Ecosystem Integration</span><span class="vp-arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="vp-sidebar-group"><button class="vp-sidebar-header clickable active" type="button"><!----><span class="vp-sidebar-title">SQL Manual</span><span class="vp-arrow down"></span></button><ul class="vp-sidebar-links"><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-link" href="/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/QuickStart-Only-Sql_apache.html" aria-label="QuickStart Only SQL"><!---->QuickStart Only SQL<!----></a></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-link" href="/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/SQL-Metadata-Operations_apache.html" aria-label="Metadata Operations"><!---->Metadata Operations<!----></a></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-link" href="/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/SQL-Data-Addition-Deletion_apache.html" aria-label="Data Addition&Deletion"><!---->Data Addition&Deletion<!----></a></li><li><section class="vp-sidebar-group"><button class="vp-sidebar-header clickable" type="button"><!----><span class="vp-sidebar-title">Data Query</span><span class="vp-arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-link" href="/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/SQL-Maintenance-Statements_apache.html" aria-label="Maintenance Statements"><!---->Maintenance Statements<!----></a></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-link" href="/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/Identifier.html" aria-label="Identifier"><!---->Identifier<!----></a></li><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-link" href="/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/Keywords.html" aria-label="Keywords"><!---->Keywords<!----></a></li><li><section class="vp-sidebar-group"><button class="vp-sidebar-header clickable active" type="button"><!----><span class="vp-sidebar-title">Functions and Operators</span><span class="vp-arrow down"></span></button><ul class="vp-sidebar-links"><li><a class="route-link auto-link vp-sidebar-link" href="/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/Basis-Function_apache.html" aria-label="Basis Functions"><!---->Basis Functions<!----></a></li><li><a class="route-link route-link-active auto-link vp-sidebar-link active" href="/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/Featured-Functions_apache.html" aria-label="Featured Functions"><!---->Featured Functions<!----></a></li></ul></section></li></ul></section></li><li><section class="vp-sidebar-group"><button class="vp-sidebar-header clickable" type="button"><!----><span class="vp-sidebar-title">Technical Insider</span><span class="vp-arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="vp-sidebar-group"><button class="vp-sidebar-header clickable" type="button"><!----><span class="vp-sidebar-title">Reference</span><span class="vp-arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="vp-sidebar-group"><button class="vp-sidebar-header clickable" type="button"><!----><span class="vp-sidebar-title">FAQ</span><span class="vp-arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li></ul><!----></aside><!--[--><main id="main-content" class="vp-page"><!--[--><!----><!----><nav class="vp-breadcrumb disable"></nav><div class="vp-page-title"><h1><!---->Featured Functions</h1><div class="page-info"><!----><!----><span class="page-date-info" aria-label="Writing Date📅" data-balloon-pos="up"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon calendar-icon" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" fill="currentColor" aria-label="calendar icon" name="calendar"><path d="M716.4 110.137c0-18.753-14.72-33.473-33.472-33.473-18.753 0-33.473 14.72-33.473 33.473v33.473h66.993v-33.473zm-334.87 0c0-18.753-14.72-33.473-33.473-33.473s-33.52 14.72-33.52 33.473v33.473h66.993v-33.473zm468.81 33.52H716.4v100.465c0 18.753-14.72 33.473-33.472 33.473a33.145 33.145 0 01-33.473-33.473V143.657H381.53v100.465c0 18.753-14.72 33.473-33.473 33.473a33.145 33.145 0 01-33.473-33.473V143.657H180.6A134.314 134.314 0 0046.66 277.595v535.756A134.314 134.314 0 00180.6 947.289h669.74a134.36 134.36 0 00133.94-133.938V277.595a134.314 134.314 0 00-133.94-133.938zm33.473 267.877H147.126a33.145 33.145 0 01-33.473-33.473c0-18.752 14.72-33.473 33.473-33.473h736.687c18.752 0 33.472 14.72 33.472 33.473a33.145 33.145 0 01-33.472 33.473z"></path></svg><span data-allow-mismatch="text">2/13/25</span><meta property="datePublished" content="2025-02-13T13:17:08.000Z"></span><!----><span class="page-reading-time-info" aria-label="Reading Time⌛" data-balloon-pos="up"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon timer-icon" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" fill="currentColor" aria-label="timer icon" name="timer"><path d="M799.387 122.15c4.402-2.978 7.38-7.897 7.38-13.463v-1.165c0-8.933-7.38-16.312-16.312-16.312H256.33c-8.933 0-16.311 7.38-16.311 16.312v1.165c0 5.825 2.977 10.874 7.637 13.592 4.143 194.44 97.22 354.963 220.201 392.763-122.204 37.542-214.893 196.511-220.2 389.397-4.661 5.049-7.638 11.651-7.638 19.03v5.825h566.49v-5.825c0-7.379-2.849-13.981-7.509-18.9-5.049-193.016-97.867-351.985-220.2-389.527 123.24-37.67 216.446-198.453 220.588-392.892zM531.16 450.445v352.632c117.674 1.553 211.787 40.778 211.787 88.676H304.097c0-48.286 95.149-87.382 213.728-88.676V450.445c-93.077-3.107-167.901-81.297-167.901-177.093 0-8.803 6.99-15.793 15.793-15.793 8.803 0 15.794 6.99 15.794 15.793 0 80.261 63.69 145.635 142.01 145.635s142.011-65.374 142.011-145.635c0-8.803 6.99-15.793 15.794-15.793s15.793 6.99 15.793 15.793c0 95.019-73.789 172.82-165.96 177.093z"></path></svg><span>About 14 min</span><meta property="timeRequired" content="PT14M"></span><!----><!----></div><hr></div><!----><div class="" vp-content><!----><div id="markdown-content"><h1 id="featured-functions" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#featured-functions"><span>Featured Functions</span></a></h1><h2 id="_1-downsampling-functions" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-downsampling-functions"><span>1. Downsampling Functions</span></a></h2><h3 id="_1-1-date-bin-function" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-1-date-bin-function"><span>1.1 <code>date_bin</code> Function</span></a></h3><h4 id="description" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#description"><span><strong>Description</strong></span></a></h4><p>The <code>date_bin</code> function is a scalar function that aligns timestamps to the start of specified time intervals. It is commonly used with the <code>GROUP BY</code> clause for downsampling.</p><ul><li><strong>Partial Intervals May Be Empty:</strong> Only timestamps that meet the conditions are aligned; missing intervals are not filled.</li><li><strong>All Intervals Return Empty:</strong> If no data exists within the query range, the downsampling result is an empty set.</li></ul><h4 id="usage-examples" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#usage-examples"><span><strong>Usage Examples</strong></span></a></h4><p><a class="route-link" href="/UserGuide/latest-Table/Reference/Sample-Data.html">Sample Dataset</a>: The example data page contains SQL statements for building table structures and inserting data. Download and execute these statements in the IoTDB CLI to import the data into IoTDB. You can use this data to test and execute the SQL statements in the examples and obtain the corresponding results.