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 <!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="generator" content="rustdoc"><meta name="description" content="Source of the Rust file `/root/.cargo/git/checkouts/yasna.rs-156132176fc4750e/5680982/src/reader/mod.rs`."><meta name="keywords" content="rust, rustlang, rust-lang"><title>mod.rs - source</title><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../SourceSerif4-Regular.ttf.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../FiraSans-Regular.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../FiraSans-Medium.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../SourceCodePro-Regular.ttf.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../SourceSerif4-Bold.ttf.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../SourceCodePro-Semibold.ttf.woff2"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../normalize.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../rustdoc.css" id="mainThemeStyle"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../ayu.css" disabled><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../dark.css" disabled><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../light.css" id="themeStyle"><script id="default-settings" ></script><script src="../../../storage.js"></script><script defer src="../../../source-script.js"></script><script defer src="../../../source-files.js"></script><script defer src="../../../main.js"></script><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../noscript.css"></noscript><link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" href="../../../favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" href="../../../favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="../../../favicon.svg"></head><body class="rustdoc source"><!--[if lte IE 11]><div class="warning">This old browser is unsupported and will most likely display funky things.</div><![endif]--><nav class="sidebar"><a class="sidebar-logo" href="../../../yasna/index.html"><div class="logo-container"><img class="rust-logo" src="../../../rust-logo.svg" alt="logo"></div></a></nav><main><div class="width-limiter"><nav class="sub"><a class="sub-logo-container" href="../../../yasna/index.html"><img class="rust-logo" src="../../../rust-logo.svg" alt="logo"></a><form class="search-form"><div class="search-container"><span></span><input class="search-input" name="search" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" placeholder="Click or press ‘S’ to search, ‘?’ for more options…" type="search"><div id="help-button" title="help" tabindex="-1"><a href="../../../help.html">?</a></div><div id="settings-menu" tabindex="-1"><a href="../../../settings.html" title="settings"><img width="22" height="22" alt="Change settings" src="../../../wheel.svg"></a></div></div></form></nav><section id="main-content" class="content"><div class="example-wrap"><pre class="src-line-numbers"><span id="1">1</span>
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 </pre><pre class="rust"><code><span class="comment">// Copyright 2016 Masaki Hara
 // Copyright 2017,2019 Fortanix, Inc.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 &lt;LICENSE-APACHE or
 // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0&gt; or the MIT license
 // &lt;LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT&gt;, at your
 // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
 // except according to those terms.

 </span><span class="attribute">#![allow(missing_docs)]

 </span><span class="kw">mod </span>error;

 <span class="attribute">#[cfg(feature = <span class="string">&quot;num-bigint&quot;</span>)]
 </span><span class="kw">use </span>num_bigint::{BigInt,BigUint,Sign};
 <span class="attribute">#[cfg(feature = <span class="string">&quot;bit-vec&quot;</span>)]
 </span><span class="kw">use </span>bit_vec::BitVec;

 <span class="kw">use super</span>::{PCBit,Tag,TAG_CLASSES};
 <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">super</span>::tags::{TAG_EOC,TAG_BOOLEAN,TAG_INTEGER,TAG_OCTETSTRING};
 <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">super</span>::tags::{TAG_NULL,TAG_OID,TAG_UTF8STRING,TAG_SEQUENCE,TAG_SET,TAG_ENUM};
 <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">super</span>::tags::{TAG_NUMERICSTRING,TAG_PRINTABLESTRING,TAG_VISIBLESTRING,TAG_IA5STRING,TAG_BMPSTRING};
 <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">super</span>::models::{ObjectIdentifier,TaggedDerValue};
 <span class="attribute">#[cfg(feature = <span class="string">&quot;chrono&quot;</span>)]
 </span><span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">super</span>::models::{UTCTime,GeneralizedTime};
 <span class="kw">pub use </span><span class="self">self</span>::error::<span class="kw-2">*</span>;

 <span class="kw">use </span>std::ascii::AsciiExt;

 <span class="doccomment">/// Parses DER/BER-encoded data.
 ///
 /// [`parse_ber`][parse_ber] and [`parse_der`][parse_der] are shorthands
 /// for this function.
 ///
 /// [parse_ber]: fn.parse_ber.html
 /// [parse_der]: fn.parse_der.html
 </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>parse_ber_general&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, T, F&gt;(buf: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>[u8], mode: BERMode, callback: F)
         -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt;
         <span class="kw">where </span>F: <span class="kw">for</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt; FnOnce(BERReader&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt;) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt; {
     <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>reader_impl = BERReaderImpl::new(buf, mode);
     <span class="kw">let </span>result;
     {
         result = <span class="macro">try!</span>(callback(BERReader::new(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>reader_impl)));
     }
     <span class="macro">try!</span>(reader_impl.end_of_buf());
     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(result);
 }

 <span class="doccomment">/// Parses BER-encoded data.
 ///
 /// This function uses the loan pattern: `callback` is called back with
 /// a [`BERReader`][berreader], from which the ASN.1 value is read.
 ///
 /// [berreader]: struct.BERReader.html
 ///
 /// If you want to accept only DER-encoded data, use [`parse_der`][parse_der].
 ///
 /// [parse_der]: fn.parse_der.html
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// use yasna;
 /// let data = &amp;[48, 128, 2, 1, 10, 1, 1, 255, 0, 0];
 /// let asn = yasna::parse_ber(data, |reader| {
 ///     reader.read_sequence(|reader| {
 ///         let i = try!(reader.next().read_i64());
 ///         let b = try!(reader.next().read_bool());
 ///         return Ok((i, b));
 ///     })
 /// }).unwrap();
 /// println!(&quot;{:?} = [48, 128, 2, 1, 10, 1, 1, 255, 0, 0]&quot;, asn);
 /// ```
 </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>parse_ber&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, T, F&gt;(buf: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>[u8], callback: F)
         -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt;
         <span class="kw">where </span>F: <span class="kw">for</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt; FnOnce(BERReader&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt;) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt; {
     parse_ber_general(buf, BERMode::Ber, callback)
 }

 <span class="doccomment">/// Parses DER-encoded data.
 ///
 /// This function uses the loan pattern: `callback` is called back with
 /// a [`BERReader`][berreader], from which the ASN.1 value is read.
 ///
 /// [berreader]: struct.BERReader.html
 ///
 /// If you want to parse BER-encoded data in general,
 /// use [`parse_ber`][parse_ber].
 ///
 /// [parse_ber]: fn.parse_ber.html
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// use yasna;
 /// let data = &amp;[48, 6, 2, 1, 10, 1, 1, 255];
 /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
 ///     reader.read_sequence(|reader| {
 ///         let i = try!(reader.next().read_i64());
 ///         let b = try!(reader.next().read_bool());
 ///         return Ok((i, b));
 ///     })
 /// }).unwrap();
 /// println!(&quot;{:?} = [48, 6, 2, 1, 10, 1, 1, 255]&quot;, asn);
 /// ```
 </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>parse_der&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, T, F&gt;(buf: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>[u8], callback: F)
         -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt;
         <span class="kw">where </span>F: <span class="kw">for</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt; FnOnce(BERReader&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt;) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt; {
     parse_ber_general(buf, BERMode::Der, callback)
 }

 <span class="doccomment">/// Used by [`BERReader`][berreader] to determine whether or not to enforce
 /// DER restrictions when parsing.
 ///
 /// [berreader]: struct.BERReader.html
 </span><span class="attribute">#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Hash)]
 </span><span class="kw">pub enum </span>BERMode {
     <span class="doccomment">/// Use BER (Basic Encoding Rules).
     </span>Ber,
     <span class="doccomment">/// Use DER (Distinguished Encoding Rules).
     </span>Der,
 }

 <span class="attribute">#[derive(Debug)]
 </span><span class="kw">struct </span>BERReaderImpl&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; {
     buf: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>[u8],
     pos: usize,
     mode: BERMode,
     depth: usize,
 }

 <span class="kw">const </span>PC_BITS : [PCBit; <span class="number">2</span>] = [PCBit::Primitive, PCBit::Constructed];

 <span class="attribute">#[derive(Debug)]
 </span><span class="kw">enum </span>Contents&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt; <span class="kw">where </span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>: <span class="lifetime">&#39;b </span>{
     Primitive(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>[u8]),
     Constructed(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;b </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>BERReaderImpl&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt;),
 }

 <span class="kw">const </span>BER_READER_STACK_DEPTH : usize = <span class="number">100</span>;

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; BERReaderImpl&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>new(buf: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>[u8], mode: BERMode) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         <span class="kw">return </span>BERReaderImpl {
             buf,
             pos: <span class="number">0</span>,
             mode,
             depth: <span class="number">0</span>,
         };
     }

     <span class="kw">fn </span>with_pos(buf: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>[u8], pos: usize, mode: BERMode) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         <span class="kw">return </span>BERReaderImpl {
             buf,
             pos,
             mode,
             depth: <span class="number">0</span>,
         };
     }

