| <!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="generator" content="rustdoc"><meta name="description" content="Source of the Rust file `/root/.cargo/git/checkouts/tokio-377c595163f99a10/dfe252d/tokio/src/io/mod.rs`."><meta name="keywords" content="rust, rustlang, rust-lang"><title>mod.rs - source</title><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../SourceSerif4-Regular.ttf.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../FiraSans-Regular.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../FiraSans-Medium.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../SourceCodePro-Regular.ttf.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../SourceSerif4-Bold.ttf.woff2"><link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin href="../../../SourceCodePro-Semibold.ttf.woff2"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../normalize.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../rustdoc.css" id="mainThemeStyle"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../ayu.css" disabled><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../dark.css" disabled><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../light.css" id="themeStyle"><script id="default-settings" ></script><script src="../../../storage.js"></script><script defer src="../../../source-script.js"></script><script defer src="../../../source-files.js"></script><script defer src="../../../main.js"></script><noscript><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../noscript.css"></noscript><link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" href="../../../favicon-16x16.png"><link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" href="../../../favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="../../../favicon.svg"></head><body class="rustdoc source"><!--[if lte IE 11]><div class="warning">This old browser is unsupported and will most likely display funky things.</div><![endif]--><nav class="sidebar"><a class="sidebar-logo" href="../../../tokio/index.html"><div class="logo-container"><img class="rust-logo" src="../../../rust-logo.svg" alt="logo"></div></a></nav><main><div class="width-limiter"><nav class="sub"><a class="sub-logo-container" href="../../../tokio/index.html"><img class="rust-logo" src="../../../rust-logo.svg" alt="logo"></a><form class="search-form"><div class="search-container"><span></span><input class="search-input" name="search" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" placeholder="Click or press ‘S’ to search, ‘?’ for more options…" type="search"><div id="help-button" title="help" tabindex="-1"><a href="../../../help.html">?</a></div><div id="settings-menu" tabindex="-1"><a href="../../../settings.html" title="settings"><img width="22" height="22" alt="Change settings" src="../../../wheel.svg"></a></div></div></form></nav><section id="main-content" class="content"><div class="example-wrap"><pre class="src-line-numbers"><span id="1">1</span> |
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| </pre><pre class="rust"><code><span class="doccomment">//! Traits, helpers, and type definitions for asynchronous I/O functionality. |
| //! |
| //! This module is the asynchronous version of `std::io`. Primarily, it |
| //! defines two traits, [`AsyncRead`] and [`AsyncWrite`], which are asynchronous |
| //! versions of the [`Read`] and [`Write`] traits in the standard library. |
| //! |
| //! # AsyncRead and AsyncWrite |
| //! |
| //! Like the standard library's [`Read`] and [`Write`] traits, [`AsyncRead`] and |
| //! [`AsyncWrite`] provide the most general interface for reading and writing |
| //! input and output. Unlike the standard library's traits, however, they are |
| //! _asynchronous_ &mdash; meaning that reading from or writing to a `tokio::io` |
| //! type will _yield_ to the Tokio scheduler when IO is not ready, rather than |
| //! blocking. This allows other tasks to run while waiting on IO. |
| //! |
| //! Another difference is that `AsyncRead` and `AsyncWrite` only contain |
