| <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-us" href="https://iotdb.apache.org/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.html"><meta property="og:url" content="https://iotdb.apache.org/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.html"><meta property="og:site_name" content="IoTDB Website"><meta property="og:title" content="数据模型"><meta property="og:description" content="我们以风电场物联网场景为例，说明如何在 IoTDB 中创建一个正确的数据模型。 根据企业组织结构和设备实体层次结构，我们将其物联网数据模型表示为如下图所示的属性层级组织结构，即电力集团层-风电场层-实体层-物理量层。其中 ROOT 为根节点，物理量层的每一个节点为叶子节点。IoTDB 采用树形结构定义数据模式，以从 ROOT 节点到叶子节点的路径来命名..."><meta property="og:type" content="article"><meta property="og:locale" content="zh-CN"><meta property="og:locale:alternate" content="en-US"><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"数据模型","image":[""],"dateModified":null,"author":[]}</script><link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico"><meta name="Description" content="Apache IoTDB: Time Series Database for IoT"><meta name="Keywords" content="TSDB, time series, time series database, IoTDB, IoT database, IoT data management,时序数据库, 时间序列管理, IoTDB, 物联网数据库, 实时数据库, 物联网数据管理, 物联网数据"><meta name="baidu-site-verification" content="wfKETzB3OT"><meta name="google-site-verification" content="mZWAoRY0yj_HAr-s47zHCGHzx5Ju-RVm5wDbPnwQYFo"><title>数据模型 | IoTDB Website</title><meta name="description" content="我们以风电场物联网场景为例，说明如何在 IoTDB 中创建一个正确的数据模型。 根据企业组织结构和设备实体层次结构，我们将其物联网数据模型表示为如下图所示的属性层级组织结构，即电力集团层-风电场层-实体层-物理量层。其中 ROOT 为根节点，物理量层的每一个节点为叶子节点。IoTDB 采用树形结构定义数据模式，以从 ROOT 节点到叶子节点的路径来命名..."> |
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aria-label="物理量（Measurement）"><!---->物理量（Measurement）<!----></a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a aria-current="page" href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.html#实体-entity" class="router-link-active router-link-exact-active nav-link sidebar-link heading" aria-label="实体（Entity）"><!---->实体（Entity）<!----></a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a aria-current="page" href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.html#数据库-database" class="router-link-active router-link-exact-active nav-link sidebar-link heading" aria-label="数据库（Database）"><!---->数据库（Database）<!----></a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a aria-current="page" href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.html#路径-path" class="router-link-active router-link-exact-active nav-link sidebar-link heading" aria-label="路径（Path）"><!---->路径（Path）<!----></a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a aria-current="page" href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.html#路径模式-path-pattern" class="router-link-active router-link-exact-active nav-link sidebar-link heading" aria-label="路径模式（Path Pattern）"><!---->路径模式（Path Pattern）<!----></a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li></ul></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a aria-current="page" href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.html#时间序列" class="router-link-active router-link-exact-active nav-link sidebar-link heading" aria-label="时间序列"><!---->时间序列<!----></a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a aria-current="page" href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.html#时间戳-timestamp" class="router-link-active router-link-exact-active nav-link sidebar-link heading" aria-label="时间戳 (Timestamp)"><!---->时间戳 (Timestamp)<!----></a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a aria-current="page" href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.html#数据点-data-point" class="router-link-active router-link-exact-active nav-link sidebar-link heading" aria-label="数据点（Data Point）"><!---->数据点（Data Point）<!----></a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a aria-current="page" href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.html#时间序列-timeseries" class="router-link-active router-link-exact-active nav-link sidebar-link heading" aria-label="时间序列（Timeseries）"><!---->时间序列（Timeseries）<!