     <span class="kw">fn </span>read_u8(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;u8&gt; {
         <span class="kw">if </span><span class="self">self</span>.pos &lt; <span class="self">self</span>.buf.len() {
             <span class="kw">let </span>ret = <span class="self">self</span>.buf[<span class="self">self</span>.pos];
             <span class="self">self</span>.pos += <span class="number">1</span>;
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(ret);
         } <span class="kw">else </span>{
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Eof));
         }
     }

     <span class="kw">fn </span>end_of_buf(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;()&gt; {
         <span class="kw">if </span><span class="self">self</span>.pos != <span class="self">self</span>.buf.len() {
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Extra));
         }
         <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(());
     }

     <span class="kw">fn </span>end_of_contents(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;()&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span>(tag, pcbit) = <span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_identifier());
         <span class="kw">if </span>tag != TAG_EOC || pcbit != PCBit::Primitive {
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
         }
         <span class="kw">let </span>b = <span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_u8());
         <span class="kw">if </span>b != <span class="number">0 </span>{
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
         }
         <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(());
     }

     <span class="kw">fn </span>read_identifier(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;(Tag, PCBit)&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span>tagbyte = <span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_u8());
         <span class="kw">let </span>tag_class = TAG_CLASSES[(tagbyte &gt;&gt; <span class="number">6</span>) <span class="kw">as </span>usize];
         <span class="kw">let </span>pcbit = PC_BITS[((tagbyte &gt;&gt; <span class="number">5</span>) &amp; <span class="number">1</span>) <span class="kw">as </span>usize];
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>tag_number = (tagbyte &amp; <span class="number">31</span>) <span class="kw">as </span>u64;
         <span class="kw">if </span>tag_number == <span class="number">31 </span>{
             tag_number = <span class="number">0</span>;
             <span class="kw">loop </span>{
                 <span class="kw">let </span>b = <span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_u8()) <span class="kw">as </span>u64;
                 <span class="kw">let </span>x =
                     <span class="macro">try!</span>(tag_number.checked_mul(<span class="number">128</span>).ok_or(
                         ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::IntegerOverflow)));
                 tag_number = x + (b &amp; <span class="number">127</span>);
                 <span class="kw">if </span>(b &amp; <span class="number">128</span>) == <span class="number">0 </span>{
                     <span class="kw">break</span>;
                 }
             }
             <span class="kw">if </span>tag_number &lt; <span class="number">31 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
             }
         }
         <span class="kw">let </span>tag = Tag {
             tag_class,
             tag_number,
         };
         <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>((tag, pcbit));
     }

     <span class="kw">fn </span>lookahead_tag(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;Tag&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>pos = <span class="self">self</span>.pos;
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>read_u8 = || {
             <span class="kw">if </span>pos &lt; <span class="self">self</span>.buf.len() {
                 <span class="kw">let </span>ret = <span class="self">self</span>.buf[pos];
                 pos += <span class="number">1</span>;
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(ret);
             } <span class="kw">else </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Eof));
             }
         };
         <span class="kw">let </span>tagbyte = <span class="macro">try!</span>(read_u8());
         <span class="kw">let </span>tag_class = TAG_CLASSES[(tagbyte &gt;&gt; <span class="number">6</span>) <span class="kw">as </span>usize];
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>tag_number = (tagbyte &amp; <span class="number">31</span>) <span class="kw">as </span>u64;
         <span class="kw">if </span>tag_number == <span class="number">31 </span>{
             tag_number = <span class="number">0</span>;
             <span class="kw">loop </span>{
                 <span class="kw">let </span>b = <span class="macro">try!</span>(read_u8()) <span class="kw">as </span>u64;
                 <span class="kw">let </span>x =
                     <span class="macro">try!</span>(tag_number.checked_mul(<span class="number">128</span>).ok_or(
                         ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::IntegerOverflow)));
                 tag_number = x + (b &amp; <span class="number">127</span>);
                 <span class="kw">if </span>(b &amp; <span class="number">128</span>) == <span class="number">0 </span>{
                     <span class="kw">break</span>;
                 }
             }
             <span class="kw">if </span>tag_number &lt; <span class="number">31 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
             }
         }
         <span class="kw">let </span>tag = Tag {
             tag_class,
             tag_number,
         };
         <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(tag);
     }

     <span class="kw">fn </span>read_length(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;<span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;usize&gt;&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span>lbyte = <span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_u8()) <span class="kw">as </span>usize;
         <span class="kw">if </span>lbyte == <span class="number">128 </span>{
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="prelude-val">None</span>);
         }
         <span class="kw">if </span>lbyte == <span class="number">255 </span>{
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
         }
         <span class="kw">if </span>(lbyte &amp; <span class="number">128</span>) == <span class="number">0 </span>{
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(lbyte));
         }
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>length : usize = <span class="number">0</span>;
         <span class="kw">for _ in </span><span class="number">0</span>..(lbyte &amp; <span class="number">127</span>) {
             <span class="kw">let </span>x = <span class="macro">try!</span>(length.checked_mul(<span class="number">256</span>).ok_or(
                 ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Eof)));
             length = x + (<span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_u8()) <span class="kw">as </span>usize);
         }
         <span class="kw">if </span><span class="self">self</span>.mode == BERMode::Der &amp;&amp; length &lt; <span class="number">128 </span>{
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
         }
         <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(length));
     }

     <span class="kw">fn </span>read_general&lt;T, F&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, tag: Tag, callback: F) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt;
             <span class="kw">where </span>F: <span class="kw">for</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt; FnOnce(Contents&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt;) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="kw">if </span><span class="self">self</span>.depth &gt; BER_READER_STACK_DEPTH {
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::StackOverflow));
         }
         <span class="kw">let </span>old_pos = <span class="self">self</span>.pos;
         <span class="kw">let </span>(tag2, pcbit) = <span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_identifier());
         <span class="kw">if </span>tag2 != tag {
             <span class="self">self</span>.pos = old_pos;
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
         }
         <span class="kw">let </span>length_spec = <span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_length());
         <span class="kw">let </span>old_buf = <span class="self">self</span>.buf;
         <span class="kw">match </span>length_spec {
             <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(length) =&gt; {
                 <span class="kw">let </span>limit = <span class="self">self</span>.pos+length;
                 <span class="kw">if </span>old_buf.len() &lt; limit {
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Eof));
                 }
                 <span class="self">self</span>.buf = <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>old_buf[..limit];
             },
             <span class="prelude-val">None </span>=&gt; {
                 <span class="kw">if </span>pcbit != PCBit::Constructed {
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                 }
                 <span class="kw">if </span><span class="self">self</span>.mode == BERMode::Der {
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                 }
             },
         };
         <span class="self">self</span>.depth += <span class="number">1</span>;
         <span class="kw">let </span>result = <span class="macro">try!</span>(callback(<span class="kw">match </span>pcbit {
             PCBit::Primitive =&gt; {
                 <span class="kw">let </span>buf = <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>.buf[<span class="self">self</span>.pos..];
                 <span class="self">self</span>.pos = <span class="self">self</span>.buf.len();
                 Contents::Primitive(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>buf)
             },
             PCBit::Constructed =&gt; Contents::Constructed(<span class="self">self</span>),
         }));
         <span class="self">self</span>.depth -= <span class="number">1</span>;
         <span class="kw">match </span>length_spec {
             <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="kw">_</span>) =&gt; {
                 <span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.end_of_buf());
             },
             <span class="prelude-val">None </span>=&gt; {
                 <span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.end_of_contents());
             },
         };
         <span class="self">self</span>.buf = old_buf;
         <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(result);
     }

     <span class="kw">fn </span>skip_general(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;(Tag, PCBit, usize)&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>skip_depth = <span class="number">0</span>;
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>skip_tag = <span class="prelude-val">None</span>;
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>data_pos = <span class="prelude-val">None</span>;
         <span class="kw">while </span>skip_depth &gt; <span class="number">0 </span>|| skip_tag == <span class="prelude-val">None </span>{
             <span class="kw">let </span>old_pos = <span class="self">self</span>.pos;
             <span class="kw">let </span>(tag, pcbit) = <span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_identifier());
             <span class="kw">if </span>tag == TAG_EOC {
                 <span class="kw">if </span>skip_depth == <span class="number">0 </span>{
                     <span class="self">self</span>.pos = old_pos;
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                 }
                 skip_depth -= <span class="number">1</span>;
                 <span class="comment">// EOC is a pair of zero bytes, consume the second.
                 </span><span class="kw">if </span><span class="self">self</span>.read_u8()<span class="question-mark">? </span>!= <span class="number">0 </span>{
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                 }
                 <span class="kw">continue</span>;
             }
             <span class="kw">if </span>skip_depth == <span class="number">0 </span>{
                 skip_tag = <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>((tag, pcbit));
             }
             <span class="kw">if let </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(length) = <span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_length()) {
                 <span class="kw">if </span>skip_depth == <span class="number">0 </span>{
                     data_pos = <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.pos);
                 }
                 <span class="kw">let </span>limit = <span class="self">self</span>.pos+length;
                 <span class="kw">if </span><span class="self">self</span>.buf.len() &lt; limit {
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Eof));
                 }
                 <span class="self">self</span>.pos = limit;
             } <span class="kw">else </span>{
                 <span class="kw">if </span>skip_depth == <span class="number">0 </span>{
                     data_pos = <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.pos);
                 }
                 <span class="kw">if </span>pcbit != PCBit::Constructed || <span class="self">self</span>.mode == BERMode::Der {
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                 }
                 skip_depth += <span class="number">1</span>;
             }
         }
         <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>((skip_tag.unwrap().<span class="number">0</span>, skip_tag.unwrap().<span class="number">1</span>, data_pos.unwrap()));
     }