</p><p><strong>Example 1: Hourly Average Temperature for Device 100</strong></p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> date_bin(1h, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AS</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> hour_time, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">avg</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(temperature) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AS</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> avg_temp</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">WHERE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> (</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> >=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">27</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> <=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">30</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">)</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> device_id </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;"> '100'</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">GROUP BY</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p><strong>Result</strong></p><div class="language-plain line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="plain" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-plain"><span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>| hour_time|avg_temp|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T18:00:00.000+08:00| 90.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00| 85.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00| 85.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00| 88.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+--------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p><strong>Example 2: Hourly Average Temperature for Each Device</strong></p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> date_bin(1h, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AS</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> hour_time, device_id, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">avg</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(temperature) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AS</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> avg_temp</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">WHERE</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> >=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">27</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> <=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">30</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">GROUP BY</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, device_id;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p><strong>Result</strong></p><div class="language-plain line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="plain" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-plain"><span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+---------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>| hour_time|device_id|avg_temp|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+---------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00| 100| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T18:00:00.000+08:00| 100| 90.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00| 100| 85.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00| 100| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00| 100| 85.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00| 100| 88.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T10:00:00.000+08:00| 101| 85.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:00| 101| 85.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+---------+--------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p><strong>Example 3: Hourly Average Temperature for All Devices</strong></p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> date_bin(1h, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AS</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> hour_time, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">avg</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(temperature) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AS</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> avg_temp</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> WHERE</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> >=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">27</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> <=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">30</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> group by</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p><strong>Result</strong></p><div class="language-plain line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="plain" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-plain"><span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>| hour_time|avg_temp|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T10:00:00.000+08:00| 85.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-27T16:00:00.000+08:00| 85.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T18:00:00.000+08:00| 90.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00| 85.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00| 85.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00| 88.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+--------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_1-2-date-bin-gapfill-function" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_1-2-date-bin-gapfill-function"><span>1.2 <code>date_bin_gapfill</code> Function</span></a></h3><h4 id="description-1" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#description-1"><span><strong>Description:</strong></span></a></h4><p>The <code>date_bin_gapfill</code> function is an extension of <code>date_bin</code> that fills in missing time intervals, returning a complete time series.</p><ul><li><strong>Partial Intervals May Be Empty</strong>: Aligns timestamps for data that meets the conditions and fills in missing intervals.</li><li><strong>All Intervals Return Empty</strong>: If no data exists within the query range, the result is an empty set.</li></ul><h4 id="limitations" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#limitations"><span><strong>Limitations:</strong></span></a></h4><ol><li>The function must always be used with the <code>GROUP BY</code> clause. If used elsewhere, it behaves like <code>date_bin</code> without gap-filling.</li><li>A <code>GROUP BY</code> clause can contain only one instance of date_bin_gapfill. Multiple calls will result in an error.</li><li>The <code>GAPFILL</code> operation occurs after the <code>HAVING</code> clause and before the <code>FILL</code> clause.</li><li>The <code>WHERE</code> clause must include time filters in one of the following forms: <ol><li><code>time >= XXX AND time <= XXX</code></li><li><code>time > XXX AND time < XXX</code></li><li><code>time BETWEEN XXX AND XXX</code></li></ol></li><li>If additional time filters or conditions are used, an error is raised. Time conditions and other value filters must be connected using the <code>AND</code> operator.</li><li>If <code>startTime</code> and <code>endTime</code> cannot be inferred from the <code>WHERE</code> clause, an error is raised.</li></ol><p><strong>Usage Examples</strong></p><p><strong>Example 1: Fill Missing Intervals</strong></p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> date_bin_gapfill(1h, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AS</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> hour_time, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">avg</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(temperature) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AS</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> avg_temp</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">WHERE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> (</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> >=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">28</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> <=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">28</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 16</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">)</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> device_id </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;"> '100'</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">GROUP BY</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p><strong>Result</strong></p><div class="language-plain line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="plain" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-plain"><span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>| hour_time|avg_temp|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T07:00:00.000+08:00| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00| 85.