----></a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a aria-current="page" href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.html#对齐时间序列-aligned-timeseries" class="router-link-active router-link-exact-active nav-link sidebar-link heading" aria-label="对齐时间序列（Aligned Timeseries）"><!---->对齐时间序列（Aligned Timeseries）<!----></a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li></ul></li></ul><!--]--></li><li><!--[--><a href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Schema-Template.html" class="nav-link sidebar-link sidebar-page" aria-label="元数据模板"><!---->元数据模板<!----></a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul><!--]--></li><li><!--[--><a href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Type.html" class="nav-link sidebar-link sidebar-page" aria-label="数据类型"><!---->数据类型<!----></a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul><!--]--></li><li><!--[--><a href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Deadband-Process.html" class="nav-link sidebar-link sidebar-page" aria-label="死区处理"><!---->死区处理<!----></a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul><!--]--></li><li><!--[--><a href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Encoding.html" class="nav-link sidebar-link sidebar-page" aria-label="编码方式"><!---->编码方式<!----></a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul><!--]--></li><li><!--[--><a href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Compression.html" class="nav-link sidebar-link sidebar-page" aria-label="压缩方式"><!---->压缩方式<!----></a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul><!--]--></li><li><!--[--><a href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Time-Partition.html" class="nav-link sidebar-link sidebar-page" aria-label="数据的时间分区"><!---->数据的时间分区<!----></a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul><!--]--></li><li><!--[--><a href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Time-zone.html" class="nav-link sidebar-link sidebar-page" aria-label="时区"><!---->时区<!----></a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul><!--]--></li></ul></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group"><button class="sidebar-heading clickable"><!----><span class="title">语法约定</span><span class="arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group"><button class="sidebar-heading clickable"><!----><span class="title">应用编程接口</span><span class="arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group"><button class="sidebar-heading clickable"><!----><span class="title">元数据操作</span><span class="arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group"><button class="sidebar-heading clickable"><!----><span class="title">数据写入（数据更新）</span><span class="arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group"><button class="sidebar-heading clickable"><!----><span class="title">数据删除</span><span class="arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group"><button class="sidebar-heading clickable"><!----><span class="title">数据查询</span><span class="arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group"><button class="sidebar-heading clickable"><!----><span class="title">运算符和函数</span><span class="arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group"><button class="sidebar-heading clickable"><!----><span class="title">触发器</span><span class="arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group"><button class="sidebar-heading clickable"><!----><span class="title">监控告警</span><span class="arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group"><button class="sidebar-heading clickable"><!----><span class="title">权限管理</span><span class="arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group"><button class="sidebar-heading clickable"><!----><span class="title">运维工具</span><span class="arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group"><button class="sidebar-heading clickable"><!----><span class="title">端云协同</span><span class="arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group"><button class="sidebar-heading clickable"><!----><span class="title">系统集成</span><span class="arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group"><button class="sidebar-heading clickable"><!