| //! core methods needed to provide asynchronous reading and writing |
| //! functionality. Instead, utility methods are defined in the [`AsyncReadExt`] |
| //! and [`AsyncWriteExt`] extension traits. These traits are automatically |
| //! implemented for all values that implement `AsyncRead` and `AsyncWrite` |
| //! respectively. |
| //! |
| //! End users will rarely interact directly with `AsyncRead` and |
| //! `AsyncWrite`. Instead, they will use the async functions defined in the |
| //! extension traits. Library authors are expected to implement `AsyncRead` |
| //! and `AsyncWrite` in order to provide types that behave like byte streams. |
| //! |
| //! Even with these differences, Tokio's `AsyncRead` and `AsyncWrite` traits |
| //! can be used in almost exactly the same manner as the standard library's |
| //! `Read` and `Write`. Most types in the standard library that implement `Read` |
| //! and `Write` have asynchronous equivalents in `tokio` that implement |
| //! `AsyncRead` and `AsyncWrite`, such as [`File`] and [`TcpStream`]. |
| //! |
| //! For example, the standard library documentation introduces `Read` by |
| //! [demonstrating][std_example] reading some bytes from a [`std::fs::File`]. We |
| //! can do the same with [`tokio::fs::File`][`File`]: |
| //! |
| //! ```no_run |
| //! use tokio::io::{self, AsyncReadExt}; |
| //! use tokio::fs::File; |
| //! |
| //! #[tokio::main] |
| //! async fn main() -> io::Result<()> { |
| //! let mut f = File::open("foo.txt").await?; |
| //! let mut buffer = [0; 10]; |
| //! |
| //! // read up to 10 bytes |
| //! let n = f.read(&mut buffer).await?; |
| //! |
| //! println!("The bytes: {:?}", &buffer[..n]); |
| //! Ok(()) |
| //! } |
| //! ``` |
| //! |
| //! [`File`]: crate::fs::File |
| //! [`TcpStream`]: crate::net::TcpStream |
| //! [`std::fs::File`]: std::fs::File |
| //! [std_example]: std::io#read-and-write |
| //! |
| //! ## Buffered Readers and Writers |
| //! |
| //! Byte-based interfaces are unwieldy and can be inefficient, as we'd need to be |
| //! making near-constant calls to the operating system. To help with this, |
| //! `std::io` comes with [support for _buffered_ readers and writers][stdbuf], |
| //! and therefore, `tokio::io` does as well. |
| //! |
| //! Tokio provides an async version of the [`std::io::BufRead`] trait, |
| //! [`AsyncBufRead`]; and async [`BufReader`] and [`BufWriter`] structs, which |
| //! wrap readers and writers. These wrappers use a buffer, reducing the number |
| //! of calls and providing nicer methods for accessing exactly what you want. |
| //! |
| //! For example, [`BufReader`] works with the [`AsyncBufRead`] trait to add |
| //! extra methods to any async reader: |
| //! |
| //! ```no_run |
| //! use tokio::io::{self, BufReader, AsyncBufReadExt}; |
| //! use tokio::fs::File; |
| //! |
| //! #[tokio::main] |
| //! async fn main() -> io::Result<()> { |
| //! let f = File::open("foo.txt").await?; |
| //! let mut reader = BufReader::new(f); |
| //! let mut buffer = String::new(); |
| //! |
| //! // read a line into buffer |
| //! reader.read_line(&mut buffer).await?; |
| //! |
| //! println!("{}", buffer); |
| //! Ok(()) |
| //! } |
| //! ``` |
| //! |
| //! [`BufWriter`] doesn't add any new ways of writing; it just buffers every call |
| //! to [`write`](crate::io::AsyncWriteExt::write). However, you **must** flush |
| //! [`BufWriter`] to ensure that any buffered data is written. |
| //! |
| //! ```no_run |
| //! use tokio::io::{self, BufWriter, AsyncWriteExt}; |
| //! use tokio::fs::File; |
| //! |
| //! #[tokio::main] |
| //! async fn main() -> io::Result<()> { |
| //! let f = File::create("foo.txt").await?; |
| //! { |
| //! let mut writer = BufWriter::new(f); |
| //! |
| //! // Write a byte to the buffer. |
| //! writer.write(&[42u8]).await?; |
| //! |
| //! // Flush the buffer before it goes out of scope. |
| //! writer.flush().await?; |
| //! |
| //! } // Unless flushed or shut down, the contents of the buffer is discarded on drop. |
| //! |
| //! Ok(()) |
| //! } |
| //! ``` |