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00| 85.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00| 88.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T12:00:00.000+08:00| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T13:00:00.000+08:00| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T14:00:00.000+08:00| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T15:00:00.000+08:00| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T16:00:00.000+08:00| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+--------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p><strong>Example 2: Fill Missing Intervals with Device Grouping</strong></p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> date_bin_gapfill(1h, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AS</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> hour_time, device_id, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">avg</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(temperature) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AS</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> avg_temp</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">WHERE</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> >=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">28</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> <=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">28</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 16</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">GROUP BY</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, device_id;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p><strong>Result</strong></p><div class="language-plain line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="plain" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-plain"><span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+---------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>| hour_time|device_id|avg_temp|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+---------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T07:00:00.000+08:00| 100| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00| 100| 85.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00| 100| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00| 100| 85.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00| 100| 88.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T12:00:00.000+08:00| 100| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T13:00:00.000+08:00| 100| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T14:00:00.000+08:00| 100| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T15:00:00.000+08:00| 100| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T16:00:00.000+08:00| 100| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+---------+--------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p><strong>Example 3: Empty Result Set for No Data in Range</strong></p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> date_bin_gapfill(1h, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AS</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> hour_time, device_id, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">avg</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(temperature) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AS</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> avg_temp</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">WHERE</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> >=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">27</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> AND</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> <=</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2024</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">11</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">27</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 14</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">GROUP BY</span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, device_id;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p><strong>Result</strong></p><div class="language-plain line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="plain" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-plain"><span class="line"><span>+---------+---------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|hour_time|device_id|avg_temp|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+---------+---------+--------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+---------+---------+--------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h2 id="_2-diff-function" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-diff-function"><span>2. <code>DIFF</code> Function</span></a></h2><h3 id="_2-1-description" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-1-description"><span>2.1 <strong>Description:</strong></span></a></h3><ul><li>The <code>DIFF</code> function calculates the difference between the current row and the previous row. For the first row, it returns <code>NULL</code> since there is no previous row.</li></ul><h3 id="_2-2-function-definition" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-2-function-definition"><span>2.2 <strong>Function Definition:</strong></span></a></h3><div class="language- line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-"><span class="line"><span>DIFF(numberic[, boolean]) -> Double</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_2-3-parameters" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-3-parameters"><span>2.3 <strong>Parameters:</strong></span></a></h3><h4 id="first-parameter-numeric" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#first-parameter-numeric"><span><strong>First Parameter (numeric):</strong></span></a></h4><ul><li><strong>Type</strong>: Must be numeric (<code>INT32</code>, <code>INT64</code>, <code>FLOAT</code>, <code>DOUBLE</code>).</li><li><strong>Purpose</strong>: Specifies the column for which to calculate the difference.</li></ul><h4 id="second-parameter-boolean-optional" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#second-parameter-boolean-optional"><span><strong>Second Parameter (boolean, optional):</strong></span></a></h4><ul><li><strong>Type</strong>: Boolean (<code>true</code> or <code>false</code>).</li><li><strong>Default</strong>: <code>true</code>.</li><li><strong>Purpose</strong>: <ul><li><code>true</code>: Ignores <code>NULL</code> values and uses the first non-<code>NULL</code> value for calculation. If no non-<code>NULL</code> value exists, returns <code>NULL</code>.</li><li><code>false</code>: Does not ignore <code>NULL</code> values. If the previous row is <code>NULL</code>, the result is <code>NULL</code>.</li></ul></li></ul><h3 id="_2-4-notes" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-4-notes"><span>2.4 <strong>Notes:</strong></span></a></h3><ul><li>In <strong>tree models</strong>, the second parameter must be specified as <code>'ignoreNull'='true'</code> or <code>'ignoreNull'='false'</code>.</li><li>In <strong>table models</strong>, simply use <code>true</code> or <code>false</code>. Using <code>'ignoreNull'='true'</code> or <code>'ignoreNull'='false'</code> in table models results in a string comparison and always evaluates to <code>false</code>.