     <span class="kw">fn </span>read_with_buffer&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>, T, F&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;b </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, callback: F)
             -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;(T, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>[u8])&gt;
             <span class="kw">where </span>F: FnOnce(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">Self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span>old_pos = <span class="self">self</span>.pos;
         <span class="kw">let </span>result = <span class="macro">try!</span>(callback(<span class="self">self</span>));
         <span class="kw">let </span>new_pos = <span class="self">self</span>.pos;
         <span class="kw">let </span>buf = <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>.buf[old_pos..new_pos];
         <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>((result, buf));
     }

     <span class="kw">fn </span>read_optional&lt;T, F&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, callback: F) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;<span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;T&gt;&gt;
             <span class="kw">where </span>F: FnOnce(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">Self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span>old_pos = <span class="self">self</span>.pos;
         <span class="kw">match </span>callback(<span class="self">self</span>) {
             <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(result) =&gt; <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(result)),
             <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(e) =&gt;
                 <span class="kw">if </span>old_pos == <span class="self">self</span>.pos {
                     <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="prelude-val">None</span>)
                 } <span class="kw">else </span>{
                     <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(e)
                 },
         }
     }

 }

 <span class="doccomment">/// A reader object for BER/DER-encoded ASN.1 data.
 ///
 /// The two main sources of `BERReaderSeq` are:
 ///
 /// - The [`parse_ber`][parse_ber]/[`parse_der`][parse_der] function,
 ///   the starting point of DER serialization.
 /// - The `next` method of [`BERReaderSeq`][berreaderseq].
 ///
 /// [parse_ber]: fn.parse_ber.html
 /// [parse_der]: fn.parse_der.html
 /// [berreaderseq]: struct.BERReaderSeq.html
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// use yasna;
 /// let data = &amp;[2, 1, 10];
 /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
 ///     reader.read_i64()
 /// }).unwrap();
 /// assert_eq!(asn, 10);
 /// ```
 </span><span class="attribute">#[derive(Debug)]
 </span><span class="kw">pub struct </span>BERReader&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt; <span class="kw">where </span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>: <span class="lifetime">&#39;b </span>{
     inner: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;b </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>BERReaderImpl&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt;,
     implicit_tag: <span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;Tag&gt;,
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt; BERReader&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt; {
     <span class="kw">fn </span>new(inner: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;b </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>BERReaderImpl&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt;) -&gt; <span class="self">Self </span>{
         BERReader {
             inner,
             implicit_tag: <span class="prelude-val">None</span>,
         }
     }

     <span class="kw">fn </span>read_general&lt;T, F&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>, tag: Tag, callback: F) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt;
             <span class="kw">where </span>F: <span class="kw">for</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt; FnOnce(Contents&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt;) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span>tag = <span class="self">self</span>.implicit_tag.unwrap_or(tag);
         <span class="self">self</span>.inner.read_general(tag, callback)
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Tells which format we are parsing, BER or DER.
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>mode(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; BERMode {
         <span class="self">self</span>.inner.mode
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 BOOLEAN value as `bool`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = &amp;[1, 1, 255];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_bool()
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(asn, true);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_bool(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;bool&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span>mode = <span class="self">self</span>.mode();
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_general(TAG_BOOLEAN, |contents| {
             <span class="kw">let </span>buf = <span class="kw">match </span>contents {
                 Contents::Primitive(buf) =&gt; buf,
                 Contents::Constructed(<span class="kw">_</span>) =&gt; {
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                 },
             };
             <span class="kw">if </span>buf.len() != <span class="number">1 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
             }
             <span class="kw">let </span>b = buf[<span class="number">0</span>];
             <span class="kw">if </span>mode == BERMode::Der &amp;&amp; b != <span class="number">0 </span>&amp;&amp; b != <span class="number">255 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
             }
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(b != <span class="number">0</span>);
         })
     }