| //! |
| //! [stdbuf]: std::io#bufreader-and-bufwriter |
| //! [`std::io::BufRead`]: std::io::BufRead |
| //! [`AsyncBufRead`]: crate::io::AsyncBufRead |
| //! [`BufReader`]: crate::io::BufReader |
| //! [`BufWriter`]: crate::io::BufWriter |
| //! |
| //! ## Implementing AsyncRead and AsyncWrite |
| //! |
| //! Because they are traits, we can implement [`AsyncRead`] and [`AsyncWrite`] for |
| //! our own types, as well. Note that these traits must only be implemented for |
| //! non-blocking I/O types that integrate with the futures type system. In |
| //! other words, these types must never block the thread, and instead the |
| //! current task is notified when the I/O resource is ready. |
| //! |
| //! ## Conversion to and from Sink/Stream |
| //! |
| //! It is often convenient to encapsulate the reading and writing of |
| //! bytes and instead work with a [`Sink`] or [`Stream`] of some data |
| //! type that is encoded as bytes and/or decoded from bytes. Tokio |
| //! provides some utility traits in the [tokio-util] crate that |
| //! abstract the asynchronous buffering that is required and allows |
| //! you to write [`Encoder`] and [`Decoder`] functions working with a |
| //! buffer of bytes, and then use that ["codec"] to transform anything |
| //! that implements [`AsyncRead`] and [`AsyncWrite`] into a `Sink`/`Stream` of |
| //! your structured data. |
| //! |
| //! [tokio-util]: https://docs.rs/tokio-util/0.6/tokio_util/codec/index.html |
| //! |
| //! # Standard input and output |
| //! |
| //! Tokio provides asynchronous APIs to standard [input], [output], and [error]. |
| //! These APIs are very similar to the ones provided by `std`, but they also |
| //! implement [`AsyncRead`] and [`AsyncWrite`]. |
| //! |
| //! Note that the standard input / output APIs **must** be used from the |
| //! context of the Tokio runtime, as they require Tokio-specific features to |
| //! function. Calling these functions outside of a Tokio runtime will panic. |
| //! |
| //! [input]: fn@stdin |
| //! [output]: fn@stdout |
| //! [error]: fn@stderr |
| //! |
| //! # `std` re-exports |
| //! |
| //! Additionally, [`Error`], [`ErrorKind`], [`Result`], and [`SeekFrom`] are |
| //! re-exported from `std::io` for ease of use. |
| //! |
| //! [`AsyncRead`]: trait@AsyncRead |
| //! [`AsyncWrite`]: trait@AsyncWrite |
| //! [`AsyncReadExt`]: trait@AsyncReadExt |
| //! [`AsyncWriteExt`]: trait@AsyncWriteExt |
| //! ["codec"]: https://docs.rs/tokio-util/0.6/tokio_util/codec/index.html |
| //! [`Encoder`]: https://docs.rs/tokio-util/0.6/tokio_util/codec/trait.Encoder.html |
| //! [`Decoder`]: https://docs.rs/tokio-util/0.6/tokio_util/codec/trait.Decoder.html |
| //! [`Error`]: struct@Error |
| //! [`ErrorKind`]: enum@ErrorKind |
| //! [`Result`]: type@Result |
| //! [`Read`]: std::io::Read |
| //! [`SeekFrom`]: enum@SeekFrom |
| //! [`Sink`]: https://docs.rs/futures/0.3/futures/sink/trait.Sink.html |
| //! [`Stream`]: https://docs.rs/futures/0.3/futures/stream/trait.Stream.html |
| //! [`Write`]: std::io::Write |
| |
| </span><span class="attribute">#![cfg_attr( |
| not(all(feature = <span class="string">"rt"</span>, feature = <span class="string">"net"</span>)), |
| allow(dead_code, unused_imports) |
| )] |
| |
| </span><span class="macro">cfg_io_blocking! </span>{ |
| <span class="kw">pub</span>(<span class="kw">crate</span>) <span class="kw">mod </span>blocking; |
| } |
| |
| <span class="kw">mod </span>async_buf_read; |
| <span class="kw">pub use </span><span class="self">self</span>::async_buf_read::AsyncBufRead; |
| |
| <span class="kw">mod </span>async_read; |
| <span class="kw">pub use </span><span class="self">self</span>::async_read::AsyncRead; |
| |
| <span class="kw">mod </span>async_seek; |
| <span class="kw">pub use </span><span class="self">self</span>::async_seek::AsyncSeek; |
| |
| <span class="kw">mod </span>async_write; |
| <span class="kw">pub use </span><span class="self">self</span>::async_write::AsyncWrite; |
| |
| <span class="kw">mod </span>read_buf; |