</li></ul><h3 id="_2-5-usage-examples" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_2-5-usage-examples"><span>2.5 <strong>Usage Examples</strong></span></a></h3><h4 id="example-1-ignore-null-values" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#example-1-ignore-null-values"><span><strong>Example 1: Ignore NULL Values</strong></span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, DIFF(temperature) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AS</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> diff_temp</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">WHERE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> device_id </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;"> '100'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p><strong>Result</strong></p><div class="language-plain line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="plain" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-plain"><span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+---------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>| time|diff_temp|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+---------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T18:30:00.000+08:00| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00| -5.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00| 0.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00| 3.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-26T13:37:00.000+08:00| 2.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-26T13:38:00.000+08:00| 0.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+---------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="example-2-do-not-ignore-null-values" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#example-2-do-not-ignore-null-values"><span><strong>Example 2: Do Not Ignore NULL Values</strong></span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, DIFF(temperature, false) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AS</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> diff_temp</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">WHERE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> device_id </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;"> '100'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p><strong>Result</strong></p><div class="language-plain line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="plain" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-plain"><span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+---------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>| time|diff_temp|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+---------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T18:30:00.000+08:00| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00| -5.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00| 3.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-26T13:37:00.000+08:00| 2.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-26T13:38:00.000+08:00| 0.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+---------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="example-3-full-example" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#example-3-full-example"><span><strong>Example 3: Full Example</strong></span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SELECT</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, temperature, </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> DIFF(temperature) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AS</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> diff_temp_1,</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> DIFF(temperature, false) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">AS</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> diff_temp_2</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> table1 </span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">WHERE</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> device_id </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=</span><span style="color:#98C379;"> '100'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">;</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p><strong>Result</strong></p><div class="language-plain line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="plain" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-plain"><span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>| time|temperature|diff_temp_1|diff_temp_2|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T11:00:00.000+08:00| null| null| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-29T18:30:00.000+08:00| 90.0| null| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T08:00:00.000+08:00| 85.0| -5.0| -5.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T09:00:00.000+08:00| null| null| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T10:00:00.000+08:00| 85.0| 0.0| null|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-28T11:00:00.000+08:00| 88.0| 3.0| 3.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-26T13:37:00.000+08:00| 90.0| 2.0| 2.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>|2024-11-26T13:38:00.000+08:00| 90.0| 0.0| 0.0|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span>+-----------------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h2 id="_3-timeseries-windowing-functions" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-timeseries-windowing-functions"><span>3 Timeseries Windowing Functions</span></a></h2><p>The sample data is as follows:</p><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|stock_id|price|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">200</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">103</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">202</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">102</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- Create table statement</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">CREATE</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> TABLE</span><span style="color:#61AFEF;"> bid</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> TIMESTAMP</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> TIME</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, stock_id STRING TAG, price </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FLOAT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> FIELD);</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- Insert data</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">INSERT INTO</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, stock_id, price) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">VALUES</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'2021-01-01T09:05:00'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'AAPL'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">),(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'2021-01-01T09:06:00'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'TESL'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">200</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">),(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'2021-01-01T09:07:00'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'AAPL'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">103</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">),(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'2021-01-01T09:07:00'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'TESL'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">202</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">),(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'2021-01-01T09:09:00'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'AAPL'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">102</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">),(</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'2021-01-01T09:15:00'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#98C379;">'TESL'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">);</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_3-1-hop" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-1-hop"><span>3.1 HOP</span></a></h3><h4 id="function-description" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#function-description"><span>Function Description</span></a></h4><p>The HOP function segments data into overlapping time windows for analysis, assigning each row to all windows that overlap with its timestamp. If windows overlap (when SLIDE < SIZE), data will be duplicated across multiple windows.