     <span class="kw">fn </span>read_integer(<span class="self">self</span>, tag: Tag) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;i64&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_general(tag, |contents| {
             <span class="kw">let </span>buf = <span class="kw">match </span>contents {
                 Contents::Primitive(buf) =&gt; buf,
                 Contents::Constructed(<span class="kw">_</span>) =&gt; {
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                 },
             };
             <span class="kw">if </span>buf.len() == <span class="number">0 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
             } <span class="kw">else if </span>buf.len() == <span class="number">1 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(buf[<span class="number">0</span>] <span class="kw">as </span>i8 <span class="kw">as </span>i64);
             }
             <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>x = ((buf[<span class="number">0</span>] <span class="kw">as </span>i8 <span class="kw">as </span>i64) &lt;&lt; <span class="number">8</span>) + (buf[<span class="number">1</span>] <span class="kw">as </span>i64);
             <span class="kw">if </span>-<span class="number">128 </span>&lt;= x &amp;&amp; x &lt; <span class="number">128 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
             }
             <span class="kw">if </span>buf.len() &gt; <span class="number">8 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(
                     ASN1ErrorKind::IntegerOverflow));
             }
             <span class="kw">for </span><span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>b <span class="kw">in </span>buf[<span class="number">2</span>..].iter() {
                 x = (x &lt;&lt; <span class="number">8</span>) | (b <span class="kw">as </span>i64);
             }
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(x);
         })
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 ENUMERATED value as `i64`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = &amp;[10, 1, 13];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_enum()
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(asn, 13);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Except parse errors, it can raise integer overflow errors.
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_enum(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;i64&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_integer(TAG_ENUM)
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 INTEGER value as `i64`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = &amp;[2, 4, 73, 150, 2, 210];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_i64()
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(asn, 1234567890);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Except parse errors, it can raise integer overflow errors.
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_i64(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;i64&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_integer(TAG_INTEGER)
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 INTEGER value as `u64`.
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Except parse errors, it can raise integer overflow errors.
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_u64(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;u64&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_general(TAG_INTEGER, |contents| {
             <span class="kw">let </span>buf = <span class="kw">match </span>contents {
                 Contents::Primitive(buf) =&gt; buf,
                 Contents::Constructed(<span class="kw">_</span>) =&gt; {
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                 },
             };
             <span class="kw">if </span>buf.len() == <span class="number">0 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
             } <span class="kw">else if </span>buf[<span class="number">0</span>] &gt;= <span class="number">128 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::IntegerOverflow));
             } <span class="kw">else if </span>buf.len() == <span class="number">1 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(buf[<span class="number">0</span>] <span class="kw">as </span>u64);
             }
             <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>x = ((buf[<span class="number">0</span>] <span class="kw">as </span>u64) &lt;&lt; <span class="number">8</span>) + (buf[<span class="number">1</span>] <span class="kw">as </span>u64);
             <span class="kw">if </span>x &lt; <span class="number">128 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
             }
             <span class="kw">if </span>buf.len() &gt; <span class="number">9 </span>|| (buf.len() == <span class="number">9 </span>&amp;&amp; buf[<span class="number">0</span>] != <span class="number">0</span>) {
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(
                     ASN1ErrorKind::IntegerOverflow));
             }
             <span class="kw">for </span><span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>b <span class="kw">in </span>buf[<span class="number">2</span>..].iter() {
                 x = (x &lt;&lt; <span class="number">8</span>) | (b <span class="kw">as </span>u64);
             }
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(x);
         })
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 INTEGER value as `i32`.
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Except parse errors, it can raise integer overflow errors.
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_i32(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;i32&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span>val = <span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_i64());
         <span class="kw">if </span>-(<span class="number">1 </span>&lt;&lt; <span class="number">31</span>) &lt;= val &amp;&amp; val &lt; (<span class="number">1 </span>&lt;&lt; <span class="number">31</span>) {
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(val <span class="kw">as </span>i32);
         } <span class="kw">else </span>{
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::IntegerOverflow));
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 INTEGER value as `u32`.
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Except parse errors, it can raise integer overflow errors.
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_u32(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;u32&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span>val = <span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_u64());
         <span class="kw">if </span>val &lt; (<span class="number">1 </span>&lt;&lt; <span class="number">32</span>) {
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(val <span class="kw">as </span>u32);
         } <span class="kw">else </span>{
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::IntegerOverflow));
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 INTEGER value as `i16`.
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Except parse errors, it can raise integer overflow errors.
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_i16(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;i16&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span>val = <span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_i64());
         <span class="kw">if </span>-(<span class="number">1 </span>&lt;&lt; <span class="number">15</span>) &lt;= val &amp;&amp; val &lt; (<span class="number">1 </span>&lt;&lt; <span class="number">15</span>) {
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(val <span class="kw">as </span>i16);
         } <span class="kw">else </span>{
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::IntegerOverflow));
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 INTEGER value as `u16`.
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Except parse errors, it can raise integer overflow errors.
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_u16(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;u16&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span>val = <span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_u64());
         <span class="kw">if </span>val &lt; (<span class="number">1 </span>&lt;&lt; <span class="number">16</span>) {
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(val <span class="kw">as </span>u16);
         } <span class="kw">else </span>{
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::IntegerOverflow));
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 INTEGER value as `i8`.
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Except parse errors, it can raise integer overflow errors.
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_i8(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;i8&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span>val = <span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_i64());
         <span class="kw">if </span>-(<span class="number">1 </span>&lt;&lt; <span class="number">7</span>) &lt;= val &amp;&amp; val &lt; (<span class="number">1 </span>&lt;&lt; <span class="number">7</span>) {
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(val <span class="kw">as </span>i8);
         } <span class="kw">else </span>{
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::IntegerOverflow));
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 INTEGER value as `u8`.
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Except parse errors, it can raise integer overflow errors.
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_u8(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;u8&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span>val = <span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_u64());
         <span class="kw">if </span>val &lt; (<span class="number">1 </span>&lt;&lt; <span class="number">8</span>) {
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(val <span class="kw">as </span>u8);
         } <span class="kw">else </span>{
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::IntegerOverflow));
         }
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[cfg(feature = <span class="string">&quot;num-bigint&quot;</span>)]
     </span><span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 INTEGER value as `BigInt`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # extern crate num_bigint;
     /// # extern crate yasna;
     /// # fn main() {
     /// use yasna;
     /// use num_bigint::BigInt;
     /// let data = &amp;[2, 4, 73, 150, 2, 210];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_bigint()
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(&amp;asn, &amp;BigInt::parse_bytes(b&quot;1234567890&quot;, 10).unwrap());
     /// # }
     /// ```
     ///
     /// # Features
     ///
     /// This method is enabled by `num` feature.
     ///
     /// ```toml
     /// [dependencies]
     /// yasna = { version = &quot;*&quot;, features = [&quot;num&quot;] }
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_bigint(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;BigInt&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_general(TAG_INTEGER, |contents| {
             <span class="kw">let </span>buf = <span class="kw">match </span>contents {
                 Contents::Primitive(buf) =&gt; buf,
                 Contents::Constructed(<span class="kw">_</span>) =&gt; {
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                 },
             };
             <span class="kw">if </span>buf.len() == <span class="number">0 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
             } <span class="kw">else if </span>buf.len() == <span class="number">1 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(BigInt::from(buf[<span class="number">0</span>] <span class="kw">as </span>i8));
             }
             <span class="kw">let </span>x2 = ((buf[<span class="number">0</span>] <span class="kw">as </span>i8 <span class="kw">as </span>i32) &lt;&lt; <span class="number">8</span>) + (buf[<span class="number">1</span>] <span class="kw">as </span>i32);
             <span class="kw">if </span>-<span class="number">128 </span>&lt;= x2 &amp;&amp; x2 &lt; <span class="number">128 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
             }
             <span class="kw">if </span><span class="number">0 </span>&lt;= x2 {
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(BigInt::from_bytes_be(Sign::Plus, buf));
             } <span class="kw">else </span>{
                 <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>buf = buf.to_vec();
                 buf.reverse();
                 <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>carry : usize = <span class="number">1</span>;
                 <span class="kw">for </span>b <span class="kw">in </span>buf.iter_mut() {
                     <span class="kw">let </span>bval = <span class="number">255 </span>- (<span class="kw-2">*</span>b <span class="kw">as </span>usize);
                     <span class="kw-2">*</span>b = (bval + carry) <span class="kw">as </span>u8;
                     carry = (bval + carry) &gt;&gt; <span class="number">8</span>;
                 }
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(BigInt::from_bytes_le(Sign::Minus, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>buf));
             }
         })
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[cfg(feature = <span class="string">&quot;num-bigint&quot;</span>)]
     </span><span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 INTEGER value as `BigUint`.
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Except parse errors, it can raise integer overflow errors.
     ///
     /// # Features
     ///
     /// This method is enabled by `num` feature.
     ///
     /// ```toml
     /// [dependencies]
     /// yasna = { version = &quot;*&quot;, features = [&quot;num&quot;] }
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_biguint(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;BigUint&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_general(TAG_INTEGER, |contents| {
             <span class="kw">let </span>buf = <span class="kw">match </span>contents {
                 Contents::Primitive(buf) =&gt; buf,
                 Contents::Constructed(<span class="kw">_</span>) =&gt; {
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                 },
             };
             <span class="kw">if </span>buf.len() == <span class="number">0 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
             } <span class="kw">else if </span>buf[<span class="number">0</span>] &gt;= <span class="number">128 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::IntegerOverflow));
             } <span class="kw">else if </span>buf.len() == <span class="number">1 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(BigUint::from(buf[<span class="number">0</span>]));
             }
             <span class="kw">let </span>x2 = ((buf[<span class="number">0</span>] <span class="kw">as </span>i8 <span class="kw">as </span>i32) &lt;&lt; <span class="number">8</span>) + (buf[<span class="number">1</span>] <span class="kw">as </span>i32);
             <span class="kw">if </span>-<span class="number">128 </span>&lt;= x2 &amp;&amp; x2 &lt; <span class="number">128 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
             } <span class="kw">else if </span>x2 &lt; <span class="number">0 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::IntegerOverflow));
             }
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(BigUint::from_bytes_be(buf));
         })
     }

     <span class="kw">fn </span>read_bitvec_impl(<span class="self">self</span>, unused_bits: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>usize, bytes: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>Vec&lt;u8&gt;)
             -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;()&gt; {
         <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">super</span>::tags::TAG_BITSTRING;
         <span class="kw">if </span><span class="kw-2">*</span>unused_bits != <span class="number">0 </span>{
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
         }
         <span class="kw">let </span>mode = <span class="self">self</span>.inner.mode;
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_general(TAG_BITSTRING, |contents| {
             <span class="kw">match </span>contents {
                 Contents::Primitive(buf) =&gt; {
                     <span class="kw">if </span>buf.len() == <span class="number">0 </span>{
                         <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                     }
                     <span class="kw">if </span>buf[<span class="number">0</span>] &gt;= <span class="number">8 </span>{
                         <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                     }
                     <span class="kw">if </span>buf[<span class="number">0</span>] &gt; <span class="number">0 </span>{
                         <span class="kw">if </span>buf.len() == <span class="number">1 </span>{
                             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                         }
                         <span class="kw">if </span>mode == BERMode::Der &amp;&amp;
                             (buf[buf.len()-<span class="number">1</span>] &amp; ((<span class="number">1</span>&lt;&lt;buf[<span class="number">0</span>]) - <span class="number">1</span>)) != <span class="number">0 </span>{
                             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                         }
                     }
                     bytes.extend_from_slice(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>buf[<span class="number">1</span>..]);
                     <span class="kw-2">*</span>unused_bits = buf[<span class="number">0</span>] <span class="kw">as </span>usize;
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(());
                 },
                 Contents::Constructed(inner) =&gt; {
                     <span class="kw">if </span>mode == BERMode::Der {
                         <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                     }
                     <span class="kw">loop </span>{
                         <span class="kw">let </span>result = <span class="macro">try!</span>(inner.read_optional(|inner| {
                             BERReader::new(inner)
                                 .read_bitvec_impl(unused_bits, bytes)
                         }));
                         <span class="kw">match </span>result {
                             <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(()) =&gt; {},
                             <span class="prelude-val">None </span>=&gt; { <span class="kw">break</span>; },
                         }
                     }
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(());
                 },
             };
         })
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[cfg(feature = <span class="string">&quot;bit-vec&quot;</span>)]
     </span><span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 BITSTRING value as `BitVec`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # extern crate bit_vec;
     /// # extern crate yasna;
     /// # fn main() {
     /// use yasna;
     /// use bit_vec::BitVec;
     /// let data = &amp;[3, 5, 3, 206, 213, 116, 24];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_bitvec()
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(
     ///     asn.into_iter().map(|b| b as usize).collect::&lt;Vec&lt;_&gt;&gt;(),
     ///     vec![1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1,
     ///         0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1]);
     /// # }
     /// ```
     ///
     /// # Features
     ///
     /// This method is enabled by `bit-vec` feature.
     ///
     /// ```toml
     /// [dependencies]
     /// yasna = { version = &quot;*&quot;, features = [&quot;bit-vec&quot;] }
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_bitvec(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;BitVec&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span>(bytes, len) = <span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_bitvec_bytes());
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>ret = BitVec::from_bytes(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>bytes);
         ret.truncate(len);
         <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(ret);
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 BITSTRING value as `(Vec&lt;u8&gt;, usize)`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # extern crate yasna;
     /// # fn main() {
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = &amp;[3, 4, 6, 117, 13, 64];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_bitvec_bytes()
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(asn, (vec![117, 13, 64], 18));
     /// # }
     /// ```
     ///
     /// # Features
     ///
     /// This method is enabled by `bit-vec` feature.
     ///
     /// ```toml
     /// [dependencies]
     /// yasna = { version = &quot;*&quot;, features = [&quot;bit-vec&quot;] }
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_bitvec_bytes(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;(Vec&lt;u8&gt;, usize)&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>unused_bits = <span class="number">0</span>;
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>bytes = Vec::new();
         <span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_bitvec_impl(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>unused_bits, <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>bytes));
         <span class="kw">let </span>len = bytes.len() * <span class="number">8 </span>- unused_bits;
         <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>((bytes, len));
     }