| <span class="kw">pub use </span><span class="self">self</span>::read_buf::ReadBuf; |
| |
| <span class="comment">// Re-export some types from `std::io` so that users don't have to deal |
| // with conflicts when `use`ing `tokio::io` and `std::io`. |
| </span><span class="attribute">#[doc(no_inline)] |
| </span><span class="kw">pub use </span>std::io::{Error, ErrorKind, <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span>, SeekFrom}; |
| |
| <span class="macro">cfg_io_driver_impl! </span>{ |
| <span class="kw">pub</span>(<span class="kw">crate</span>) <span class="kw">mod </span>interest; |
| <span class="kw">pub</span>(<span class="kw">crate</span>) <span class="kw">mod </span>ready; |
| |
| <span class="macro">cfg_net! </span>{ |
| <span class="kw">pub use </span>interest::Interest; |
| <span class="kw">pub use </span>ready::Ready; |
| } |
| |
| <span class="attribute">#[cfg_attr(tokio_wasi, allow(unused_imports))] |
| </span><span class="kw">mod </span>poll_evented; |
| |
| <span class="attribute">#[cfg(not(loom))] |
| #[cfg_attr(tokio_wasi, allow(unused_imports))] |
| </span><span class="kw">pub</span>(<span class="kw">crate</span>) <span class="kw">use </span>poll_evented::PollEvented; |
| } |
| |
| <span class="macro">cfg_aio! </span>{ |
| <span class="doccomment">/// BSD-specific I/O types. |
| </span><span class="kw">pub mod </span>bsd { |
| <span class="kw">mod </span>poll_aio; |
| |
| <span class="kw">pub use </span>poll_aio::{Aio, AioEvent, AioSource}; |
| } |
| } |
| |
| <span class="macro">cfg_net_unix! </span>{ |
| <span class="kw">mod </span>async_fd; |
| |
| <span class="kw">pub mod </span>unix { |
| <span class="doccomment">//! Asynchronous IO structures specific to Unix-like operating systems. |
| </span><span class="kw">pub use </span><span class="kw">super</span>::async_fd::{AsyncFd, AsyncFdReadyGuard, AsyncFdReadyMutGuard, TryIoError}; |
| } |
| } |
| |
| <span class="macro">cfg_io_std! </span>{ |
| <span class="kw">mod </span>stdio_common; |
| |
| <span class="kw">mod </span>stderr; |
| <span class="kw">pub use </span>stderr::{stderr, Stderr}; |
| |
| <span class="kw">mod </span>stdin; |
| <span class="kw">pub use </span>stdin::{stdin, Stdin}; |
| |
| <span class="kw">mod </span>stdout; |
| <span class="kw">pub use </span>stdout::{stdout, Stdout}; |
| } |
| |
| <span class="macro">cfg_io_util! </span>{ |
| <span class="kw">mod </span>split; |
| <span class="kw">pub use </span>split::{split, ReadHalf, WriteHalf}; |
| |
| <span class="kw">pub</span>(<span class="kw">crate</span>) <span class="kw">mod </span>seek; |
| <span class="kw">pub</span>(<span class="kw">crate</span>) <span class="kw">mod </span>util; |
| <span class="kw">pub use </span>util::{ |
| copy, copy_bidirectional, copy_buf, duplex, empty, repeat, sink, AsyncBufReadExt, AsyncReadExt, AsyncSeekExt, AsyncWriteExt, |
| BufReader, BufStream, BufWriter, DuplexStream, Empty, Lines, Repeat, Sink, Split, Take, |
| }; |
| } |
| |
| <span class="macro">cfg_not_io_util! </span>{ |
| <span class="macro">cfg_process! </span>{ |
| <span class="kw">pub</span>(<span class="kw">crate</span>) <span class="kw">mod </span>util; |
| } |
| } |
| |
| <span class="macro">cfg_io_blocking! </span>{ |
| <span class="doccomment">/// Types in this module can be mocked out in tests. |
| </span><span class="kw">mod </span>sys { |
| <span class="comment">// TODO: don't rename |
| </span><span class="kw">pub</span>(<span class="kw">crate</span>) <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">crate</span>::blocking::spawn_blocking <span class="kw">as </span>run; |
| <span class="kw">pub</span>(<span class="kw">crate</span>) <span class="kw">use </span><span class="kw">crate</span>::blocking::JoinHandle <span class="kw">as </span>Blocking; |
| } |
| } |
| </code></pre></div> |
| </section></div></main><div id="rustdoc-vars" data-root-path="../../../" data-current-crate="tokio" data-themes="ayu,dark,light" data-resource-suffix="" data-rustdoc-version="1.66.0-nightly (5c8bff74b 2022-10-21)" ></div></body></html> |