</p><h4 id="function-definition" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#function-definition"><span>Function Definition</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">HOP(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">data</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, timecol, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">size</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, slide</span><span style="color:#E06C75;">[, origin]</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">)</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="parameter-description" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#parameter-description"><span>Parameter Description</span></a></h4><table><thead><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Attributes</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>DATA</td><td>Table</td><td>ROW SEMANTIC, PASS THROUGH</td><td>Input table</td></tr><tr><td>TIMECOL</td><td>Scalar</td><td>String (default: 'time')</td><td>Time column</td></tr><tr><td>SIZE</td><td>Scalar</td><td>Long integer</td><td>Window size</td></tr><tr><td>SLIDE</td><td>Scalar</td><td>Long integer</td><td>Sliding step</td></tr><tr><td>ORIGIN</td><td>Scalar</td><td>Timestamp (default: Unix epoch)</td><td>First window start time</td></tr></tbody></table><h4 id="returned-results" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#returned-results"><span>Returned Results</span></a></h4><p>The HOP function returns:</p><ul><li><code>window_start</code>: Window start time (inclusive)</li><li><code>window_end</code>: Window end time (exclusive)</li><li>Pass-through columns: All input columns from DATA</li></ul><h4 id="usage-example" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#usage-example"><span>Usage Example</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> HOP(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid,TIMECOL </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'time'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,SLIDE </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 5m,</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">SIZE</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 10m);</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| window_start| window_end| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|stock_id|price|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">200</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">200</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">103</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">202</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">103</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">202</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">102</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">102</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">20</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">25</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- Equivalent to tree model's GROUP BY TIME when combined with GROUP BY</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_start, window_end, stock_id, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">avg</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(price) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> avg </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> HOP(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid,TIMECOL </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'time'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,SLIDE </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 5m,</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">SIZE</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 10m) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">GROUP BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_start, window_end, stock_id;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| window_start| window_end|stock_id| avg|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">201</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">201</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">20</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">25</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">66666666666667</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">66666666666667</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_3-2-session" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-2-session"><span>3.2 SESSION</span></a></h3><h4 id="function-description-1" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#function-description-1"><span>Function Description</span></a></h4><p>The SESSION function groups data into sessions based on time intervals. It checks the time gap between consecutive rows—rows with gaps smaller than the threshold (GAP) are grouped into the current window, while larger gaps trigger a new window.</p><h4 id="function-definition-1" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#function-definition-1"><span>Function Definition</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#C678DD;">SESSION</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">data</span><span style="color:#E06C75;"> [PARTITION BY(pkeys, ...)]</span><span style="color:#E06C75;"> [ORDER BY(okeys, ...)]</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, timecol, gap)</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="parameter-description-1" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#parameter-description-1"><span>Parameter Description</span></a></h4><table><thead><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Attributes</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>DATA</td><td>Table</td><td>SET SEMANTIC, PASS THROUGH</td><td>Input table with partition/sort keys</td></tr><tr><td>TIMECOL</td><td>Scalar</td><td>String (default: 'time')</td><td>Time column name</td></tr><tr><td>GAP</td><td>Scalar</td><td>Long integer</td><td>Session gap threshold</td></tr></tbody></table><h4 id="returned-results-1" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#returned-results-1"><span>Returned Results</span></a></h4><p>The SESSION function returns:</p><ul><li><code>window_start</code>: Time of the first row in the session</li><li><code>window_end</code>: Time of the last row in the session</li><li>Pass-through columns: All input columns from DATA</li></ul><h4 id="usage-example-1" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#usage-example-1"><span>Usage Example</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SESSION</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">PARTITION</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> stock_id </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">ORDER BY</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,TIMECOL </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'time'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,GAP </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 2m);</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| window_start| window_end| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|stock_id|price|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">200</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">202</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">103</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">102</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- Equivalent to tree model's GROUP BY SESSION when combined with GROUP