     <span class="kw">fn </span>read_bytes_impl(<span class="self">self</span>, vec: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>Vec&lt;u8&gt;) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;()&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_general(TAG_OCTETSTRING, |contents| {
             <span class="kw">match </span>contents {
                 Contents::Primitive(buf) =&gt; {
                     vec.extend(buf);
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(());
                 },
                 Contents::Constructed(inner) =&gt; {
                     <span class="kw">if </span>inner.mode == BERMode::Der {
                         <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                     }
                     <span class="kw">loop </span>{
                         <span class="kw">let </span>result = <span class="macro">try!</span>(inner.read_optional(|inner| {
                             BERReader::new(inner).read_bytes_impl(vec)
                         }));
                         <span class="kw">match </span>result {
                             <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(()) =&gt; {},
                             <span class="prelude-val">None </span>=&gt; { <span class="kw">break</span>; },
                         }
                     }
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(());
                 },
             };
         })
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 OCTETSTRING value as `Vec&lt;u8&gt;`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = &amp;[36, 128, 4, 2, 72, 101, 4, 4, 108, 108, 111, 33, 0, 0];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_ber(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_bytes()
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(&amp;asn, b&quot;Hello!&quot;);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_bytes(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;Vec&lt;u8&gt;&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>ret = Vec::new();
         <span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_bytes_impl(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>ret));
         <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(ret);
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads the ASN.1 NULL value.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = &amp;[5, 0];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_null()
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(asn, ());
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_null(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;()&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_general(TAG_NULL, |contents| {
             <span class="kw">let </span>buf = <span class="kw">match </span>contents {
                 Contents::Primitive(buf) =&gt; buf,
                 Contents::Constructed(<span class="kw">_</span>) =&gt; {
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                 },
             };
             <span class="kw">if </span>buf.len() != <span class="number">0 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
             }
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(());
         })
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 object identifier.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = &amp;[6, 8, 42, 134, 72, 134, 247, 13, 1, 1];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_oid()
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(&amp;*asn.components(), &amp;[1, 2, 840, 113549, 1, 1]);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_oid(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;ObjectIdentifier&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_general(TAG_OID, |contents| {
             <span class="kw">let </span>buf = <span class="kw">match </span>contents {
                 Contents::Primitive(buf) =&gt; buf,
                 Contents::Constructed(<span class="kw">_</span>) =&gt; {
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                 },
             };
             <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>components = Vec::new();
             <span class="kw">if </span>buf.len() == <span class="number">0 </span>|| buf[buf.len()-<span class="number">1</span>] &gt;= <span class="number">128 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
             }
             <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>subid : u64 = <span class="number">0</span>;
             <span class="kw">for </span><span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>b <span class="kw">in </span>buf.iter() {
                 <span class="kw">if </span>b == <span class="number">128 </span>{
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                 }
                 subid = <span class="macro">try!</span>(subid.checked_mul(<span class="number">128</span>)
                     .ok_or(ASN1Error::new(
                         ASN1ErrorKind::IntegerOverflow))) + ((b &amp; <span class="number">127</span>) <span class="kw">as </span>u64);
                 <span class="kw">if </span>(b &amp; <span class="number">128</span>) == <span class="number">0 </span>{
                     <span class="kw">if </span>components.len() == <span class="number">0 </span>{
                         <span class="kw">let </span>id0 = <span class="kw">if </span>subid &lt; <span class="number">40 </span>{
                             <span class="number">0
                         </span>} <span class="kw">else if </span>subid &lt; <span class="number">80 </span>{
                             <span class="number">1
                         </span>} <span class="kw">else </span>{
                             <span class="number">2
                         </span>};
                         <span class="kw">let </span>id1 = subid - <span class="number">40 </span>* id0;
                         components.push(id0);
                         components.push(id1);
                     } <span class="kw">else </span>{
                         components.push(subid);
                     }
                     subid = <span class="number">0</span>;
                 }
             }
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(ObjectIdentifier::new(components));
         })
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 UTF8String.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = &amp;[
     ///     12, 29, 103, 110, 97, 119, 32, 207, 129, 206, 191, 206,
     ///     186, 206, 177, 206, 189, 206, 175, 206, 182, 207,
     ///     137, 32, 240, 170, 152, 130, 227, 130, 139];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_utf8string()
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(&amp;asn, &quot;gnaw ροκανίζω 𪘂る&quot;);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_utf8string(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;String&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_tagged_implicit(TAG_UTF8STRING, |reader| {
             <span class="kw">let </span>bytes = <span class="macro">try!</span>(reader.read_bytes());
             <span class="kw">match </span>String::from_utf8(bytes) {
                 <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(string) =&gt; <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(string),
                 <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(<span class="kw">_</span>) =&gt; <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid)),
             }
         })
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 SEQUENCE value.
     ///
     /// This function uses the loan pattern: `callback` is called back with
     /// a [`BERReaderSeq`][berreaderseq], from which the contents of the
     /// SEQUENCE is read.
     ///
     /// [berreaderseq]: struct.BERReaderSeq.html
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = &amp;[48, 6, 2, 1, 10, 1, 1, 255];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_sequence(|reader| {
     ///         let i = try!(reader.next().read_i64());
     ///         let b = try!(reader.next().read_bool());
     ///         return Ok((i, b));
     ///     })
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(asn, (10, true));
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_sequence&lt;T, F&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>, callback: F) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt;
             <span class="kw">where </span>F: <span class="kw">for</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt; FnOnce(
                 <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BERReaderSeq&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt;) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_general(TAG_SEQUENCE, |contents| {
             <span class="kw">let </span>inner = <span class="kw">match </span>contents {
                 Contents::Primitive(<span class="kw">_</span>) =&gt; {
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                 },
                 Contents::Constructed(inner) =&gt; inner,
             };
             <span class="kw">return </span>callback(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BERReaderSeq { inner, });
         })
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 SEQUENCE OF value.
     ///
     /// This function uses the loan pattern: `callback` is called back with
     /// a [`BERReader`][berreader], from which the contents of the
     /// SEQUENCE OF is read.
     ///
     /// [berreaderseq]: struct.BERReaderSeq.html
     ///
     /// This function doesn&#39;t return values. Instead, use mutable values to
     /// maintain read values. `collect_set_of` can be an alternative.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = &amp;[48, 7, 2, 1, 10, 2, 2, 255, 127];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     let mut numbers = Vec::new();
     ///     try!(reader.read_sequence_of(|reader| {
     ///         numbers.push(try!(reader.read_i64()));
     ///         return Ok(());
     ///     }));
     ///     return Ok(numbers);
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(&amp;asn, &amp;[10, -129]);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_sequence_of&lt;F&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="kw-2">mut </span>callback: F) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;()&gt;
             <span class="kw">where </span>F: <span class="kw">for</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt; FnMut(BERReader&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt;) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;()&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_sequence(|reader| {
             <span class="kw">loop </span>{
                 <span class="kw">if let </span><span class="prelude-val">None </span>= <span class="macro">try!</span>(reader.read_optional(|reader| {
                     callback(reader)
                 })) {
                     <span class="kw">break</span>;
                 }
             }
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(());
         })
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Collects an ASN.1 SEQUENCE OF value.
     ///
     /// This function uses the loan pattern: `callback` is called back with
     /// a [`BERReader`][berreader], from which the contents of the
     /// SEQUENCE OF is read.
     ///
     /// If you don&#39;t like `Vec`, you can use `read_sequence_of` instead.
     ///
     /// [berreader]: struct.BERReader.html
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = &amp;[48, 7, 2, 1, 10, 2, 2, 255, 127];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.collect_sequence_of(|reader| {
     ///         reader.read_i64()
     ///     })
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(&amp;asn, &amp;[10, -129]);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>collect_sequence_of&lt;T, F&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="kw-2">mut </span>callback: F)
             -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;Vec&lt;T&gt;&gt;
             <span class="kw">where </span>F: <span class="kw">for</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt; FnMut(BERReader&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt;) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>collection = Vec::new();