----><span class="title">分布式</span><span class="arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group"><button class="sidebar-heading clickable"><!----><span class="title">FAQ</span><span class="arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li><li><section class="sidebar-group"><button class="sidebar-heading clickable"><!----><span class="title">参考</span><span class="arrow end"></span></button><!----></section></li></ul><!--[--><!----><!--]--></aside><!--[--><main class="page" id="main-content"><!--[--><!----><nav class="breadcrumb disable"></nav><div class="page-title"><h1><!---->数据模型</h1><div class="page-info"><!----><!----><!----><!----><span class="page-reading-time-info" aria-label="阅读时间"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon timer-icon" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" fill="currentColor" aria-label="timer icon"><path d="M799.387 122.15c4.402-2.978 7.38-7.897 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class="toc-header">此页内容<button class="print-button" title="打印"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon print-icon" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" fill="currentColor" aria-label="print icon"><path d="M819.2 364.8h-44.8V128c0-17.067-14.933-32-32-32H281.6c-17.067 0-32 14.933-32 32v236.8h-44.8C145.067 364.8 96 413.867 96 473.6v192c0 59.733 49.067 108.8 108.8 108.8h44.8V896c0 17.067 14.933 32 32 32h460.8c17.067 0 32-14.933 32-32V774.4h44.8c59.733 0 108.8-49.067 108.8-108.8v-192c0-59.733-49.067-108.8-108.8-108.8zM313.6 160h396.8v204.8H313.6V160zm396.8 704H313.6V620.8h396.8V864zM864 665.6c0 25.6-19.2 44.8-44.8 44.8h-44.8V588.8c0-17.067-14.933-32-32-32H281.6c-17.067 0-32 14.933-32 32v121.6h-44.8c-25.6 0-44.8-19.2-44.8-44.8v-192c0-25.6 19.2-44.8 44.8-44.8h614.4c25.6 0 44.8 19.2 44.8 44.8v192z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="toc-wrapper"><ul class="toc-list"><!--[--><li class="toc-item"><a aria-current="page" href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.html#物理量、实体、数据库、路径" class="router-link-active router-link-exact-active toc-link level2">物理量、实体、数据库、路径</a></li><ul class="toc-list"><!--[--><li class="toc-item"><a aria-current="page" href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.html#物理量-measurement" class="router-link-active router-link-exact-active toc-link level3">物理量（Measurement）</a></li><!----><!--]--><!--[--><li class="toc-item"><a aria-current="page" href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.html#实体-entity" class="router-link-active router-link-exact-active toc-link level3">实体（Entity）</a></li><!----><!--]--><!--[--><li class="toc-item"><a aria-current="page" href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.html#数据库-database" class="router-link-active router-link-exact-active toc-link level3">数据库（Database）</a></li><!----><!--]--><!--[--><li class="toc-item"><a aria-current="page" href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.html#路径-path" class="router-link-active router-link-exact-active toc-link level3">路径（Path）</a></li><!----><!--]--><!--[--><li class="toc-item"><a aria-current="page" href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.html#路径模式-path-pattern" class="router-link-active router-link-exact-active toc-link level3">路径模式（Path Pattern）</a></li><!----><!--]--></ul><!--]--><!--[--><li class="toc-item"><a aria-current="page" href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.html#时间序列" class="router-link-active router-link-exact-active toc-link level2">时间序列</a></li><ul class="toc-list"><!--[--><li class="toc-item"><a aria-current="page" href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.html#时间戳-timestamp" class="router-link-active router-link-exact-active toc-link level3">时间戳 (Timestamp)</a></li><!----><!--]--><!--[--><li class="toc-item"><a aria-current="page" href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.html#数据点-data-point" class="router-link-active router-link-exact-active toc-link level3">数据点（Data Point）</a></li><!----><!--]--><!--[--><li class="toc-item"><a aria-current="page" href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.html#时间序列-timeseries" class="router-link-active router-link-exact-active toc-link level3">时间序列（Timeseries）</a></li><!----><!--]--><!--[--><li class="toc-item"><a aria-current="page" href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.html#对齐时间序列-aligned-timeseries" class="router-link-active router-link-exact-active toc-link level3">对齐时间序列（Aligned Timeseries）</a></li><!----><!--]--></ul><!--]--></ul></div><!--[--><!----><!--]--></aside></div><!----><div class="theme-hope-content"><!-- |