BY</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_start, window_end, stock_id, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">avg</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(price) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> avg </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SESSION</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">PARTITION</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> stock_id </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">ORDER BY</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,TIMECOL </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'time'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,GAP </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 2m) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">GROUP BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_start, window_end, stock_id;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| window_start| window_end|stock_id| avg|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">201</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">66666666666667</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_3-3-variation" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-3-variation"><span>3.3 VARIATION</span></a></h3><h4 id="function-description-2" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#function-description-2"><span>Function Description</span></a></h4><p>The VARIATION function groups data based on value differences. The first row becomes the baseline for the first window. Subsequent rows are compared to the baseline—if the difference is within the threshold (DELTA), they join the current window; otherwise, a new window starts with that row as the new baseline.</p><h4 id="function-definition-2" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#function-definition-2"><span>Function Definition</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">VARIATION(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">data</span><span style="color:#E06C75;"> [PARTITION BY(pkeys, ...)]</span><span style="color:#E06C75;"> [ORDER BY(okeys, ...)]</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, col, delta)</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="parameter-description-2" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#parameter-description-2"><span>Parameter Description</span></a></h4><table><thead><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Attributes</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>DATA</td><td>Table</td><td>SET SEMANTIC, PASS THROUGH</td><td>Input table with partition/sort keys</td></tr><tr><td>COL</td><td>Scalar</td><td>String</td><td>Column for difference calculation</td></tr><tr><td>DELTA</td><td>Scalar</td><td>Float</td><td>Difference threshold</td></tr></tbody></table><h4 id="returned-results-2" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#returned-results-2"><span>Returned Results</span></a></h4><p>The VARIATION function returns:</p><ul><li><code>window_index</code>: Window identifier</li><li>Pass-through columns: All input columns from DATA</li></ul><h4 id="usage-example-2" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#usage-example-2"><span>Usage Example</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> VARIATION(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">PARTITION</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> stock_id </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">ORDER BY</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,COL </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'price'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,DELTA </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">);</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|window_index| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|stock_id|price|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">200</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">202</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">103</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">102</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- Equivalent to tree model's GROUP BY VARIATION when combined with GROUP BY</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> first</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_start, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">last</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_end, stock_id, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">avg</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(price) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> avg </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> VARIATION(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">PARTITION</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> stock_id </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">ORDER BY</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,COL </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'price'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, DELTA </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">GROUP BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_index, stock_id;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| window_start| window_end|stock_id| avg|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">201</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">102</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">5</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_3-4-capacity" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-4-capacity"><span>3.4 CAPACITY</span></a></h3><h4 id="function-description-3" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#function-description-3"><span>Function Description</span></a></h4><p>The CAPACITY function groups data into fixed-size windows, where each window contains up to SIZE rows.</p><h4 id="function-definition-3" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#function-definition-3"><span>Function Definition</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">CAPACITY(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">data</span><span style="color:#E06C75;"> [PARTITION BY(pkeys, ...)]</span><span style="color:#E06C75;"> [ORDER BY(okeys, ...)]</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">size</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">)</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="parameter-description-3" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#parameter-description-3"><span>Parameter Description</span></a></h4><table><thead><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Attributes</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>DATA</td><td>Table</td><td>SET SEMANTIC, PASS THROUGH</td><td>Input table with partition/sort keys</td></tr><tr><td>SIZE</td><td>Scalar</td><td>Long integer</td><td>Window size (row count)</td></tr></tbody></table><h4 id="returned-results-3" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#returned-results-3"><span>Returned Results</span></a></h4><p>The CAPACITY function returns:</p><ul><li><code>window_index</code>: Window identifier</li><li>Pass-through columns: All input columns from DATA</li></ul><h4 id="usage-example-3" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#usage-example-3"><span>Usage Example</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> CAPACITY(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">PARTITION</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> stock_id </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">ORDER BY</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">SIZE</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">);</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|window_index| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|stock_id|price|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">200</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">202</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">103</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">1</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">102</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- Equivalent