         <span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_sequence_of(|reader| {
             collection.push(<span class="macro">try!</span>(callback(reader)));
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(());
         }));
         <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(collection);
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 SET value.
     ///
     /// This function uses the loan pattern: `callback` is called back with
     /// a [`BERReaderSet`][berreaderset], from which the contents of the
     /// SET are read.
     ///
     /// [berreaderset]: struct.BERReaderSet.html
     ///
     /// For SET OF values, use `read_set_of` instead.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// use yasna::tags::{TAG_INTEGER,TAG_BOOLEAN};
     /// let data = &amp;[49, 6, 1, 1, 255, 2, 1, 10];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_set(|reader| {
     ///         let i = try!(try!(reader.next(&amp;[TAG_INTEGER])).read_i64());
     ///         let b = try!(try!(reader.next(&amp;[TAG_BOOLEAN])).read_bool());
     ///         return Ok((i, b));
     ///     })
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(asn, (10, true));
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_set&lt;T, F&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>, callback: F) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt;
             <span class="kw">where </span>F: <span class="kw">for</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt; FnOnce(
                 <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BERReaderSet&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt;) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_general(TAG_SET, |contents| {
             <span class="kw">let </span>inner = <span class="kw">match </span>contents {
                 Contents::Primitive(<span class="kw">_</span>) =&gt; {
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                 },
                 Contents::Constructed(inner) =&gt; inner,
             };
             <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>elements = Vec::new();
             <span class="kw">loop </span>{
                 <span class="kw">let </span>old_pos = inner.pos;
                 <span class="kw">if let </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(tag) = <span class="macro">try!</span>(inner.read_optional(|inner| {
                     inner.skip_general().map(|t| t.<span class="number">0</span>)
                 })) {
                     <span class="kw">let </span>new_pos = inner.pos;
                     <span class="comment">// TODO: this should store the P/C bit as well
                     </span>elements.push((tag, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>inner.buf[..new_pos], old_pos));
                 } <span class="kw">else </span>{
                     <span class="kw">break</span>;
                 }
             }
             <span class="kw">if </span>inner.mode == BERMode::Der {
                 <span class="kw">for </span>i <span class="kw">in </span><span class="number">1</span>..elements.len() {
                     <span class="kw">if </span>elements[i] &lt;= elements[i-<span class="number">1</span>] {
                         <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                     }
                 }
             }
             <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>new_impl = BERReaderImpl::new(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[], inner.mode);
             <span class="kw">let </span>result = <span class="macro">try!</span>(callback(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BERReaderSet {
                 impl_ref: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>new_impl,
                 elements: <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>elements,
             }));
             <span class="kw">if </span>elements.len() &gt; <span class="number">0 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
             }
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(result);
         })
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 SET OF value.
     ///
     /// This function uses the loan pattern: `callback` is called back with
     /// a [`BERReader`][berreader], from which the contents of the
     /// SET OF are read.
     ///
     /// This function doesn&#39;t return values. Instead, use mutable values to
     /// maintain read values. `collect_set_of` can be an alternative.
     ///
     /// This function doesn&#39;t sort the elements. In DER, it is assumed that
     /// the elements occur in an order determined by DER encodings of them.
     ///
     /// [berreader]: struct.BERReader.html
     ///
     /// For SET values, use `read_set` instead.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = &amp;[49, 7, 2, 1, 10, 2, 2, 255, 127];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     let mut numbers = Vec::new();
     ///     try!(reader.read_set_of(|reader| {
     ///         numbers.push(try!(reader.read_i64()));
     ///         return Ok(());
     ///     }));
     ///     return Ok(numbers);
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(asn, vec![10, -129]);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_set_of&lt;F&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="kw-2">mut </span>callback: F) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;()&gt;
             <span class="kw">where </span>F: <span class="kw">for</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt; FnMut(BERReader&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt;) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;()&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_general(TAG_SET, |contents| {
             <span class="kw">let </span>inner = <span class="kw">match </span>contents {
                 Contents::Primitive(<span class="kw">_</span>) =&gt; {
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                 },
                 Contents::Constructed(inner) =&gt; inner,
             };
             <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>last_buf = <span class="prelude-val">None</span>;
             <span class="kw">while let </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>((<span class="kw">_</span>, buf)) = <span class="macro">try!</span>(inner.read_optional(|inner| {
                     inner.read_with_buffer(|inner| {
                         callback(BERReader::new(inner))
                     })
             })) {
                 <span class="kw">if let </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(last_buf) = last_buf {
                     <span class="kw">if </span>inner.mode == BERMode::Der &amp;&amp; buf &lt; last_buf {
                         <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                     }
                 }
                 last_buf = <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(buf);
             }
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(());
         })
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Collects an ASN.1 SET OF value.
     ///
     /// This function uses the loan pattern: `callback` is called back with
     /// a [`BERReader`][berreader], from which the contents of the
     /// SET OF is read.
     ///
     /// If you don&#39;t like `Vec`, you can use `read_set_of` instead.
     ///
     /// This function doesn&#39;t sort the elements. In DER, it is assumed that
     /// the elements occur in an order determined by DER encodings of them.
     ///
     /// [berreader]: struct.BERReader.html
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = &amp;[49, 7, 2, 1, 10, 2, 2, 255, 127];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.collect_set_of(|reader| {
     ///         reader.read_i64()
     ///     })
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(asn, vec![10, -129]);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>collect_set_of&lt;T, F&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>, <span class="kw-2">mut </span>callback: F) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;Vec&lt;T&gt;&gt;
             <span class="kw">where </span>F: <span class="kw">for</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt; FnMut(BERReader&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt;) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>collection = Vec::new();
         <span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_set_of(|reader| {
             collection.push(<span class="macro">try!</span>(callback(reader)));
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(());
         }));
         <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(collection);
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 NumericString.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = &amp;[18, 7, 49, 50, 56, 32, 50, 53, 54];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_numeric_string()
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(&amp;asn, &quot;128 256&quot;);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_numeric_string(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;String&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_tagged_implicit(TAG_NUMERICSTRING, |reader| {
             <span class="kw">let </span>bytes = <span class="macro">try!</span>(reader.read_bytes());
             <span class="kw">for </span><span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>byte <span class="kw">in </span>bytes.iter() {
                 <span class="kw">if </span>!(byte == <span class="string">b&#39; &#39; </span>|| (<span class="string">b&#39;0&#39; </span>&lt;= byte &amp;&amp; byte &lt;= <span class="string">b&#39;9&#39;</span>)) {
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                 }
             }
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(String::from_utf8(bytes).unwrap());
         })
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 PrintableString.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = &amp;[19, 9, 67, 111, 46, 44, 32, 76, 116, 100, 46];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_printable_string()
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(&amp;asn, &quot;Co., Ltd.&quot;);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_printable_string(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;String&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_tagged_implicit(TAG_PRINTABLESTRING, |reader| {
             <span class="kw">let </span>bytes = <span class="macro">try!</span>(reader.read_bytes());
             <span class="kw">for </span><span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>byte <span class="kw">in </span>bytes.iter() {
                 <span class="kw">if </span>!(
                     byte == <span class="string">b&#39; &#39; </span>||
                     (<span class="string">b&#39;\&#39;&#39; </span>&lt;= byte &amp;&amp; byte &lt;= <span class="string">b&#39;:&#39; </span>&amp;&amp; byte != <span class="string">b&#39;*&#39;</span>) ||
                     byte == <span class="string">b&#39;=&#39; </span>||
                     (<span class="string">b&#39;A&#39; </span>&lt;= byte &amp;&amp; byte &lt;= <span class="string">b&#39;Z&#39;</span>) ||
                     (<span class="string">b&#39;a&#39; </span>&lt;= byte &amp;&amp; byte &lt;= <span class="string">b&#39;z&#39;</span>)) {
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                 }
             }
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(String::from_utf8(bytes).unwrap());
         })
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 IA5String.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = &amp;[22, 9, 0x41, 0x53, 0x43, 0x49, 0x49, 0x20, 0x70, 0x6C, 0x7A];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_ia5_string()
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(&amp;asn, &quot;ASCII plz&quot;);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_ia5_string(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;String&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_tagged_implicit(TAG_IA5STRING, |reader| {
             <span class="kw">let </span>bytes = reader.read_bytes()<span class="question-mark">?</span>;