| </code></pre><div class="line-numbers" aria-hidden="true"><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div><div class="line-number"></div></div></div><p>我们称一个路径中由 <code>'.'</code> 分割的部分叫做路径结点名（<code>nodeName</code>）。例如：<code>root.a.b.c</code>为一个层级为 4 的路径。</p><p>下面是对路径结点名（<code>nodeName</code>）的约束：</p><ul><li><code>root</code> 作为一个保留字符，它只允许出现在下文提到的时间序列的开头，若其他层级出现 <code>root</code>，则无法解析，提示报错。</li><li>除了时间序列的开头的层级（<code>root</code>）外，其他的层级支持的字符如下： <ul><li>[ 0-9 a-z A-Z _ ] （字母，数字，下划线）</li><li>['\u2E80'..'\u9FFF'] （UNICODE 中文字符）</li></ul></li><li>特别地，如果系统在 Windows 系统上部署，那么 database 路径结点名是大小写不敏感的。例如，同时创建<code>root.ln</code> 和 <code>root.LN</code> 是不被允许的。</li><li>如果需要在路径结点名中用特殊字符，可以用反引号引用路径结点名，具体使用方法可以参考<a href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Syntax-Conventions/Literal-Values.html" class="">语法约定</a>。</li></ul><h3 id="路径模式-path-pattern" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#路径模式-path-pattern" aria-hidden="true">#</a> 路径模式（Path Pattern）</h3><p>为了使得在表达多个时间序列的时候更加方便快捷，IoTDB 为用户提供带通配符<code>*</code>或<code>**</code>的路径。用户可以利用两种通配符构造出期望的路径模式。通配符可以出现在路径中的任何层。</p><p><code>*</code>在路径中表示一层。例如<code>root.vehicle.*.sensor1</code>代表的是以<code>root.vehicle</code>为前缀，以<code>sensor1</code>为后缀，层次等于 4 层的路径。</p><p><code>**</code>在路径中表示是（<code>*</code>）+，即为一层或多层<code>*</code>。例如<code>root.vehicle.device1.**</code>代表的是<code>root.vehicle.device1.*</code>, <code>root.vehicle.device1.*.*</code>, <code>root.vehicle.device1.*.*.*</code>等所有以<code>root.vehicle.device1</code>为前缀路径的大于等于 4 层的路径；<code>root.vehicle.**.sensor1</code>代表的是以<code>root.vehicle</code>为前缀，以<code>sensor1</code>为后缀，层次大于等于 4 层的路径。</p><blockquote><p>注意：<code>*</code>和<code>**</code>不能放在路径开头。</p></blockquote><h2 id="时间序列" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#时间序列" aria-hidden="true">#</a> 时间序列</h2><h3 id="时间戳-timestamp" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#时间戳-timestamp" aria-hidden="true">#</a> 时间戳 (Timestamp)</h3><p>时间戳是一个数据到来的时间点，其中包括绝对时间戳和相对时间戳，详细描述参见 <a href="/zh/UserGuide/V1.1.x/Data-Concept/Data-Type.html" class="">数据类型文档</a>。</p><h3 id="数据点-data-point" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#数据点-data-point" aria-hidden="true">#</a> 数据点（Data Point）</h3><p><strong>一个“时间戳-值”对</strong>。</p><h3 id="时间序列-timeseries" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#时间序列-timeseries" aria-hidden="true">#</a> 时间序列（Timeseries）</h3><p><strong>一个物理实体的某个物理量在时间轴上的记录</strong>，是数据点的序列。</p><p>一个实体的一个物理量对应一个时间序列，即实体+物理量=时间序列。</p><p>时间序列也被称测点（meter）、时间线（timeline）。实时数据库中常被称作标签（tag）、参数（parameter）。</p><p>例如，ln 电力集团、wf01 风电场的实体 wt01 有名为 status 的物理量，则它的时间序列可以表示为：<code>root.ln.wf01.wt01.status</code>。</p><h3 id="对齐时间序列-aligned-timeseries" tabindex="-1"><a class="header-anchor" href="#对齐时间序列-aligned-timeseries" aria-hidden="true">#</a> 对齐时间序列（Aligned Timeseries）</h3><p>在实际应用中，存在某些实体的多个物理量<strong>同时采样</strong>，形成一组时间列相同的时间序列，这样的一组时间序列在Apache IoTDB中可以建模为对齐时间序列。</p><p>在插入数据时，一组对齐序列的时间戳列在内存和磁盘中仅需存储一次，而不是每个时间序列存储一次。</p><p>对齐的一组时间序列最好同时创建。</p><p>不可以在对齐序列所属的实体下创建非对齐的序列，不可以在非对齐序列所属的实体下创建对齐序列。</p><p>查询数据时，可以对于每一条时间序列单独查询。</p><p>插入数据时，对齐的时间序列中某列的某些行允许有空值。</p><img style="width:100%;max-width:800px;max-height:600px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;display:block;" src="https://alioss.timecho.com/docs/img/github/114125919-f4850800-9929-11eb-8211-81d4c04af1ec.png"><p>在后续数据定义语言、数据操作语言和 Java 原生接口章节，将对涉及到对齐时间序列的各种操作进行逐一介绍。</p></div><!----><footer class="page-meta"><div class="meta-item edit-link"><a href="https://github.com/apache/iotdb/edit/rel/1.1/docs/zh/UserGuide/Data-Concept/Data-Model-and-Terminology.md" rel="noopener noreferrer" 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