to tree model's GROUP BY COUNT when combined with GROUP BY</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> first</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> start_time, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">last</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> end_time, stock_id, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">avg</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(price) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> avg </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> CAPACITY(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">PARTITION</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> stock_id </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">ORDER BY</span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">SIZE</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#D19A66;"> 2</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">GROUP BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_index, stock_id;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| start_time| end_time|stock_id| avg|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">201</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">5</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">102</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_3-5-tumble" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-5-tumble"><span>3.5 TUMBLE</span></a></h3><h4 id="function-description-4" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#function-description-4"><span>Function Description</span></a></h4><p>The TUMBLE function assigns each row to a non-overlapping, fixed-size time window based on a timestamp attribute.</p><h4 id="function-definition-4" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#function-definition-4"><span>Function Definition</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">TUMBLE(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">data</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, timecol, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">size</span><span style="color:#E06C75;">[, origin]</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">)</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="parameter-description-4" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#parameter-description-4"><span>Parameter Description</span></a></h4><table><thead><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Attributes</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>DATA</td><td>Table</td><td>ROW SEMANTIC, PASS THROUGH</td><td>Input table</td></tr><tr><td>TIMECOL</td><td>Scalar</td><td>String (default: 'time')</td><td>Time column</td></tr><tr><td>SIZE</td><td>Scalar</td><td>Long integer (positive)</td><td>Window size</td></tr><tr><td>ORIGIN</td><td>Scalar</td><td>Timestamp (default: Unix epoch)</td><td>First window start time</td></tr></tbody></table><h4 id="returned-results-4" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#returned-results-4"><span>Returned Results</span></a></h4><p>The TUMBLE function returns:</p><ul><li><code>window_start</code>: Window start time (inclusive)</li><li><code>window_end</code>: Window end time (exclusive)</li><li>Pass-through columns: All input columns from DATA</li></ul><h4 id="usage-example-4" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#usage-example-4"><span>Usage Example</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> TUMBLE( </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid, TIMECOL </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'time'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">SIZE</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 10m);</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| window_start| window_end| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|stock_id|price|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">200</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">202</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">20</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">103</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">102</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- Equivalent to tree model's GROUP BY TIME when combined with GROUP BY</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_start, window_end, stock_id, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">avg</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(price) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> avg </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> TUMBLE(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid, TIMECOL </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'time'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">SIZE</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 10m) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">GROUP BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_start, window_end, stock_id;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| window_start| window_end|stock_id| avg|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">201</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">20</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">66666666666667</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h3 id="_3-6-cumulate" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#_3-6-cumulate"><span>3.6 CUMULATE</span></a></h3><h4 id="function-description-5" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#function-description-5"><span>Function Description</span></a></h4><p>The CUMULATE function creates expanding windows from an initial window, maintaining the same start time while incrementally extending the end time by STEP until reaching SIZE. Each window contains all elements within its range. For example, with a 1-hour STEP and 24-hour SIZE, daily windows would be: <code>[00:00, 01:00)</code>, <code>[00:00, 02:00)</code>, ..., <code>[00:00, 24:00)</code>.</p><h4 id="function-definition-5" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#function-definition-5"><span>Function Definition</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">CUMULATE(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">data</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, timecol, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">size</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">, step</span><span style="color:#E06C75;">[, origin]</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">)</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><h4 id="parameter-description-5" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#parameter-description-5"><span>Parameter Description</span></a></h4><table><thead><tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Type</th><th>Attributes</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>DATA</td><td>Table</td><td>ROW SEMANTIC, PASS THROUGH</td><td>Input table</td></tr><tr><td>TIMECOL</td><td>Scalar</td><td>String (default: 'time')</td><td>Time column</td></tr><tr><td>SIZE</td><td>Scalar</td><td>Long integer (positive)</td><td>Window size (must be an integer multiple of STEP)</td></tr><tr><td>STEP</td><td>Scalar</td><td>Long integer (positive)</td><td>Expansion step</td></tr><tr><td>ORIGIN</td><td>Scalar</td><td>Timestamp (default: Unix epoch)</td><td>First window start time</td></tr></tbody></table><blockquote><p>Note: An error <code>Cumulative table function requires size must be an integral multiple of step</code> occurs if SIZE is not divisible by STEP.