             <span class="kw">match </span>String::from_utf8(bytes) {
                 <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(string) =&gt; {
                     <span class="kw">for </span>c <span class="kw">in </span>string.chars() {
                         <span class="kw">if </span>!c.is_ascii() {
                             <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string">&quot;{} is not ascii...&quot;</span>, c);
                             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                         }
                     }
                     <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(string)
                 }
                 <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(<span class="kw">_</span>) =&gt; <span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid))
             }
         })
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 BMPString.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = &amp;[30, 14, 0x00, 0xA3, 0x03, 0xC0, 0x00, 0x20, 0x00, 0x71, 0x00, 0x75, 0x00, 0x75, 0x00, 0x78];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_bmp_string()
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(&amp;asn, &quot;£π quux&quot;);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_bmp_string(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;String&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_tagged_implicit(TAG_BMPSTRING, |reader| {
             <span class="kw">let </span>bytes = reader.read_bytes()<span class="question-mark">?</span>;

             <span class="kw">if </span>bytes.len() % <span class="number">2 </span>!= <span class="number">0 </span>{
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
             }

             <span class="kw">let </span>utf16 : Vec&lt;u16&gt; = bytes.chunks(<span class="number">2</span>).map(|c| (c[<span class="number">0</span>] <span class="kw">as </span>u16) * <span class="number">256 </span>+ c[<span class="number">1</span>] <span class="kw">as </span>u16).collect();

             <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(String::from_utf16_lossy(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>utf16))
         })
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[cfg(feature = <span class="string">&quot;chrono&quot;</span>)]
     </span><span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 UTCTime.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = &amp;[
     ///     23, 15, 56, 50, 48, 49, 48, 50, 48,
     ///     55, 48, 48, 45, 48, 53, 48, 48];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_ber(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_utctime()
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(asn.datetime().timestamp(), 378820800);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// # Features
     ///
     /// This method is enabled by `chrono` feature.
     ///
     /// ```toml
     /// [dependencies]
     /// yasna = { version = &quot;*&quot;, features = [&quot;chrono&quot;] }
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_utctime(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;UTCTime&gt; {
         <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">super</span>::tags::TAG_UTCTIME;
         <span class="kw">let </span>mode = <span class="self">self</span>.inner.mode;
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_tagged_implicit(TAG_UTCTIME, |reader| {
             <span class="kw">let </span>bytes = <span class="macro">try!</span>(reader.read_bytes());
             <span class="kw">let </span>datetime = <span class="macro">try!</span>(UTCTime::parse(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>bytes).ok_or_else(
                 || ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid)));
             <span class="kw">if </span>mode == BERMode::Der &amp;&amp; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>datetime.to_bytes() != <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>bytes {
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
             }
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(datetime);
         })
     }

     <span class="attribute">#[cfg(feature = <span class="string">&quot;chrono&quot;</span>)]
     </span><span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 GeneralizedTime.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = &amp;[
     ///     24, 17, 49, 57, 56, 53, 49, 49, 48, 54,
     ///     50, 49, 46, 49, 52, 49, 53, 57, 90];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_ber(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_generalized_time()
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(asn.datetime().timestamp(), 500159309);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// # Features
     ///
     /// This method is enabled by `chrono` feature.
     ///
     /// ```toml
     /// [dependencies]
     /// yasna = { version = &quot;*&quot;, features = [&quot;chrono&quot;] }
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_generalized_time(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;GeneralizedTime&gt; {
         <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">super</span>::tags::TAG_GENERALIZEDTIME;
         <span class="kw">let </span>mode = <span class="self">self</span>.inner.mode;
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_tagged_implicit(TAG_GENERALIZEDTIME, |reader| {
             <span class="kw">let </span>bytes = <span class="macro">try!</span>(reader.read_bytes());
             <span class="kw">let </span>datetime = <span class="macro">try!</span>(GeneralizedTime::parse(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>bytes).ok_or_else(
                 || ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid)));
             <span class="kw">if </span>mode == BERMode::Der &amp;&amp; <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>datetime.to_bytes() != <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>bytes {
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
             }
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(datetime);
         })
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an ASN.1 VisibleString.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = &amp;[26, 3, 72, 105, 33];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_visible_string()
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(&amp;asn, &quot;Hi!&quot;);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_visible_string(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;String&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_tagged_implicit(TAG_VISIBLESTRING, |reader| {
             <span class="kw">let </span>bytes = <span class="macro">try!</span>(reader.read_bytes());
             <span class="kw">for </span><span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>byte <span class="kw">in </span>bytes.iter() {
                 <span class="kw">if </span>!(<span class="string">b&#39; &#39; </span>&lt;= byte &amp;&amp; byte &lt;= <span class="string">b&#39;~&#39;</span>) {
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                 }
             }
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(String::from_utf8(bytes).unwrap());
         })
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads a (explicitly) tagged value.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna::{self,Tag};
     /// let data = &amp;[163, 3, 2, 1, 10];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_tagged(Tag::context(3), |reader| {
     ///         reader.read_i64()
     ///     })
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(asn, 10);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_tagged&lt;T, F&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>, tag: Tag, callback: F) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt;
             <span class="kw">where </span>F: <span class="kw">for</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt; FnOnce(BERReader&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt;) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.read_general(tag, |contents| {
             <span class="kw">let </span>inner = <span class="kw">match </span>contents {
                 Contents::Primitive(<span class="kw">_</span>) =&gt; {
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                 },
                 Contents::Constructed(inner) =&gt; inner,
             };
             callback(BERReader::new(inner))
         })
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads an implicitly tagged value.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna::{self,Tag};
     /// let data = &amp;[131, 1, 10];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_tagged_implicit(Tag::context(3), |reader| {
     ///         reader.read_i64()
     ///     })
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(asn, 10);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_tagged_implicit&lt;T, F&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>, tag: Tag, callback: F)
             -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt;
             <span class="kw">where </span>F: <span class="kw">for</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt; FnOnce(BERReader&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt;) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span>tag = <span class="self">self</span>.implicit_tag.unwrap_or(tag);
         <span class="kw">return </span>callback(BERReader {
             inner: <span class="self">self</span>.inner,
             implicit_tag: <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(tag),
         });
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Lookaheads the tag in the next value. Used to parse CHOICE values.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// use yasna::tags::*;
     /// let data = &amp;[48, 5, 2, 1, 10, 5, 0];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.collect_sequence_of(|reader| {
     ///         let tag = try!(reader.lookahead_tag());
     ///         let choice;
     ///         if tag == TAG_INTEGER {
     ///             choice = Some(try!(reader.read_i64()));
     ///         } else {
     ///             try!(reader.read_null());
     ///             choice = None;
     ///         }
     ///         return Ok(choice);
     ///     })
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(&amp;asn, &amp;[Some(10), None]);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>lookahead_tag(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;Tag&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.inner.lookahead_tag()
     }

     <span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_with_buffer&lt;T, F&gt;(<span class="self">self</span>, callback: F)
             -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;(T, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>[u8])&gt;
             <span class="kw">where </span>F: <span class="kw">for</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt; FnOnce(BERReader&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt;) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span>implicit_tag = <span class="self">self</span>.implicit_tag;
         <span class="self">self</span>.inner.read_with_buffer(|inner| {
             callback(BERReader {
                 inner,
                 implicit_tag,
             })
         })
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Read an arbitrary (tag, value) pair as a TaggedDerValue.
     /// The length is not included in the returned payload. If the
     /// payload has indefinite-length encoding, the EOC bytes are
     /// included in the returned payload.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// use yasna::models::TaggedDerValue;
     /// use yasna::tags::TAG_OCTETSTRING;
     /// let data = b&quot;\x04\x06Hello!&quot;;
     /// let res = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| reader.read_tagged_der()).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(res, TaggedDerValue::from_tag_and_bytes(TAG_OCTETSTRING, b&quot;Hello!&quot;.to_vec()));
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_tagged_der(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;TaggedDerValue&gt; {
         <span class="kw">let </span>(tag, pcbit, data_pos) = <span class="self">self</span>.inner.skip_general()<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
         <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(TaggedDerValue::from_tag_pc_and_bytes(
                 tag,
                 pcbit,
                 <span class="self">self</span>.inner.buf[data_pos..<span class="self">self</span>.inner.pos].to_vec()))
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Reads a DER object as raw bytes. Tag and length are included
     /// in the returned buffer. For indefinite length encoding, EOC bytes
     /// are included in the returned buffer as well.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = b&quot;\x04\x06Hello!&quot;;
     /// let res = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| reader.read_der()).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(res, data);
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_der(<span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;Vec&lt;u8&gt;&gt; {
         <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.inner.read_with_buffer(|inner| {
             inner.skip_general()
         })).<span class="number">1</span>.to_owned())
     }
 }

 <span class="doccomment">/// A reader object for a sequence of BER/DER-encoded ASN.1 data.
 ///
 /// The main source of this object is the `read_sequence` method from
 /// [`BERReader`][berreader].
 ///
 /// [berreader]: struct.BERReader.html
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// use yasna;
 /// let data = &amp;[48, 6, 2, 1, 10, 1, 1, 255];
 /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
 ///     reader.read_sequence(|reader| {
 ///         let i = try!(reader.next().read_i64());
 ///         let b = try!(reader.next().read_bool());
 ///         return Ok((i, b));
 ///     })
 /// }).unwrap();
 /// assert_eq!(asn, (10, true));
 /// ```
 </span><span class="attribute">#[derive(Debug)]
 </span><span class="kw">pub struct </span>BERReaderSeq&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt; <span class="kw">where </span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>: <span class="lifetime">&#39;b </span>{
     inner: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;b </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>BERReaderImpl&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt;,
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt; BERReaderSeq&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt; {
     <span class="doccomment">/// Tells which format we are parsing, BER or DER.
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>mode(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; BERMode {
         <span class="self">self</span>.inner.mode
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Generates a new [`BERReader`][berreader].
     ///
     /// [berreader]: struct.BERReader.html
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>next&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;c </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; BERReader&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt; {
         BERReader::new(<span class="self">self</span>.inner)
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Tries to read an ASN.1 value. If it fails at the first tag,
     /// it doesn&#39;t consume buffer and returns `None`.
     ///
     /// Used to parse OPTIONAL elements.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = &amp;[48, 3, 1, 1, 255];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_sequence(|reader| {
     ///         let i = try!(reader.read_optional(|reader| {
     ///             reader.read_i64()
     ///         }));
     ///         let b = try!(reader.next().read_bool());
     ///         return Ok((i, b));
     ///     })
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(asn, (None, true));
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_optional&lt;T, F&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, callback: F)
             -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;<span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;T&gt;&gt;
             <span class="kw">where </span>F: <span class="kw">for</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt; FnOnce(BERReader&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt;) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.inner.read_optional(|inner| {
             callback(BERReader::new(inner))
         })
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Similar to `read_optional`, but uses `default` if it fails.
     ///
     /// `T: Eq` is required because it fails in DER mode if the read value
     /// is equal to `default`.
     ///
     /// Used to parse DEFAULT elements.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// let data = &amp;[48, 3, 1, 1, 255];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_sequence(|reader| {
     ///         let i = try!(reader.read_default(10, |reader| {
     ///             reader.read_i64()
     ///         }));
     ///         let b = try!(reader.next().read_bool());
     ///         return Ok((i, b));
     ///     })
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(asn, (10, true));
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_default&lt;T, F&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, default: T, callback: F)
             -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt;
             <span class="kw">where </span>F: <span class="kw">for</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt; FnOnce(BERReader&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt;) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt;,
             T: Eq {
         <span class="kw">match </span><span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_optional(callback)) {
             <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(result) =&gt; {
                 <span class="kw">if </span><span class="self">self</span>.inner.mode == BERMode::Der &amp;&amp; result == default {
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(
                         ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                 }
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(result);
             },
             <span class="prelude-val">None </span>=&gt; <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(default),
         }
     }

     <span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_with_buffer&lt;T, F&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, callback: F)
             -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;(T, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>[u8])&gt;
             <span class="kw">where </span>F: <span class="kw">for</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt; FnOnce(
                 <span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BERReaderSeq&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt;) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="self">self</span>.inner.read_with_buffer(|inner| {
             callback(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>BERReaderSeq { inner, })
         })
     }
 }

 <span class="doccomment">/// A reader object for a set of BER/DER-encoded ASN.1 data.
 ///
 /// The main source of this object is the `read_set` method from
 /// [`BERReader`][berreader].
 ///
 /// [berreader]: struct.BERReader.html
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// use yasna;
 /// use yasna::tags::{TAG_INTEGER,TAG_BOOLEAN};
 /// let data = &amp;[49, 6, 1, 1, 255, 2, 1, 10];
 /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
 ///     reader.read_set(|reader| {
 ///         let i = try!(try!(reader.next(&amp;[TAG_INTEGER])).read_i64());
 ///         let b = try!(try!(reader.next(&amp;[TAG_BOOLEAN])).read_bool());
 ///         return Ok((i, b));
 ///     })
 /// }).unwrap();
 /// assert_eq!(asn, (10, true));
 /// ```
 </span><span class="attribute">#[derive(Debug)]
 </span><span class="kw">pub struct </span>BERReaderSet&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt; <span class="kw">where </span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>: <span class="lifetime">&#39;b </span>{
     impl_ref: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;b </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>BERReaderImpl&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>&gt;,
     elements: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;b </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>Vec&lt;(Tag, <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;a </span>[u8], usize)&gt;,
 }

 <span class="kw">impl</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt; BERReaderSet&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;b</span>&gt; {
     <span class="doccomment">/// Tells which format we are parsing, BER or DER.
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>mode(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="self">self</span>) -&gt; BERMode {
         <span class="self">self</span>.impl_ref.mode
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Generates a new [`BERReader`][berreader].
     ///
     /// [berreader]: struct.BERReader.html
     ///
     /// This method needs `tag_hint` to determine the position of the data.
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>next&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="lifetime">&#39;c </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, tag_hint: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Tag])
             -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;BERReader&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt;&gt; {
         <span class="kw">if let </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(elem_pos) = <span class="self">self</span>.elements.iter().position(|<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>(tag,<span class="kw">_</span>,<span class="kw">_</span>)| {
             tag_hint.contains(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>tag)
         }) {
             <span class="kw">let </span>(<span class="kw">_</span>, buf, pos) = <span class="self">self</span>.elements.remove(elem_pos);
             <span class="kw-2">*</span><span class="self">self</span>.impl_ref = BERReaderImpl::with_pos(
                 buf, pos, <span class="self">self</span>.impl_ref.mode);
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(BERReader::new(<span class="self">self</span>.impl_ref))
         } <span class="kw">else </span>{
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// If there is a set element with a tag in `tag_hint`, reads an ASN.1
     /// value from that element and returns `Some(_)`.
     /// Otherwise, returns `None`.
     ///
     /// Used to parse OPTIONAL elements.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// use yasna::tags::*;
     /// let data = &amp;[49, 3, 1, 1, 255];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_set(|reader| {
     ///         let i = try!(reader.read_optional(&amp;[TAG_INTEGER], |reader| {
     ///             reader.read_i64()
     ///         }));
     ///         let b = try!(try!(reader.next(&amp;[TAG_BOOLEAN])).read_bool());
     ///         return Ok((i, b));
     ///     })
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(asn, (None, true));
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_optional&lt;T, F&gt;(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, tag_hint: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Tag], callback: F)
             -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;<span class="prelude-ty">Option</span>&lt;T&gt;&gt;
             <span class="kw">where </span>F: <span class="kw">for</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt; FnOnce(BERReader&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt;) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt; {
         <span class="kw">if let </span><span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(elem_pos) = <span class="self">self</span>.elements.iter().position(|<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>(tag,<span class="kw">_</span>,<span class="kw">_</span>)| {
             tag_hint.contains(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>tag)
         }) {
             <span class="kw">let </span>(<span class="kw">_</span>, buf, pos) = <span class="self">self</span>.elements.remove(elem_pos);
             <span class="kw">let </span><span class="kw-2">mut </span>reader_impl = BERReaderImpl::with_pos(
                 buf, pos, <span class="self">self</span>.impl_ref.mode);
             <span class="kw">let </span>result = <span class="macro">try!</span>(callback(BERReader::new(<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span>reader_impl)));
             <span class="macro">try!</span>(reader_impl.end_of_buf());
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(result));
         } <span class="kw">else </span>{
             <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(<span class="prelude-val">None</span>);
         }
     }

     <span class="doccomment">/// Similar to `read_optional`, but uses `default` if it fails.
     ///
     /// `T: Eq` is required because it fails in DER mode if the read value
     /// is equal to `default`.
     ///
     /// Used to parse DEFAULT elements.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use yasna;
     /// use yasna::tags::*;
     /// let data = &amp;[49, 3, 1, 1, 255];
     /// let asn = yasna::parse_der(data, |reader| {
     ///     reader.read_set(|reader| {
     ///         let i = try!(reader.read_default(&amp;[TAG_INTEGER], 10, |reader| {
     ///             reader.read_i64()
     ///         }));
     ///         let b = try!(try!(reader.next(&amp;[TAG_BOOLEAN])).read_bool());
     ///         return Ok((i, b));
     ///     })
     /// }).unwrap();
     /// assert_eq!(asn, (10, true));
     /// ```
     </span><span class="kw">pub fn </span>read_default&lt;T, F&gt;
             (<span class="kw-2">&amp;mut </span><span class="self">self</span>, tag_hint: <span class="kw-2">&amp;</span>[Tag], default: T, callback: F)
             -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt;
             <span class="kw">where </span>F: <span class="kw">for</span>&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt; FnOnce(BERReader&lt;<span class="lifetime">&#39;a</span>, <span class="lifetime">&#39;c</span>&gt;) -&gt; ASN1Result&lt;T&gt;,
             T: Eq {
         <span class="kw">let </span>mode = <span class="self">self</span>.impl_ref.mode;
         <span class="kw">match </span><span class="macro">try!</span>(<span class="self">self</span>.read_optional(tag_hint, callback)) {
             <span class="prelude-val">Some</span>(result) =&gt; {
                 <span class="kw">if </span>mode == BERMode::Der &amp;&amp; result == default {
                     <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Err</span>(
                         ASN1Error::new(ASN1ErrorKind::Invalid));
                 }
                 <span class="kw">return </span><span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(result);
             },
             <span class="prelude-val">None </span>=&gt; <span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(default),
         }
     }
 }


 <span class="attribute">#[cfg(test)]
 </span><span class="kw">mod </span>tests;
 </code></pre></div>
 </section></div></main><div id="rustdoc-vars" data-root-path="../../../" data-current-crate="yasna" data-themes="ayu,dark,light" data-resource-suffix="" data-rustdoc-version="1.66.0-nightly (5c8bff74b 2022-10-21)" ></div></body></html>