</p></blockquote><h4 id="returned-results-5" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#returned-results-5"><span>Returned Results</span></a></h4><p>The CUMULATE function returns:</p><ul><li><code>window_start</code>: Window start time (inclusive)</li><li><code>window_end</code>: Window end time (exclusive)</li><li>Pass-through columns: All input columns from DATA</li></ul><h4 id="usage-example-5" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#usage-example-5"><span>Usage Example</span></a></h4><div class="language-sql line-numbers-mode" data-highlighter="shiki" data-ext="sql" style="background-color:#282c34;color:#abb2bf;"><pre class="shiki one-dark-pro vp-code"><code class="language-sql"><span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> * </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> CUMULATE(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid,TIMECOL </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'time'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,STEP </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 2m,</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">SIZE</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 10m);</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| window_start| window_end| </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">time</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|stock_id|price|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">200</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">200</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">202</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">202</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">16</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">18</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">20</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">15</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">05</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">103</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">07</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">103</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">09</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">102</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+-----+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-- Equivalent to tree model's GROUP BY TIME when combined with GROUP BY</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">IoTDB</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">></span><span style="color:#C678DD;"> SELECT</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_start, window_end, stock_id, </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">avg</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">(price) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">as</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> avg </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">FROM</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> CUMULATE(</span><span style="color:#C678DD;">DATA</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> bid,TIMECOL </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#98C379;"> 'time'</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">,STEP </span><span style="color:#56B6C2;">=></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 2m, </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">SIZE</span><span style="color:#56B6C2;"> =></span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> 10m) </span><span style="color:#C678DD;">GROUP BY</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;"> window_start, window_end, stock_id;</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| window_start| window_end|stock_id| avg|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">201</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">201</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">16</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">18</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">20</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| TESL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">195</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">06</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">100</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">0</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL| </span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">5</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">2021</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">01</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">-01T09:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">10</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">000</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">08</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">:</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">00</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">| AAPL|</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">101</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">.</span><span style="color:#D19A66;">66666666666667</span><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">|</span></span> |
| <span class="line"><span style="color:#ABB2BF;">+</span><span style="color:#7F848E;font-style:italic;">-----------------------------+-----------------------------+--------+------------------+</span></span></code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true" style="counter-reset:line-number 0;"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div></div><!----><!----><!----></div><footer class="vp-page-meta"><div class="vp-meta-item edit-link"><a class="auto-link external-link vp-meta-label" href="https://github.com/apache/iotdb-docs/edit/main/src/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/Featured-Functions_apache.md" aria-label="Found Error? Edit this page on GitHub" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><!--[--><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon edit-icon" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" fill="currentColor" aria-label="edit icon" name="edit"><path d="M430.818 653.65a60.46 60.46 0 0 1-50.96-93.281l71.69-114.012 7.773-10.365L816.038 80.138A60.46 60.46 0 0 1 859.225 62a60.46 60.46 0 0 1 43.186 18.138l43.186 43.186a60.46 60.46 0 0 1 0 86.373L588.879 565.55l-8.637 8.637-117.466 68.234a60.46 60.46 0 0 1-31.958 11.229z"></path><path d="M728.802 962H252.891A190.883 190.883 0 0 1 62.008 771.98V296.934a190.883 190.883 0 0 1 190.883-192.61h267.754a60.46 60.46 0 0 1 0 120.92H252.891a69.962 69.962 0 0 0-69.098 69.099V771.98a69.962 69.962 0 0 0 69.098 69.098h475.911A69.962 69.962 0 0 0 797.9 771.98V503.363a60.46 60.46 0 1 1 120.922 0V771.98A190.883 190.883 0 0 1 728.802 962z"></path></svg><!--]-->Found Error? Edit this page on GitHub<!----></a></div><div class="vp-meta-item git-info"><div class="update-time"><span class="vp-meta-label">Last Updated: </span><time class="vp-meta-info" datetime="2026-04-15T10:39:00.000Z" data-allow-mismatch>4/15/26, 10:39 AM</time></div><!----></div></footer><nav class="vp-page-nav"><a class="route-link auto-link prev" href="/UserGuide/latest-Table/SQL-Manual/Basis-Function_apache.html" aria-label="Basis Functions"><div class="hint"><span class="arrow start"></span>Prev</div><div class="link"><!---->Basis Functions</div></a><!----></nav><!----><!----><!--]--></main><!--]--><footer class="site-footer"><span id="doc-version" style="display:none;">latest-Table</span><p class="copyright-text">Copyright © 2026 The Apache Software Foundation. |
| Apache IoTDB, IoTDB, Apache, the Apache feather logo, and the Apache IoTDB project logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation in all countries</p><p style="text-align:center;margin-top:10px;color:#909399;font-size:12px;margin:0 30px;"><strong>Having questions?</strong> Connect with us on QQ, WeChat, or Slack. <a href="https://github.com/apache/iotdb/issues/1995">Join the community</a></p></footer></div><!--]--><!--]--><!--[--><!----><!--]--><!--]--></div> |
| <script type="module" src="/assets/app-pmkzp6TS.js" defer></script> |
| </body> |
| </html> |
